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BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
BY
S.KAMAL VISWANATH
(07241A0206)
M.CHIRANJEEVI
(07241A0231)
M.RAMESH
(07241A0245)
K.SHRAVAN
(07241A0247)
Under the guidance of
Sri.E.VENKATESHWARULU
Department of EEE
Head of Department
Project Coordinator
Internal Guide
Prof.P.M.SHARMA
Prof. S.N.Saxena
Sri. E.Venkateshwarulu
Professor
Assistant Professor
EEE, GRIET
EEE, GRIET
EEE, GRIET
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This is to place on record my appreciation and deep gratitude to the persons without
whose support this project would never seen the light of day.
I wish to express my propound sense of gratitude to Sri. P. S. Raju, Director,
G.R.I.E.T for his guidance, encouragement, and for all facilities to complete this project.
I have immense pleasure in expressing my thanks and deep sense of gratitude to my
guide Sri.E.Venkateshwarulu, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering, G.R.I.E.T for his guidance throughout this project.
I also express my sincere thanks to Sri.P.M.Sarma, Head of the Department,
G.R.I.E.T and for extending their help.
I express my gratitude to Mr. S.N. Saxena, Professor, Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering, Coordinator, Project Review Committee, G.R.I.E.T for his
valuable recommendations and for accepting this project report.
Finally I express my sincere gratitude to Sri. M. Chakravarthy , Associate Professor,
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, G.R.I.E.T and all the members of
faculty and my friends who contributed their valuable advice and helped to complete the
project successfully.
ABSTARCT
M. Chiranjeevi
(07241A0231)
M. Ramesh
(07241A0245)
K.Sharavan
(07241A0247)
CONTENTS
Abstract
II
List of figures
List of Tables
VI
Chapter 1.
Introduction
1.1Bioreactor
1.2pH
1.3pH sensor
1.4Operational Amplifiers
1.5DAQ
1
3
4
7
10
13
14
15
Chapter 5.
17
18
Hardware Description
5.1 Hardware Circuit
6.2 LabVIEW
6.2.1 Use of LabVIEW in this project
6.2.2 Interfacing with DAQ
19
19
19
21
22
22
24
29
8.1 Conclusion
29
29
References
30
Appendix A
31
Appendix B
32
Appendix C
37
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure no.
Figure Name
Page no.
1.1
Basic pH sensor
1.2
Basic op amp
1.3
DAQ
12
1.4
12
2.1
13
3.1
Multisim Circuit
14
4.1
16
5.1
Hardware
18
6.1
20
6.2
20
6.3
LabView layout
22
7.1
Practical input 1
24
7.2
Practical output 1
24
7.3
Practical input 2
25
7.4
Practical output 2
25
7.5
26
7.6
26
7.7
27
List of tables
Table no.
Table name
Page no.
4.1
15
7.1
28
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
pH control is the one of the most important aspect that is to be
maintained in a bioreactor. This is achieved by a set of equipments and circuits. The main
blocks of this project are:
pH sensing device
Amplification circuit
Controlling device
By combining all these blocks the output is achieved which is to control the pH
value in a bioreactor. The working of a project is better understood if explained in parts.
1.1 BIOREACTOR:
A bioreactor is a vessel in which is carried out a chemical process which
involves organisms or biochemically active substances derived from such organisms.
Bioreactors are commonly cylindrical, ranging in size from some liter to cube meters, and are
often made of stainless steel. Bioreactor design is quite a complex engineering task. Under
optimum conditions the microorganisms or cells will reproduce at an astounding rate. The
vessel's environmental conditions like gas (i.e., air, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide) flow
rates, temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen levels, and agitation speed need to be closely
monitored and controlled. One bioreactor manufacturer, Bradley-James Corporation, uses
vessels, sensors, controllers, and a control system, digitally networked together for their
bioreactor system.
Cell culture bioreactors are categorized into two types: 1. those
that are used for cultivation of anchorage dependent cells (e.g. primary cultures derived from
normal tissues and diploid cell lines. 2. Those that are used for the cultivation of suspended
mammalian cells (e.g. cell lines derived from cancerous tissues and tumors, transformed
diploid cell lines, hybridomas). In some cases the bioreactor may be modified to grow both
anchorage dependent and suspended cells. Ideally any cell culture bioreactor must maintain a
sterile culture of cells in medium conditions which maximize cell growth and productivity.
Fouling can harm the overall sterility and efficiency of the bioreactor, especially the heat
exchangers. To avoid it the bioreactor must be easily cleanable and must be as smooth as
possible (therefore the round shape). The pH value of the substance is to be maintained
constant.
Heat exchange is needed to maintain the bioprocess at a constant temperature. Biological
fermentation is a major source of heat; therefore in most cases bioreactors need water
refrigeration. They can be refrigerated with an external jacket or, for very large vessels, with
internal coils. Optimal oxygen transfer is perhaps the most difficult task to accomplish.
Oxygen is poorly soluble in water -and even less in fermentation broths- and is relatively
scarce in air (20.8%). Oxygen transfer is usually helped by agitation that is also needed to
mix nutrients and to keep the fermentation homogeneous. There is however limits to the
speed of agitation, due both to high power consumption (that's proportional to the cube of the
speed) and the damage to organisms due to excessive tip speed. Bioreactor treatment may be
performed using microorganisms growing in suspension in the fluid or attached on a solid
growth support medium. In suspended growth systems, such as fluidized beds or sequencing
batch reactors, contaminated groundwater is circulated in an aeration basin where a microbial
population aerobically degrades organic matter and produces carbon dioxide, water, and
biomass. The biomass is settled out in a clarifier, then either recycled back to the aeration
basin or disposed of as sludge. In attached growth systems, such as up flow fixed film
bioreactors, rotating biological contactors (RBCs), and trickling filters, microorganisms are
grown as a biofilm on a solid growth support matrix and water contaminants are degraded as
they diffuse into the biofilm. Support media include solids that have a large surface area for
bacterial attachment.
Moisture content is the single most important factor that promotes the accelerated
decomposition. The bioreactor technology relies on maintaining optimal moisture content
near field capacity (approximately 35 to 65%) and adds liquids when it is necessary to
maintain that percentage. The moisture content, combined with the biological action of
naturally occurring microbes decomposes the waste. The microbes can be either aerobic or
anaerobic. A side effect of the bioreactor is that it produces landfill gas (LFG) such as
methane in an anaerobic unit at an earlier stage in the landfills life and at an overall much
higher rate of generation than traditional landfills.
Bioreactors have a wide range of applications in various fields like
Medicine: The immobilized enzyme reactors are one of the most recent achievements
in the field of medicine.
Environment : Water purification plants, sewage plant bioreactors, land filling
bioreactors has bought a major change in the recycle of the waste in the environment
Other than these advantages bioreactors find a wide range of applications in
industries, research and food processing plants.
1.2 pH:
pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution. Pure water is said
to be neutral, with a pH close to 7.0 at 25 C (77 F). Solutions with a pH less than 7 are said
to be acidic and solutions with a pH greater than 7 are basic or alkaline. pH measurements are
important in medicine, biology, food science, environmental science, oceanography, civil
engineering and many other applications. In a solution pH approximates but is not equal to
p[H], the negative logarithm (base 10) of the molar concentration of dissolved hydronium
ions (H3O+); a low pH indicates a high concentration of hydronium ions, while a high pH
indicates a low concentration. This negative of the logarithm matches the number of places
behind the decimal point, so, for example, 0.1 molar hydrochloric acid should be near pH 1
and 0.0001 molar HCl should be near pH 4 (the base 10 logarithms of 0.1 and 0.0001 being
1, and 4, respectively). Pure (de-ionized) water is neutral, and can be considered either a
very weak acid or a very weak base (center of the 0 to 14 pH scale), giving it a pH of 7 (at
25 C (77 F)), or 0.0000001 M H+. For an aqueous solution to have a higher pH, a base
must be dissolved in it, which binds away many of these rare hydrogen ions. Hydrogen ions
in water can be written simply as H+ or as hydronium (H3O+) or higher species (e.g., H9O4+)
to account for solvation, but all describe the same entity. Most of the Earth's freshwater
surface bodies are slightly acidic due to the abundance and absorption of carbon dioxide; in
fact, for millennia in the past, most fresh water bodies have long existed at a slightly acidic
pH level.
However, pH is not precisely p[H], but takes into account an activity factor. This represents
the tendency of hydrogen ions to interact with other components of the solution, which
affects among other things the electrical potential read using a pH meter. As a result, pH can
be affected by the ionic strength of a solution for example, the pH of a 0.05 M potassium
hydrogen phthalate solution can vary by as much as 0.5 pH units as a function of
added potassium chloride, even though the added salt is neither acidic nor basic.
Hydrogen ion activity coefficients cannot be measured directly by any thermodynamically
sound method, so they are based on theoretical calculations. Therefore, the pH scale is
defined in practice as traceable to a set of standard solutions whose pH is established by
international agreement.
It is unknown what the exact definition of 'p' in pH is. A common definition often used in
schools is "percentage". However some references suggest the p stands for Power, others
refer to the German word Potenz (meaning power in German), still others refer to
potential. Jens Norby published a paper in 2000 arguing that p is a constant and stands for
negative logarithm; H then stands for Hydrogen. According to the Carlsberg Foundation
pH stands for "power of hydrogen". Other suggestions that have surfaced over the years are
that the p stands for puissance (also meaning power, but, then, the Carlsberg Laboratory was
French-speaking) or that pH stands for the Latin terms pondus Hydrogenii or potentia
hydrogenii. It is also suggested that Sorensen used the letters p and q (commonly paired
letters in mathematics) simply to label the test solution (p) and the reference solution (q).
1.3 pH SENSORS:
A pH sensor is a typical transducer that senses the hydronium ion
concentration which will be proportional to the pH value of the solution and produces a
voltage proportional to the value of the pH. The pH sensor is a loop of components that
senses and transmits the pH value.
1.3.1 Working:
A pH measurement loop is made up of three components, the pH sensor, which
includes a measuring electrode, a reference electrode, and a temperature sensor; a
preamplifier; and an analyser or transmitter. A pH measurement loop is essentially a battery
where the positive terminal is the measuring electrode and the negative terminal is the
reference electrode. The measuring electrode, which is sensitive to the hydrogen ion,
develops a potential (voltage) directly related to the hydrogen ion concentration of the
solution. The reference electrode provides a stable potential against which the measuring
electrode can be compared.
1.4 OPERATIONAL
IONAL AMPLIFIERS (OPAMPS):
An operational amplifier ("op-amp")
amp") is a DCcoupled high-gain electronic voltage amplifier with a differential input and, usually, a singlesingle
ended output. An op-amp
amp produces an output voltage that is typically hundreds of thousands
times larger than the voltage difference between its input terminals. Operational amplifiers
are important building
ilding blocks for a wide range of electronic circuits. They had their origins
in analog computers where they were used in many linear, non-linear
non linear and frequencyfrequency
dependent circuits.
uits. Their popularity in circuit design largely stems from the fact the
characteristics of the final elements (such as their gain)) are set by external components with
little dependence on temperature changes and manufacturing variations in the op-amp
op
itself.
Op-amps
amps are among the most widely used electronic devices today, being used in a vast array
of consumer, industrial, and scientific devices. Many standard IC op-amps
op amps cost only a few
cents in moderate production
uction volume; however some integrated or hybrid operational
amplifiers with special performance specifications may cost over $100 US in small
quantities. Op-amps
amps may be packaged as components, or used as elements of more complex
integrated circuits. The op-amp
amp is one type of differential amplifier.. Other types of
differential amplifier include the fully differential amplifier (similar to the op-amp,
op
but with
two outputs), the instrumentation amplifier (usually built from three op-amps),
amps), the isolation
amplifier (similar to the instrumentation amplifier, but with tolerance to common-mode
common
voltages that would destroy an ordinary op-amp),
op
and negative feedback amplifier (usually
built from one or more op-amps
amps and a resistive feedback network).
1.4.1Operation:
The amplifier's differential inputs consist of a
input and a
input, and
ideally the op-amp
amp amplifies only the difference in voltage between the two, which is called
the differential input voltage.. The output voltage of the op-amp
op amp is given by the equation,
where
is the voltage at the non-inverting
non
terminal,
is the voltage at the inverting
terminal and AOL is the open-loop
loop gain of the amplifier. (The term "open-loop"
loop" refers to the
absence of a feedback loop
op from the output to the input).
input The magnitude of AOL is typically
very large10,000 or more for integrated circuit op-ampsand
op
and therefore even a quite small
difference between
and
drives the amplifier output nearly to the supply voltage. This
is called saturation of the amplifier. The magnitude of AOL is not well controlled by the
manufacturing process, and so it is impractical to use an operational amplifier as a standstand
alone differential amplifier.. If predictable operation is desired, negative feedback is used, by
applying a portion of the output voltage to the inverting input. The closed loop feedback
greatly reduces the gain of the amplifier. If negative feedback is used, the circuit's overall
gain and other parameters become determined more by the feedback network than by the opop
amp itself. If the feedback network is made of components with relatively constant, stable
values, the unpredictability and inconstancy of
o the op-amp's
amp's parameters do not seriously
Amps:
1.4.2Ideal and Real Op-Amps
An ideal op-amp
amp is usually considered to have the following properties, and they are
considered to hold for all input voltages:
Infinite open-loop gain (when doing theoretical analysis, a limit may be taken as open
loop gain AOL goes to infinity).
Infinite voltage range available at the output (v
( out) (in practice the voltages available from
the output are limited by the supply voltages
and
). The power supply sources
are called rails.
Infinite bandwidth (i.e., the frequency magnitude response is considered to be flat
everywhere with zero phase shift).
shift
Infinite input impedance (so, in the diagram,
, and zero current flows from
to
).
Zero input current (i.e., there is assumed to be no leakage or bias current into the device).
Zero input offset voltage (i.e., when the input terminals are shorted so that
, the
output is a virtual ground or vout = 0).
Infinite slew rate (i.e., the rate of change of the output voltage is unbounded) and power
bandwidth (full output voltage and current available at all frequencies).
Zero output impedance (i.e., Rout = 0, so that output voltage does not vary with output
current).
Zero noise.
Infinite Common-mode
mode rejection ratio (CMRR).
Infinite Power supply rejection ratio for both power supply rails.
The first rule only applies in the usual case where the op-amp is used in a closed-loop design
(negative feedback, where there is a signal path of some sort feeding back from the output to
the inverting input). These rules are commonly used as a good first approximation for
analyzing or designing op-amp circuits.
In practice, none of these ideals can be perfectly realized, and various shortcomings and
compromises have to be accepted. Depending on the parameters of interest, a real op-amp
may be modeled to take account of some of the non-infinite or non-zero parameters using
equivalent resistors and capacitors in the op-amp model. The designer can then include the
effects of these undesirable, but real, effects into the overall performance of the final circuit.
Some parameters may turn out to have negligible effect on the final design while others
represent actual limitations of the final performance, that must be evaluated.
An integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit (also referred to as IC, chip and
microchip) is an electronic circuit manufactured by diffusion of trace elements into the
surface of a thin substrate of semiconductor material.
Integrated circuits are used in almost all electronic equipment in use today and have
revolutionized the world of electronics. Computers, cellular phones and other digital
appliances are now inextricable parts of the structure of modern societies, made possible by
the low cost of production of integrated circuits.
We also use one such IC LM324 for amplification of the pH sensor signal. LM324 is a Low
Power Quad Operational Amplifier.
Signal conditioning circuitry to convert sensor signals into a form that can be converted to
digital values.
Data acquisition applications are controlled by software programs developed using various
general purpose programming languages such as C, Fortran, Java, Lisp, Pascal.COMEDI is
an open source API (application program Interface) used by applications to access and
control the data acquisition hardware. Using COMEDI allows the same programs to run on
different operating systems, like Linux and Windows.
Specialized software tools used for building large-scale data acquisition systems
include EPICS. Graphical programming environments include ladder logic, Visual
C++, Visual Basic,MATLAB and LabVIEW.
1.5.1 Source
Data acquisition begins with the physical phenomenon or physical property to be measured.
Examples of this include temperature, light intensity, gas pressure, fluid flow, and force.
Regardless of the type of physical property to be measured, the physical state that is to be
measured must first be transformed into a unified form that can be sampled by a data
acquisition system. The task of performing such transformations falls on devices
called sensors.
A sensor, which is a type of transducer, is a device that converts a physical property into a
corresponding electrical signal (e.g., a voltage or current) or, in many cases, into a
corresponding electrical characteristic (e.g., resistance or capacitance) that can easily be
converted to electrical signal.
The ability of a data acquisition system to measure differing properties depends on having
sensors that are suited to detect the various properties to be measured. There are specific
sensors for many different applications. DAQ systems also employ various signal
conditioning techniques to adequately modify various different electrical signals into voltage
that can then be digitized using an Analog-to-digital converter (ADC).
1.5.2 Signals
Signals may be digital (also called logic signals sometimes) or analog depending on the
transducer used.
Signal conditioning may be necessary if the signal from the transducer is not suitable for the
DAQ hardware being used. The signal may need to be amplified, filtered or demodulated.
Various other examples of signal conditioning might be bridge completion, providing current
or voltage excitation to the sensor, isolation, linearization. For transmission purposes, single
ended analog signals, which are more susceptible to noise can be converted to differential
signals. Once digitized, the signal can be encoded to reduce and correct transmission errors.
CHAPTER 2
BLOCK DIAGRAM
CHAPTER 3
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
This circuit is constructed using the virtual circuit simulation software multisim v 10.0.
CHAPTER 4
SYSTEM SIMULATION RESULTS
By taking into account the outputs produced by the pH sensor the circuit is virtually excited
using the software multisim v 10.0. By taking those values as consideration the outputs are
evaluated. The tally of these results with the practical design and hardware gives the accuracy
percentage of the system used.
pH value
of the
solution
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
INPUTS(sensors
output)
OUTPUTS(given to
OUTPUTS(gi
DAQ)
59mV
118mV
177mV
236mV
295mV
354mV
413mV
472mV
531mV
590mV
649mV
708mV
767mV
826mV
0.56V
1.113V
1.664V
2.241V
2.76V
3.315V
3.866V
4.416V
4.967V
5.571V
6.067V
6.618V
7.167V
7.761V
The change of the voltage at the output terminal i.e. 1 changes with the gain of the amplifier.
The gain of the amplifier is varied by varying the voltage given to the terminals Vcc+ i.e.
pin 4 and GND pin 11.
CHAPTER 5
HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
The components are connected on a Printed
Circuit Board in the non inverting mode to the operational amplifier as shown in the circuit
diagram. The functioning of the non inverting amplifier is simple. The basic circuit for the
non-inverting operational amplifier is relatively straightforward. In this circuit the signal is
applied to the non-inverting input of the op-amp. However the feedback is taken from the
output of the op-amp via a resistor to the inverting input of the operational amplifier where
another resistor is taken to ground. It is the value of these two resistors that govern the gain of
the operational amplifier circuit. The amplification of the circuit is explained mathematically
as
So according to the circuit every input voltage that is given to the circuit is multiplied by
The supply to the op amp is taken from a 12V, 1.5A DC adapter. The
working of the circuit can be explained by the sequence of changes that occur to the
components of the circuit. Initially the pH probe is dipped in to the solution and the output
terminal of it is connected to the input terminal 3 of the IC LM324 which gets excited when
the supply is given to the terminal 4 and terminal 11 of it. Once the IC is energized it
multipies the input voltage as per the given feedback and grounding resistance of it as per the
equation stated above. The pH sensor and the amplifier circuit gets connected and the mV
generated by the pH sensor is taken by the IC and the output is read at terminal 1 of the IC.
This is given as input to the DAQ card that is used, the range of control of pH that has
transformed itself into volts is set by programming the DAQ by setting the limits using the
software LABVIEW. The output of the DAQ card is connected to the motors that drive the
acid container and base container. Once the output of the amplifier circuit is beyond the
voltage limit (which indeed is the pH limit) in either way the corresponding motor will start
running. Say if the pH limits set are 3.5 V and 5 V i.e. from 6 pH to 9 pH, then if the
amplifier output voltage exceeds 5 V then the solution is more basic in nature than required
so the acid motor is given supply and the pH value gets reduced. The opposite happens if the
voltage generated by the amplifier is less than 3.5 V. Thus the control of pH of the solution is
automated
ed whenever it misses its range of control. The hardware designed even as it looks
simple does an important job of controlling the pH of a solution.
CHAPTER 6
SOFTWARE DESCRIPTIONS
The softwares used for the circuit eventually help the user the validity and control of the
circuit. The softwares used for the project are
MULTISIM
LABVIEW
6.1. MULTISIM:
Multisim is one such software that helps the user
For dete
Most of the components that are available in the electronic market today are available in
the updating versions of multisim. These updated versions consists almost all the
components that came into existence into the market after its previous version. Using this
software in testing of circuits help us from the burden of practical building up of circuits.
The minimum change in the voltage that a DAQ can sense is 135mV the initial output that
the amplifier circuit gives is almost thrice the minimum sensible voltage.
The purpose of the software in the project played a major role in deciding the components
that are to be used for the project.
6.2. LabVIEW:
LabVIEW is the software that is used for graphical programming of a
system. LabVIEW (short for Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation Engineering
Workbench) is a platform and development environment for avisual programming
language from National Instruments. The purpose of such programming is automating the
usage of processing and measuring equipment in any laboratory setup.
LabVIEW ties the creation of user interfaces (called front panels) into the development
cycle. LabVIEW programs/subroutines are called virtual instruments (VIs). Each VI has three
components: a block diagram, a front panel and a connector panel. The last is used to
represent the VI in the block diagrams of other, calling VIs. Controls and indicators on the
front panel allow an operator to input data into or extract data from a running virtual
instrument. However, the front panel can also serve as a programmatic interface. Thus a
virtual instrument can either be run as a program, with the front panel serving as a user
interface, or, when dropped as a node onto the block diagram, the front panel defines the
inputs and outputs for the given node through the connector pane. This implies each VI can
be easily tested before being embedded as a subroutine into a larger program.
The graphical approach also allows non-programmers to build programs by dragging and
dropping virtual representations of lab equipment with which they are already familiar. The
LabVIEW programming environment, with the included examples and the documentation,
makes it simple to create small applications. This is a benefit on one side, but there is also a
certain danger of underestimating the expertise needed for good quality "G" programming.
For complex algorithms or large-scale code, it is important that the programmer possess an
extensive knowledge of the special LabVIEW syntax and the topology of its memory
management. The most advanced LabVIEW development systems offer the possibility of
building stand-alone applications. Furthermore, it is possible to create distributed
applications, which communicate by a client/server scheme, and are therefore easier to
implement due to the inherently parallel nature of G-code.
The other benefits of LabVIEW are stated below
Interfacing
Code compilation
Recoding
Code re-use
As we see from the figure above the output that is produced by the amplifier circuit is
given to the DAQ which is represented as DAQ assistant. This output is given to an adder
that increases the value as for the voltage can represent the pH on the computer.
compute This
voltage is given to two controllers which set limits the outputs that are produced by the
controller if exceed the limit the corresponding LED glows.
c) Open the LabVIEW software and go to the subroutine called DAQ that is to be
installed before starting of the project.
d) Follow the user interface window that gets displayed. This is highly user friendly.
e) We need to receive the output which is in the form of voltage so click on the
corresponding icon buttons displayed.
f) Now the DAQ terminals are displayed and the terminal to which the input is given
is to be selected.
g) Now drop in the component DAQ assistant from where the voltages generated
by the amplifier circuit can be viewed.
h) Further the output that is obtained from the DAQ assistant can be programmed
graphically as per the requirement.
CHAPTER 7
OUTPUTS OBSERVED
Practical voltage outputs are noted after interfacing the DAQ with the circuit
pH of the
pH sensor
Amplifier
Acid motor
Base motor
solution
output
output
LED
LED
59mV
539mV
OFF
ON
118mV
1.065V
OFF
ON
177mV
1.61V
OFF
ON
236mV
2.15V
OFF
OFF
295mV
2.59V
OFF
OFF
354mV
3.13V
OFF
OFF
413mV
3.65V
OFF
OFF
472mV
4.25V
ON
OFF
531mV
4.70V
ON
OFF
10
590mV
5.92V
ON
OFF
11
649mV
5.89V
ON
OFF
12
708mV
6.42V
ON
OFF
13
767mV
6.98V
ON
OFF
14
826mV
7.64V
ON
OFF
CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION AND SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK
8.1 CONCLUSION:
The input voltage to the amplifier circuit is given from a pH sensor that
generated a voltage in the order of mV for the change in pH that occurs in the solution.
This voltage is amplified by the amplifier circuit to range where the output of the
amplifier circuit is adaptable by the DAQ card that is being used.
The requirements of the range of control of pH is to be observed and
the programming in the labview is to be executed by keeping in to view the circuit output
production chart.
The pH value can be easily controlled between varied ranges of values
just by changing the limits used in the software to program the DAQ. This project is practical
and highly feasible in economic point of view, and has an advantage of controlling the pH
value in a wide range. This project is an automated, reliable and adaptable way of controlling
the pH value in a bioreactor.
REFERENCES
BOOKS:
pH Sensors and Meters for Laboratory and Process Applications, By John Turner
WEBSITES:
http://www.sensorland.com/HowPage037.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_acquisition
http://www.national.com/mpf/LM/LM324.html#Overview
http://www.alldatasheet.com/
http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/opamp/opamp_3.html
APPENDIX A
LIST OF COMPONENTS
Type of the component
No.of components
Integrated Circuit
LM324
Resistors
12K, 100K
Adapter
DC
DAQ
6009
pH sensor
DpH500
Programming software
LabVIEW v 7.0.2
with a compatible
computer
APPENDIX B
DATASHEET OF DAQ 6009
NI USB-6009
14-Bit, 48 kS/s Low-Cost Multifunction DAQ
Overview
The National Instruments USB-6009 provides basic data acquisition functionality for applications such as simple data logging, portable
measurements, and academic lab experiments. It is affordable for student use and powerful enough for more sophisticated
measurement applications. For Mac OS X and Linux users, download the NI-DAQmx Base driver software and program the USB6009 with LabVIEW or C.
To supplement simulation, measurement, and automation theory courses with practical experiments, NI developed a USB-6009
Student Kit that includes a copy of the LabVIEW Student Edition. These kits are exclusively for students, giving them a powerful, lowcost, hands-on learning tool. Visit the NI academic products page at http://www.ni.com/academic/measurements.htm for more details.
For faster sampling, more accurate measurements, and higher channel count, consider the NI USB-6210 and NI USB-6211 highperformance USB data acquisition devices.
Every NI USB data acquisition device includes a copy of NI LabVIEW SignalExpress LE so you can quickly acquire, analyze, and
present data without programming. In addition to LabVIEW SignalExpress, USB data acquisition modules are compatible with the
following versions (or later) of NI application software LabVIEW 7.x, LabWindows/CVI 7.x, or Measurement Studio 7.x. USB data
acquisition modules are also compatible with Visual Studio .NET, C/C++, and Visual Basic 6.
Specifications
Specifications Documents
Specifications (3)
Data Sheet
Specifications Summary
General
Product Name
USB-6009
Product Family
Form Factor
USB
Part Number
779026-01
Operating System/Target
B Series
Measurement Type
Voltage
RoHS Compliant
Yes
Analog Input
Channels
8,4
Single-Ended Channels
Differential Channels
Resolution
14 bits
Sample Rate
48 kS/s
Throughput
48 kS/s
Max Voltage
10 V
-10 V , 10 V
138 mV
-1 V , 1 V
37.5 mV
Number of Ranges
Simultaneous Sampling
No
On-Board Memory
512 B
Analog Output
Channels
Resolution
12 bits
Max Voltage
5V
0V,5V
7 mV
0V,5V
7 mV
Update Rate
150 S/s
5 mA
10 mA
Digital I/O
Bidirectional Channels
12
Input-Only Channels
Output-Only Channels
Number of Channels
12 , 0 , 0
Timing
Software
Logic Levels
TTL
Sinking , Sourcing
Sinking , Sourcing
No
No
8.5 mA
102 mA
Watchdog Timer
No
No
No
0V,5V
0V,5V
Counter/Timers
Counters
Buffered Operations
No
Debouncing/Glitch Removal
No
GPS Synchronization
No
Maximum Range
0V,5V
5 MHz
100 ns
Pulse Generation
No
Resolution
32 bits
Timebase Stability
50 ppm
Logic Levels
TTL
Physical Specifications
Length
8.51 cm
Width
8.18 cm
Height
2.31 cm
I/O Connector
Screw terminals
Timing/Triggering/Synchronization
Triggering
Digital
No
Pricing
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NI USB-6009
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Note : You should only purchase this device without software if you already own compatible application software.
NI LabVIEW SignalExpress - 779037-35
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You need software to interface with your hardware and to collect, analyze, present, and store your measurements. This board is
compatible with a variety of programming languages, including LabVIEW, C/C++, Visual Basic, and .NET. LabVIEW provides the
easiest integration with all of your NI hardware and is recommended to maximize your hardware investment.
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purchasing information
Services
Extended Warranties
National Instruments designs and manufactures all products to minimize failures, however unexpected
failures can still occur. Extended warranties provide a fixed economical price at the time of system
purchase, covering any repair costs for up to three years. In addition, they offer the following benefits:
Calibration
NI recognizes the need to maintain properly calibrated devices for high-accuracy measurements. NI
provides manual calibration procedures, services to recalibrate your products, and automated calibration
software to calibrate many NI measurement products.
Training
NI training is the fastest, most certain route to productivity with NI tools and successful application
development.
Repair Services
Return your registered product under warranty at no additional labor and parts cost. NI offers fault location,
diagnostics, and repair any time the system fails as well as any adjustments needed to restore the
hardware to manufacturing specifications.
Technical Support
ni.com/support [http://www.ni.com/support/]
Resources
Additional Product Information
Manuals (4)
Dimensional Drawings (2)
Product Certifications
Related Information
APPENDIX C
DATASHEET OF IC LM324