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BOOST CONVERTER
Project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award Of
the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
By
B.Bhuvana Manasa
(08241A0204)
Keerthika.P
(08241A0217)
Pooja.P
(08241A0230)
K.Sravani
(08241A0247)
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report entitled POWER FACTOR CORRECTION USING
BOOST CONVERTER that is being submitted by B.Bhuvana Manasa (08241A0204),
P.Keerthika (08241A0217), P.Pooja (08241A0230), K.Sravani (08241A0247) in partial
fulfilment for the award of the degree of Bachelor of technology in Electrical and Electronics
Engineering to the Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University in a record of bonafide work
carried out by them under my guidance and supervision. The results embodied in this project
report have not been submitted to any other University or Institute for the award of any
Graduation degree.
Mr.P.M.Sarma
HOD, EEE
GRIET, Hyderabad
Ms.J.Sridevi
Sr. Asso. Prof.
GRIET, Hyderabad
(Internal Guide)
2
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This is to place on record my appreciation and deep gratitude to the persons without
whose support this project would never seen the light of day.
I wish to express my propound sense of gratitude to DR.SATYENDRA SAXENA
G.R.I.E.T for his guidance, encouragement, and for all facilities to complete this project.
I also express my sincere thanks to Prof.P.M.Sarma, Head of the department,
G.R.I.E.T for extending his help.
I have immense pleasure in expressing my thanks and deep sense of gratitude to my
guide Ms.J.sridevi, Asso.Professor, department of Electrical Engineering, and G.R.I.E.T for her
guidance throughout this project.
Finally I express my sincere gratitude to all the members of faculty and my friends who
contributed their valuable advice and helped to complete the project successfully.
B.Bhuvana Manasa
P.Keerthika
(08241A0217)
Pooja.P
(08241A0230)
K.Sravani
(08241A0247)
(08241A0204)
iii
ABSTRACT
In an electrical Power systems, a load with a low power factor draws more current than a load
with a high power factor for the same amount of useful power transferred.
Linear loads with low power factor (induction motor) can be corrected with a passive network of
capacitors or inductors. Non-linear loads (rectifier) distort the current drawn from the system.
Boost converter topology is used to accomplish this active power factor correction in many
discontinuous or continuous modes using IC-L6561 which has a superior performant multiplier,
making the device capable of working in wide input voltage range (85V-265V) applications with
an excellent total harmonic distortion. Furthermore the start up current has been reduced at few
tens of mA and a disable function has been implemented on the zero cross detector pin,
guaranteeing lower current consumption in standby mode. This IC works on the principle of
borderline control.
Most off-line appliances use a bridge rectifier associated to a huge bulk capacitor to derive raw
D.C voltage from the utility A.C line. This technique results in a high harmonic content and in
poor power factor ratios.
Active solutions are the most popular way to meet the legislation requirements. They consist of
inserting a P.F.C pre-regulator between the rectifier bridge and the bulk capacitor.
iv
CONTENTS
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1Power Factor
1.3 Non-LinearCircuits
1.3.1 Non-SinusoidalComponents
5
5
6
8
10
11
11
12
14
15
17
17
18
19
20
21
23
27
28
Chapter 7: CONCLUSION
7.1 Scope for Future Work
References
Appendix-A: L6561
Appendix-B: IRF840
Appendix-C: KBL10
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 POWER FACTOR:
The power factor of an AC electric power system is defined as the ratio of the real power flowing
to the load to the apparent power in the circuit, and is a dimensionless number between 0 and 1.
Real power is the capacity of the circuit for performing work in a particular time. Apparent
power is the product of the current and voltage of the circuit. Due to energy stored in the load
and returned to the source, or due to a non-linear load that distorts the wave shape of the current
drawn from the source, the apparent power will be greater than the real power.
In an electric power system, a load with a low power factor draws more current than a load with
a high power factor for the same amount of useful power transferred. The higher currents
increase the energy lost in the distribution system, and require larger wires and other equipment.
Because of the costs of larger equipment and wasted energy, electrical utilities will usually
charge a higher cost to industrial or commercial customers where there is a low power factor.
Linear loads with low power factor (such as induction motors) can be corrected with a passive
network of capacitors or inductors. Non-linear loads, such as rectifiers, distort the current drawn
from the system. In such cases, active or passive power factor correction may be used to
counteract the distortion and raise the power factor. The devices for correction of the power
factor may be at a central substation, spread out over a distribution system, or built into powerconsuming equipment.
is the total harmonic distortion of the load current. This definition assumes that the
voltage stays undistorted (sinusoidal, without harmonics). This simplification is often a good
approximation in practice.
is the fundamental component of the current and
is the
total current - both are root mean square-values.
The result when multiplied with the displacement power factor (DPF) is the overall, true power
factor or just power factor (PF):
10
CHAPTER 2
BOOST CONVERTER
2.1 GENERAL:
A boost converter (step-up converter) is a power converter with an output DC voltage greater
than its input DC voltage. It is a class of switching-mode power supply (SMPS) containing at
least two semiconductor switches (a diode and a transistor) and at least one energy storage
element. Filters made of capacitors (sometimes in combination with inductors) are normally
added to the output of the converter to reduce output voltage ripple.
Fig.2.1
The basic schematic of a boost converter. The switch is typically a MOSFET, IGBT, or BJT.
Power can also come from DC sources such as batteries, solar panels, rectifiers and DC
generators. A process that changes one DC voltage to a different DC voltage is called DC to DC
conversion. A boost converter is a DC to DC converter with an output voltage greater than the
source voltage. A boost converter is sometimes called a step-up converter since it steps up the
source voltage. Since power (
) must be conserved, the output current is lower than the
source current.
in the On-state, the switch S (see figure 1) is closed, resulting in an increase in the
inductor current;
in the Off-state, the switch is open and the only path offered to inductor current is
through the fly back diode D, the capacitor C and the load R. This result in transferring
the energy accumulated during the On-state into the capacitor.
The input current is the same as the inductor current as can be seen in figure 2. So it is
not discontinuous as in the buck converter and the requirements on the input filter are
relaxed compared to a buck converter.
During the On-state, the switch S is closed, which makes the input voltage ( ) appear across the
inductor, which causes a change in current ( ) flowing through the inductor during a time
period (t) by the formula:
D is the duty cycle. It represents the fraction of the commutation period T during which the
switch is On. Therefore D ranges between 0 (S is never on) and 1 (S is always on).
During the Off-state, the switch S is open, so the inductor current flows through the load. If we
consider zero voltage drop in the diode, and a capacitor large enough for its voltage to remain
constant, the evolution of IL is:
As we consider that the converter operates in steady-state conditions, the amount of energy
stored in each of its components has to be the same at the beginning and at the end of a
commutation cycle. In particular, the energy stored in the inductor is given by:
So, the inductor current has to be the same at the start and end of the commutation cycle. This
means the overall change in the current (the sum of the changes) is zero:
Substituting
and
13
From the above expression it can be seen that the output voltage is always higher than the input
voltage (as the duty cycle goes from 0 to 1), and that it increases with D, theoretically to infinity
as D approaches 1. This is why this converter is sometimes referred to as a step-up converter.
14
(at
The load current Io is equal to the average diode current (ID). As can be seen on figure 4, the
diode current is equal to the inductor current during the off-state. Therefore the output current
can be written as:
Compared to the expression of the output voltage for the continuous mode, this expression is
much more complicated. Furthermore, in discontinuous operation, the output voltage gain not
only depends on the duty cycle, but also on the inductor value, the input voltage, the switching
frequency, and the output current.
15
CHAPTER 3
POWER FACTOR CORRECTION
3.1. INTRODUCTION:
The attention devoted to the quality of the currents absorbed from the utility line by electronic
equipment is increasing due to several reasons. In fact, a low power factor reduces the power
available from the utility grid, while a high harmonic distortion of the line current causes EMI
problems and cross-interferences, through the line impedance, between different systems
connected to the same grid. From this point of view, the standard rectifier employing a diode
bridge followed by a filter capacitor gives unacceptable performances. Thus, many efforts are
being done to develop interface systems which improve the power factor of standard electronic
loads.
An ideal power factor corrector (PFC) should emulate a resistor on the supply side while
maintaining a fairly regulated output voltage [1]. In the case of sinusoidal line voltage, this
means that the converter must draw a sinusoidal current from the utility; in order to do that, a
suitable sinusoidal reference is generally needed and the control objective is to force the input
current to follow, as close as possible, this current reference. The most popular topology in PFC
applications is certainly the boost topology, shown in Fig.1 together with a generic
Controller.
A diode rectifier effects the ac/dc conversion, while the controller operates the switch in such a
way to properly shape the input current ig according to its reference. The output capacitor
absorbs the input power pulsation, allowing a small ripple of the output voltage VL.
The boost topology is very simple and allows low-distorted input currents and almost unity
power factor with different control techniques. Moreover, the output capacitor is an efficient
energy storage element (due to the high output voltage value) and the ground-connected switch
simplifies the drive circuit. The main drawbacks of this topology are:1) start-up overcurrents,
due to the charge of the large output capacitor; 2) lack of current limitation during overload and
short circuit conditions, due to the direct connection between line and load; 3)difficult insertion
of a high-frequency transformer for insulating the input and output stages; 4) output voltage
always greater than peak input voltage.
In spite of these limitations, many PFC's based on the boost topology have been proposed in the
literature. Various control strategies have also been implemented. In the following, the most
popular control techniques are reviewed and compared, in order to highlight advantages and
drawbacks of each solution, also referring to the availability of commercial control IC's.
16
17
As Fig. reveals, the converter operates in Continuous Inductor Current Mode (CICM); this
means that devices current stress as well as input filter requirements are reduced. Moreover, with
continuous input current, the diodes of the bridge can be slow devices (they operate at line
frequency). On the other hand, the hard turn-off of the freewheeling diode increases losses and
switching noise, calling for a fast device. Advantages and disadvantages of the solution are
summarized hereafter.
ADVANTAGES:
- Constant switching frequency;
- Only the switch current must be sensed and this can be accomplished by a current transformer,
thus avoiding the losses due to the sensing resistor;
- No need of current error amplifier and its compensation network;
- possibility of a true switch current limiting.
DISADVANTAGES:
- Presence of sub harmonic oscillations at duty cycles greater than 50%, so a compensation ramp
is needed;
- Input current distortion which increases at high line voltages and light load and is worsened by
the presence of the compensation ramp [4-5];
- Control more sensitive to commutation noises.
The input current distortion can be reduced by changing the current reference wave shape, for
example introducing a dc offset, and/or by introducing a soft clamp. These provisions are
discussed in [4] and [5]. In [6] it is shown that even with constant current reference, good input
current waveforms can be achieved. Moreover, if the PFC is not intended for universal input
operation, the duty-cycle can be kept below 50% so avoiding also the compensation ramp.
Available commercial IC's for the peak current control are the ML4812 (Micro Linear) [3] and
TK84812 (Tokyo).
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ADVANTAGES:
- Constant switching frequency;
- No need of compensation ramp;
- Control is less sensitive to commutation noises, due to current filtering;
- Better input current waveforms than for the peak current control since, near the zero crossing of
the line voltage, the duty cycle is close to one, so reducing the dead angle in the input current [4].
DISADVANTAGES:
- Inductor current must be sensed;
- A current error amplifier is needed and its compensation network design must take into
account the different converter operating points during the line cycle.
19
ADVANTAGES:
- No need of compensation ramp;
- Low distorted input current waveforms.
20
DISADVANTAGES:
- Variable switching frequency;
- Inductor current must be sensed;
- Control sensitive to commutation noises.
In order to avoid too high switching frequency, the switch can be kept open near the zero
crossing of the line voltage so introducing dead times in the line current. An analysis of the
power factor as a function of these dead times can be found in [16,17]. A control IC which
implements this control technique is the CS3810 (Cherry Semiconductor)[19].
21
22
CHAPTER 4
INTRODUCTION TO L6561
4.1 DESCRIPTION:
L6561 is the improved version of the L6560 standard Power Factor Corrector. Fully compatible
With the standard version, it has a superior performant multiplier making the device capable of
working in wide input voltage range applications (from 85V to 265V) with an excellent THD.
Furthermore the start up current has been reduced at few tens of mA and a disable function has
been implemented on the ZCD pin, guaranteeing lower current consumption in standby mode.
Fig.4.1.2-Pin Description
23
And, if the external compensation network is made only with a capacitor Ccomp, the current
through Ccomp equals zero. When the output voltage increases abruptly the current through R1
becomes:
Since the current through R2 does not change, IR1 must flow through the capacitor Ccomp and
enter the error amplifier.
This current is monitored inside the L6561 and when reaches about 37A the output voltage of
the multiplier is forced to decrease, thus reducing the energy drawn from the mains. If the current
exceeds 40A, the OVP protection is triggered (Dynamic OVP) and the external power transistor
is switched off until the current falls approximately below 10A.
24
However, if the overvoltage persists, an internal comparator (Static OVP) confirms the OVP
condition keeping the external power switch turned off (see fig. 4).Finally, the overvoltage that
triggers the OVP function is:
Typical values for R1, R2 and C are shown in the application circuits. The overvoltage can be set
independently from the average output voltage. The precision in setting the overvoltage
threshold is 7% of the overvoltage value (for instance V = 60V 4.2V).
25
APPLICATION CIRCUIT:
Fig.4.5.2-Application Circuit
26
CHAPTER 5
SIMULATION RESULTS
5.1 WITHOUT IC:
POWER FACTOR CIRCUIT:
Fig.5.1.1-The above simulation circuit shows the stage before PFC IC implementation in matlab
Fig.5.1.2-The above waveform shows the simulation result representing poor power factor
27
Fig.5.1.3-The above waveform shows the voltage across diode bridge rectifier
OUTPUT CURRENT:
28
OUTPUT VOLTAGE:
Fig.5.1.5- The above waveform shows the output voltage without using IC
Fig.5.2.1-The above circuit shows the implementation of PFC using IC L6561 in matlab
29
30
GATE PULSES:
OUTPUT CURRENT:
Fig.5.2.5- The above waveform shows the output current using IC L6561
31
OUTPUT VOLTAGE:
Fig.5.2.6- The above waveform shows the output voltage using IC L6561
32
CHAPTER 6
HARDWARE RESULTS
6.1 WITHOUT IC:
Fig.6.1.1-The above fig shows the poor supply p.f waveform using high wattage
resistors as load
Fig.6.1.2- The above fig shows the poor supply p.f waveform using incandescent lamps
as load
33
Fig.6.2.1-The above photograph shows the PCB connection to supply and load
Fig.6.2.2- The above photograph shows the PCB connection to supply, C.R.O, and load
34
Fig.6.2.3-The above photograph shows the voltage boost across the load
Fig.6.2.4-The waveform in C.R.O shows the improved supply power factor using IC L6561
35
Fig.6.2.5- The waveform in C.R.O shows the improved supply power factor along with voltage
Boost
CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION
7.1 RESULTS
A new Active power factor correction controller has been developed which is theoretically
analyzed and simulated using MATLAB SOFTWARE. It was tested using different loads like
resistors and incandescent lamps where the power factor was considerably improved. Power
factor correction is achieved using IC L6561 which can also control the follower boost operation.
FLYBACK CONVERTER-A new parallel connected single phase power factor correction
(PFC) topology using 2 flyback converters is proposed to improve the output voltage regulation
with simultaneous input power factor correction and control.This approach offers low cost and
high efficiency by parallel processing of the total power
At higher power levels, it is beneficial to parallel to or more flyback converters rather than using
a single higher power unit. This approach can offer fast output voltage regulation and high
efficiency. The flyback converter1 with dc-dc stage can offer good output voltage regulation due
to pretty dc input voltage and the flyback converter2 with ac/dc PFC stage fulfills input current
regulation to obtain highly efficient power factor.
37
REFERENCES
[1] Power Electronics Circuits, Devices & Applications, Muhammad H.Rsashid,
Third edition, Prentice Hall India.
[2]Power Electronics, M.D.Kanchandani
[3] Sangsun Kim & Prasad N.Enjeti , A parallel connected single phase Power
factor correction approach with improved efficiency , IEEE transaction power
electronics
[4]www.ti.com
[5]www.st.com
[6]http://onsemi.com
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APPENDIXA
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APPENDIX-B
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APPENDIX-C
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