FDP-PETROPHYSICS

BY

Dr. Gamal Ragab Gaafar

(PCSB/PE/PETROPHYSICS)

Objective
The main objective of this module is how
to characterize reservoir quality and
fluids contained.
Determine the size of a reservoir, the
quantity of hydrocarbons in place, and
the reservoir's producing capabilities.
2

PETROPHYSICS ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITY

RESOURCE ASSESSMENT

- Synthetic Seismogram
- Rock Physics
- Seismic Inversion

- HCIIP

GEOLOGY
- Well correlation panel
- 3D static model
- N/G
- Phi
- Shc

GEOPHYSICS

PETROPHYSICS
(FORMATION
EVALUATION, FE)

- Reservoir monitoring
- Production logging
- Opportunities behind Casing

- Elastic Modulus
- Cement and
casing eval. log
- Perf. Intervals

Production operation (SSI)

PROD. TECH. / DRILLING

RESERVOIR ENGINEERING
- Dynamic Model
- Recovery Factor

- Well completion
- Sand control
- Borehole stability
- Geomechanics
3

THE ROLE OF FORMATION EVALUATION in the LOF Processes

The FE Section, responsible for petrophysical data acquisition, evaluation and interpretation of well data,
plays a very important role in all stages in the Life of a Field, starting from the Asset Acquisition phase to
the End of Life and Abandonment of a Field.

EXPLORATION

PRODUCTION

- Petrophysical parameters for exploration

proposal
Design, coordination, implementation, supervision
and quality control of well log data acquisition
- Well log evaluation
- Resource Assessment for future field
development - Manage contract

- Identify further opportunities behid casing, by

passed hc zones, reservoir performance
- Design, coordination, implementation,
supervision and quality control of well log data
acquisition of cased hole
- Full field review exercise
- IOR and EOR exercise

ACQUISITION

DEVELOPMENT

ABANDOMENT

- Petrophysical inputs for CBD

projects
Data room exercise
- Resource Assessment for potential
asset
- Technical inputs for bidding
proposals

- Formulating FDP (petrophysical

inputs)
Design, coordination, implementation,
supervision and quality control of well
log data acquisition
- Provide quick petrophysical results
for consequences development wells
plan
Petrophysical analysis for PDR
- Manage Contract

- Identify candidate wells for

abandonment
- Coordinate with service contractors
to ensure abandonment activities
safely and efficiently

PETROPHYSICIST
Rock property and fluid type identifier.
Petrophysical data are derived mostly from indirect measurements.
Example:
Hydrocarbon intervals are related to high formation resistivity measured by logging tools.
Oil is differentiated from gas based from neutron response and neutron respond is related to
hydrogen counts in the formation
Productive rocks are differentiated from non-productive rocks based from a number of different
log data like gamma ray, density and neutron.

Thus, due to indirect measurements, petrophysics requires interpretation of

the data available to arrive at defining the reservoir properties and the types
of fluid in the borehole drilled.
Pore scale

Slab core scale

Cutting

Bedding scale

Interpreted Log

Example of Typical Open Hole Logs

8.9m NGP
Ave Por 29.0%,
Ave Sw 36.4%

GOC
6.5m NOP
Ave Por 31.5%,
Ave Sw 44.7%

OWC

Abu Kecil-1 I-55 Sand

6

HCIIP
To derive input parameters for calculating
hydrocarbon volumes as follows:

HCIIP = GRV x N/G x

x Sh x 1/FVF

GRV = Gross Rock Volume

N/G = Net to Gross Ratio
= Formation Porosity
Sh = Hydrocarbon Saturation
FVF = Formation Volume Factor (shrinkage factor)
7

Porosity Definition

Effect of Packing on Porosity

Depositional/initial porosity - controlled by grain packing
most natural grain packs, such as sands have close to random packing

Cubic 47.6%

Random 36%

Porosity modification during burial:

Compaction
Cementation
Diagenetic Alteration
Dissolution esp. in carbonates
Fracturing

Rhomb 25.9%

Governing Factors:
Rate of compactional porosity loss
controlled by ductiles (clays, ductile
grains) fraction
Cementation can be environment or
temperature (e.g. quartz at T > 120degC)
Overpressure can reduce compaction
Movement of cementing fluids e.g. from
9
shales, hydrothermal fluids

Effect of Sorting on Porosity

10

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Porosity Types of different Rocks

12

Permeability Definition
Permeability is the intrinsic characteristic of a material that
determines how easily a fluid can pass through it.
Henry DArcy derived the following fluid flow equation:

k A p1 p 2
L
A
Length= L

= flow rate of fluid, cm3/sec

= permeability, Darcy (0.986923 m2)
= cross-sectional area, cm 2
= fluid viscosity, centipoise (cP)
L
= length, cm
p1,p2 = pressures at inlet and outlet of the sample, atm
Q
k
A

Measuring Permeability from Core

13

Permeability Classification in conventional reservoirs:

Poor (tight)
Fair
Moderate
Good
Very good

= k < 1 mD
= 1 < k < 10mD
= 10 < k < 50mD
= 50 < k < 250mD
= k > 250mD

14

Factors Controlling
Permeability:
Grain size
Shape of sand
grains
Sorting
Lamination
Cementation
Fracturing
Fine migration
15

Pore Perm Relationship

16

17

Saturation Definition
The Water saturation Sw is the fraction or percentage of the
pore volume in the rock which is occupied by formation
water:
Sw = Vw / Vpor
Sw can be calculated from Resistivity logs with the

Archie equation

Sw = (a x Rw/

Rt)1/n
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19

20

Petrophysical Definitions
Gross Interval Thickness
Base of Interval minus Top of Interval

Gross Sand Thickness

The sum of all thicknesses in the Sand Unit , meeting a
certain clay volume Vcl cutoff criterion

Net Sand Thickness

The sum of all thicknesses in the Gross Sand,
meeting a certain porosity cutoff criterion

Net Pay Thickness

The sum of all thicknesses in the Net Sand, meeting
a certain water saturation Sw cutoff criterion
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22

Data Acquisition
1. Direct
1. Coring
2. Side wall coring
3. Mud logging
4. Formation pressure testing
5. Fluid sampling

2. Indirect
1. Wireline logging
2. Logging while drilling
3. Seismic

23

APPLICATIONS
WHY CORE ?????
OF CORES
FOR GEOLOGIST
HYDROCARBON PRESENCE
FRACTURE STUDY
POROSITY AND PERMEABILITY
SEDIMENTOLOGY AND DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT

FOR ENGINEER
POROSITY AND PERMEABILITY DISTRIBUTION
CAPILLARY PRESSURE AND PORE GEOMETRY
WETTABILITY
RELATIVE PERMEABILITY AND END POINTS

FOR PETROPHYSICIST
GAMMA RADIATION
MINERALOGY
POROSITY AND GRAIN DENSITY
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES
ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES

24

25

Core Analysis

Porosity
Fluid saturation
Permeability
Relative permeability
Wettability
Capillary pressure
Pore throat distribution
Grain size distribution
Grain density
Mineral composition
Electrical properties
Effects of overburden stress
Sensitivity to fluids
Hydrocarbon analysis
26

27

Mud Logs

Mud logs are very

useful in fluid
identification.
Gas and oil shows
are used to
corroborate fluid
identification from
well logs.
Mud logs are also
very useful in rock
typing and matrix
identification.

28

Well Logging
What are well logs
Why do we run logs
The essential logs
Gamma Ray Log
Porosity Log
Resistivity Log
Water saturation calculation
Summary
Conclusions
29

WELL LOGGING DATA ACQUISITION

Data recordings of formation rock properties

Continuously recorded versus well depth

Measured by logging tools lowered into the well

Conveyed by electric cable (called Wireline Logging)

Conveyed by drill pipes (TLC/PCL Logs)

Recorded during drilling (called Logging While

Drilling).

Recorded by means of resistivity, nuclear, acoustic

or magnetic measuring devices

30

Types of Well Logs

Two main types of well logs
Open hole logs

Well logs run inside a well while the formation is

still exposed or open

Cased hole logs

Well logs run inside a casing or tubing, mainly for

production/injection profiling and reservoir
monitoring purposes

Casing and cement evaluation logs, corrosion

monitoring logs
31

Typical Logging Tools

Comparison between the

standard supercombo
(triple combo) logging tools
and the PEX (Platform
Express) logging tools
Shorter tool length means
less rat hole required
Less tool components
means shorter rig up and
rig down time

32

Methods of Tool Conveyance

Wireline conveyed logging
Drill pipe conveyed logging
(TLC/PCL)
Logging While Drilling (LWD)
Coiled tubing conveyed logging
Slick line (piano wire) conveyed
logging

33

Wireline Logging
Well logging tools are lowered
into the well by means of an
electric cable attached to
the head of the tool string.
Power and tool commands are
sent downwards and data is
transmitted upwards, by means
of a telemetry tool.
IDW (Integrated Depth Wheel)
measures the length of cable
lowered into the well, thus
providing depth measurement

34

Pipe Conveyed Logging System

Normal wireline logging tools are

attached to the drill pipe by means
of a side-entry sub and lowered
into the well.
Pipe Conveyed Logging System is
used in wells where the logging
tools cannot be lowered into the
well using a logging cable, due to
hole conditions.

35

Logging While Drilling LWD

36

Coiled Tubing Logging

Logging tools, usually cased

hole logging tools, can be
attached to the end of a coiled
tubing and lowered into the well.
A special coiled tubing, with an
electric cable inside, is required
to transmit power and data to
and from the logging tools.
37

Essential Types of Well Logs

Gamma Ray logs: to
differentiate reservoir rock
from non-reservoir rock
Porosity logs: to determine
net reservoir rock with
potential to store
hydrocarbons
Resistivity logs: to calculate
water saturation, which in
turn provides hydrocarbon
saturation
38

Gamma Ray Log

39

Uses of Gamma Ray Logs

1. Discrimination between reservoir and nonreservoir rocks

2. Computation of clay content in reservoir rocks
3. Well to well correlation in a field
4. Identification of reservoir characteristics
5. Determination of depositional environment

40

Gamma Ray Log

GR Log measures natural Gamma Rays and is used to

differentiate between reservoir and non-reservoir rock

41

Vsh calculation from Gamma Ray Log

Gamma Ray Log is used to discriminate reservoir

rock (sandstone) from non-reservoir rock (shales).
A cutoff value of 105 API has been imposed on the
GR log to differentiate sands from shales.
Based on this cutoff criteria:
Gross

Net Sand Thickness : 65 meters

Shale volume calculation:

Vsh = (GR GRmin)/(GRmax GRmin)

GR
GR min
GR max

Gamma Ray for the interested zone

Minimum Gamma Ray
42
Maximum Gamma Ray

GR

43

n
n

44

Litho Density Tool

45

Litho Density Log Application

1. Calculate porosity from measured bulk
density.
2. Lithology identification.
3. Gas detection in reservoirs when used in
combination with the neutron log
4. When combined with sonic travel times, the
density data gives the acoustic impedance,
which is important for calibration of seismic
data.

46

Example Porosity Calculation from Litho

Density Log
Litho density log provides bulk density
of the formation and PEF (photo electric
absorption factor)
Bulk density log ( b) is used to compute
formation porosity if grain density ma
and fluid density are f known

ma

ma

fl

SS 2.65

FRESH 1.0

LST 2.71

SALT

1.1

DOL 2.87

PEF is used to identify the rock matrix

47

Neutron Log Principle

Neutron log determine porosity by measuring hydrogen index
based on elastic interaction of neutrons with hydrogen atoms
(protons) in the pores.

48

Neutron Logs Application

porosity, usually in combination with the
density tool
shale volume determination, in combination
with the density tool
gas detection, usually in combination with the
density tool, but also with a sonic tool
lithology indication, again in combination with
the density log and/or sonic log
49

Example of Fluid Identification from Neutron-Density log

50

Sonic Log Principle

Sonic tools measure the speed of sound waves in subsurface formations

51

Sonic Log Applications

Evaluate porosity from travel time ( T)

Indicating lithology (using the ratio of compressional velocity over
shear velocity),
Determining integrated travel time (an important tool for
seismic/wellbore correlation),
Correlation with other wells
Detecting fractures and evaluating secondary porosity,
Evaluating cement bonds between casing, and formation,
Detecting over-pressure,
Determining mechanical properties (in combination with the density
log), and
Determining acoustic impedance (in combination with the density log).

52

Example of Porosity Computation

from Sonic Log
Formation porosity can be
calculated as follows:
Wyllies equation:

t
tf

fresh 189
salt 185

t ma
t ma

1
Bcp

ss 55.5 us/ft
lst 47.6
dol 43.5

53

Summary of Porosity Logs

1. Computation of formation porosity using various
porosity logs
2. Three main types of porosity logs
Bulk Density Log
Neutron Porosity Log
Sonic Porosity Log
3. Determination of Net Porous Reservoir Thickness
4. Identification of hydrocarbon type based on the
combination of various porosity logs
54

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Resistivity Log Applications

1. Calculation of hydrocarbon saturation
2. Identification of hydrocarbon bearing reservoirs
(net pay) and fluid contacts
3. Identification of formation permeability /
productive reservoirs

56

Example of Resistivity Log

Resistivity logs are used to differentiate

hydrocarbon bearing zones from the
water bearing intervals.
Hydrocarbon bearing zones usually have
high resistivites accompanied by high or
medium porosities.
Water bearing intervals usually have low
resistivities accompanied by high or
medium porosities.
Tight or non-permeable zones have high
resistivities accompanied by low
porosities.
57

Water Saturation Calculation

Archies equation may be used to compute water
saturation:
Sw2 = aRw/(

2*

Rt)

This can be modified as follows:

Sw2 = Ro/Rt
Where: Ro = resistivity in the water bearing interval
Rt = resistivity in the hydrocarbon bearing
zone
Rw = resistivity of formation water
58

Raw Open Hole Logs

Gamma Ray

Caliper
True Resistivity
Bulk Density
Neutron Porosity

59

Interpreted OH Logs
Hydrocarbon zones identified
Gas-oil contact identified
Porosity, water saturation and
rock volumes computed
Reservoir sums and averages
computed for volumetrics

60

Wireline Formation Tester

MDT (Modular Dynamics Tester) tool
from Schlumberger
This wireline formation testing tool
can take an unlimited number of
pressure measurements
Depending on the tool configuration
several formation fluid samples can
be taken during one trip in the well
This tool is used for identification of
formation fluids (from pressure
gradient) and fluid contacts

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Pressure Plot
Fluid type and fluid contacts
can be determined by using
formation pressure and
fluid sampling tools.
The intersection between
the different fluid gradient
lines indicates fluid contact.
Fluid type and fluid contact
interpreted from well logs
can be confirmed by using
formation tester tools

64

Gradients and Phase Contacts

65

Fluid Identification From Open Hole Log and

Pressure Gradient

66

Log to Core Calibration

Illustration of calibration of logderived porosity with measured core

porosity.
Whenever available, log derived
porosity and permeability should
be calibrated with measured core
porosity and permeability.

Replace with a better example

67

Log - Core Calibration

D-55

Illustration of calibration of logderived porosity/permeability with

measured core porosity/permeability.
68

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Summary
Well logs acquired in oil and gas wells play a crucial role in
assessment of hydrocarbon resources
The parameters used in hydrocarbon volume calculation
are derived from well logs
Minimum three types of well logs, namely Gamma Ray log,
porosity log and resistivity logs, are required to derive
formation rock parameters.

70

Conclusions

Gamma Ray log can be used to distinguish

reservoir rock from non-reservoir by imposing
a certain cutoff value on the log

In a porous rock formation, hydrocarbon

bearing zones will have higher resistivity
values compared to the water bearing zones

High resistivity accompanied by high porosity

indicates hydrocarbon

Low resistivity accompanied by high porosity

indicates water
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Definitions of Petrophysical Parameters

Net to Gross = Net Thickness/Gross Thickness
Porosity = (Total Pore Volume)/(Total Rock Volume)
Sw = (Water filled porosity)/(Total porosity)

73

Petrophysical Definitions
Gross Interval Thickness
Base of Interval minus Top of Interval

Gross Sand Thickness

The sum of all thicknesses in the Sand Unit , meeting a
certain clay volume Vcl cutoff criterion

Net Sand Thickness

The sum of all thicknesses in the Gross Sand,
meeting a certain porosity cutoff criterion

Net Pay Thickness

The sum of all thicknesses in the Net Sand, meeting
a certain water saturation Sw cutoff criterion
74

Petrophysical Dependencies
Gross Sand thickness is dependent on
clay volume Vcl cutoff
Net Sand thickness is dependent on clay
volume Vcl and porosity cutoffs
Net Pay thickness is dependent on clay
volume Vcl , porosity and water
saturation Sw cutoffs
75