EXERCISES 2.

6
1. $y= 2x -3y + 1, y(1)=5 ; y(1,2)$
$y_{n+1}=y_n+0.1(2x_n-3y_n+1)$\\
$=0.2x_n+0.7y_n+0.1$
$y(1.1) \approx y_1 =
0.2(1)+0.7(3.8)+0.1$\\
$=3.8$
$y(1.2) \approx y_2 =
0.2(1.1)+0.7(3.8)+0.1$\\
$=2.98$
$y_{n+1}=y_n+0.05(2x_n-3y_n+1)$\\
$=0.1x_n+0.85y_n+0.05$
$y(1.05) \approx y_1 =
0.1(1)+0.85(5)+0.05$\\
$=4.4$
$y(1.1) \approx y_2 =
0.1(1.05)+0.85(4.4)+0.05$\\
$=3.895$
$y(1.15) \approx y_3 =
0.1(1.1)+0.85(3.895)+0.05$\\
$=3.47075$
$y(1.2) \approx y_4 =
0.1(1.15)+0.85(3.47075)+0.05$\\
$=3.11514$

For $h=0.1$
Find the value of $y(1.1)$

Find the value of $ y(1.2)$

For $h=0.05$
Find the value of $y(1.05)$

Find the value of $y(1.1)$

Find the value of $y(1.15)$

Find the value of $y(1.2)$

2. $y=x+y^2, y(0)=0; y(0.2)$

$y_{n+1}=y_n+0.1(x_n+y_n^2)$\\
$=0.1x_n+y_n+0.1y_n^2$
$y(0.1) \approx y_1 =
0.1(0)+0+0.1(0)^2$\\
$=0$
$y(0.2) \approx y_2 =
0.1(0.1)+0+0.1(0)^2$\\
$=0.01$
$y_{n+1}=y_n+0.05(x_n+y_n^2)$\\
$=0.05x_n+y_n+0.05y_n^2$
$y(0.05) \approx y_1 =
0.05(0)+0+0.05(0)^2$\\
$=0$
$y(0.1) \approx y_2 =
0.05(0.05)+0+0.05(0)^2$\\
$=0.0025$
$y(0.15) \approx y_3 =
0.05(0.1)+0.0025+0.05(0.0025)^2$\\
$=0.0075$

For $h=0.1$
Find the value of $y(0.1)$

Find the value of $ y(0.2)$

For $h=0.05$
Find the value of $y(0.05)$

Find the value of $y(0.1)$

Find the value of $y(0.15)$

$y(0.02) \approx y_4 =

0.05(0.15)+0.0075+0.05(0.0075)^2$\\
$=0.0150$

Find the value of $y(0.2)$

3. $y=y, y(0)=1; y(1.0)$

$\frac{dy}{y}=dx$
$ln |y|= x+c$
$y=c_1e^x$
$c=1$
$y=e^x$

Separating variables and integrating

the given
Solve for $y$
By using y(0)=1
Initial value problem

For $h=0.1$
$x_n$
%Rel

$y_n$

Error
0.00
0.0000
0.10
0.0052
0.20
0.0114
0.30
0.0189
0.40
0.0277
0.50
0.0382
0.60
0.0506
0.70
0.0650
0.80
0.0820
0.90
0.1017
1.00
0.1245

Error
1.0000
0.00
1.1000
0.47
1.2100
0.93
1.3310
1.40
1.4641
1.86
1.6105
2.32
1.7716
2.77
1.9487
3.23
2.1436
3.68
2.3579
4.13
2.5937
4.58

For $h=0.05$
Actual
value
1.0000
1.1052
1.2214
1.3499
1.4918
1.6487
1.8221
2.0138
2.2255
2.4596
2.7183

Abs.

$x_n$
Abs.

$y_n$
%Rel

Actual
Value

Error
0.00
0.0000
0.05
0.0013
0.10
0.0027
0.15
0.0042
0.20
0.0059
0.25
0.0077
0.30
0.0098
0.35
0.0120
0.40
0.0144
0.45
0.0170
0.50
0.0198
0.55
0.0229
0.60
0.0263
0.65
0.0299
0.70
0.0338
0.75
0.0381
0.80

Error
1.0000
0.00
1.0500
0.12
1.1025
0.24
1.1576
0.36
1.2155
0.48
1.2763
0.60
1.3401
0.72
1.4071
0.84
1.4775
0.96
1.5513
1.08
1.6289
1.20
1.7103
1.32
1.7959
1.44
1.8856
1.56
1.9799
1.68
2.0789
1.80
2.1829

1.0000
1.0513
1.1052
1.1618
1.2214
1.2840
1.3499
1.4191
1.4918
1.5683
1.6487
1.7333
1.8221
1.9155
2.0138
2.1170
2.2255

0.0427
0.85
0.0476
0.90
0.0530
0.95
0.0588
1.00
0.0650

1.92
2.2920
2.04
2.4066
2.15
2.5270
2.27
2.6533
2.39

2.3396
2.4596
2.5857
2.7183

4. $y=2xy, y(1)=1; y(1.5)$

$\frac{dy}{y}=2xdx$
$ln |y|= x^2+c$
$y=c_1e^{x^2}$
$c=e^{-1}$
$y=e^{x^2-1}$

Separating variables and integrating

the given
Solve for $y$
By using y(1)=1
Initial value problem

For $h=0.1$
$x_n$
%Rel

$y_n$

Error
1.00
0.0000
1.10
0.0337
1.20
0.0887
1.30
0.1784
1.40
0.3243

Error
1.0000
0.00
1.2000
2.73
1.4640
5.71
1.8154
8.95
2.2874
12.42

For $h=0.05$
Actual
value
1.0000
1.2337
1.5527
1.9937
2.6117

Abs.

1.50
2.9278
0.5625 16.12

3.4903

$x_n$
%Rel

$y_n$

Actual

Error
1.00
0.0000
1.02
0.0079
1.10
0.0182
1.15
0.0314
1.20
0.0483
1.25
0.0702
1.30
0.0982
1.35
0.1343
1.40
0.1806
1.45
0.2403
1.50
0.3171

Error
1.0000
0.00
1.1000
0.72
1.2155
1.47
1.3492
2.27
1.5044
3.11
1.6849
4.00
1.8955
4.93
1.1419
5.90
2.4311
6.92
2.7714
7.98
2.1733
9.08

value
1.0000
1.1079
1.2337
1.3806
1.5527
1.7551
1.9937
2.2762
2.6117
3.0117
3.4903

Abs.

5. $y=e^{-y}, y(0)=0; y(0.5)$

For $h=0.1$
$x_n$
$y_n$
0.00
0.0000
0.10
0.1000
0.20
0.1905
0.30
0.2731
0.40
0.3492
0.50
0.4198

$x_n$
$y_n$
0.00
0.0000
0.05
0.0500
0.10
0.0976
0.15
0.1429
0.20
0.1863
0.25
0.2278
0.30

For $h=0.05$

0.2676
0.35
0.3058
0.40
0.3427
0.45
0.3782
0.50
0.4124

6. $y= x^2+y^2, y(0)=1; y(0.5)$

For $h=0.1$
$x_n$
$y_n$
0.00
1.0000
0.10
1.1000
0.20
1.2220
0.30
1.3753
0.40
1.5735
0.50
1.8371

For $h=0.05$

$x_n$
$y_n$
0.00
0.0000
0.05
0.0500
0.10
0.0976
0.15
0.1429
0.20
0.1863
0.25
0.2278
0.30
0.2676
0.35
0.3058
0.40
0.3427
0.45
0.3782
0.50
0.4124

7. $y=(x-y)^2, y(0)=0.5; y(0.5)$

For $h=0.1$
$x_n$
$y_n$
0.00
0.5000
0.10
0.5250
0.20
0.5431
0.30
0.5548
0.40
0.5613
0.50
0.5639

$x_n$
$y_n$
0.00
0.5000
0.05
0.5125
0.10
0.5232
0.15
0.5322
0.20
0.5385
0.25
0.5452
0.30
0.5496
0.35

For $h=0.05$

0.5527
0.40
0.5547
0.45
0.5559
0.50
0.5565

8. $y= xy + \sqrt{y}, y(0)=1; y(0.5)$

For $h=0.1$
$x_n$
$y_n$
0.00
1.0000
0.10
1.1000
0.20
1.2159
0.30
1.3505
0.40
1.5072
0.50
1.6902

For $h=0.05$

$x_n$
$y_n$
0.00
1.0000
0.05
1.0500
0.10
1.1039
0.15
1.1619
0.20
1.2245
0.25
1.2921
0.30
1.3651
0.35
1.4440
0.40
1.5293
0.45
1.6217
0.50
1.7219

9. $y=xy^2- \frac{y}{x}, y(1)=1; y(1.5)$

For $h=0.1$
$x_n$

For $h=0.05$

$y_n$
1.00
1.0000
1.10
1.0000
1.20
1.0191
1.30
1.0588
1.40
1.1231
1.50
1.2194

$x_n$
$y_n$
1.00
1.0000
1.05
1.0000
1.10
1.0049
1.15
1.0147
1.20
1.0298
1.25
1.0506
1.30
1.0775
1.35
1.1115
1.40
1.1538
1.45
1.2057
1.50
1.2696

10. $y=y-y^2, y(0)=0.5; y(0.5)$

For $h=0.1$
$x_n$
$y_n$
0.00
0.5000
0.10
0.5250
0.20
0.5499
0.30
0.5747
0.40
0.5991
0.50
0.6231

For $h=0.05$

$x_n$
$y_n$
0.00
0.5000
0.05
0.5125
0.10
0.5250
0.15
0.5375
0.20
0.5499
0.25
0.5623
0.30
0.5746
0.35
0.5868
0.40
0.5989
0.45
0.6109
0.50
0.6228

11. $y = 2(cos \, x)y, y(0)=1$

Tables of values were computed using the Euler and RK4 methods.

12. $y = y(10-2y), y(0)=1$

Tables of values were computed using the Euler and RK4 methods.

13. $y(x)$ is the solution to $y = 2xy^2, y(0)=1; y(1.0)$

$y=\frac{1}{(1-x^2)}$ which is undefined at $x=1$, where the graph has a
vertical asymptote. Since the actual solution of the differential equation becomes
unbounded at $x$ approaches 1, very small changes in the inputs $x$ will result in
large changes in the corresponding outputs $y$.
For $h=0.1$ (Euler)
$x_n$
$y_n$
0.00
1.0000
0.10
1.0000
0.20
1.0200
0.30
1.0616
0.40
1.1292
0.50
1.2313
0.60
1.3829
0.70
1.6123
0.80
1.9763
0.90
2.6012
1.00
3.8191

For $h=0.05$ (Euler)

$x_n$
$y_n$
0.00
1.0000
0.05
1.0000
0.10
1.0050
0.15
1.0151
0.20
1.0306
0.25
1.0518
0.30
1.0795
0.35
1.1144
0.40
1.1579
0.45
1.2115
0.50
1.2776
0.55
1.3592
0.60
1.4608
0.65
1.5888
0.70
1.7529
0.75
1.9679
0.80
2.2584
0.85
2.6664
0.90
3.2708

0.95
4.2336
1.00
5.9363

For $h=0.1$ (RK4)

$x_n$
$y_n$

For $h=0.05$ (RK4)

0.00
1.0000
0.10
1.0000
0.20
1.0417
0.30
1.0989
0.40
1.1905
0.50
1.3333
0.60
1.5625
0.70
1.9607
0.80
2.7771
0.90
5.2388
1.00
42.9931

$x_n$
$y_n$
0.00
1.0000
0.05
1.0025
0.10
1.0101
0.15
1.0230
0.20
1.0417
0.25
1.0667

0.30
1.0989
0.35
1.1396
0.40
1.1905
0.45
1.2539
0.50
1.3333
0.55
1.4337
0.60
1.5625
0.65
1.7316
0.70
1.9608
0.75
2.2857
0.80
2.7777
0.85
3.6034
0.90
5.2609
0.95
10.1973
1.00
84.0132

The tables of values were computed using the Euler and RK4 methods. So,

14. a. $y=-2xy+1, y(0)=0$

By using $h=0.1$ we obtained the graph below

14. b. Rewriting the differential equation in the form $y + 2x = 1$

$e^{\int{2xdx}}=e^{x^2}$
$\frac{d}{dx}[e^{x^2}y]= e^{x^2}$
$y=e^{-x^2}
\int^{x}_{0}e^{t^2}dt+ce^{-x^2}$

Integrating factor

$y=\frac{\sqrt{\pi}}{2}e^{x^2}erfi(x)+ce^{-x^2}$
$c=0$
$y=e^{-x^2}
\int^{x}_{0}e^{t^2}dt$\\
$=\frac{\sqrt{\pi}}{2}e^{-x^2}erfi(x)
$

Inverse error function

Letting $x=0$ and $y(0)=0$
Initial-value problem

14. c.
When $x = 0.924139$, $y(x)=0$.
Since $y(0)= 0.924139$, we see that from the graph in part a that $(0.924139,
0.541044)$ is relative maximum.
$y(-x)=e^{-(-x)^2}\int^{x}_0e^{t^2}dt$\\
$=e^{-x^2}\int^x_0e^{(-u)^2}(-du)
$\\
$=-e^{-x^2}\int^x_0e^{u^2}du$\\
$=-y(x)$

Substitute $u =-t$ and simplify