1

A
PROJECT REPORT
ON
HIGH VOLTEG DIRECT CURRENT TRANSMISSION
(H.V.D.C TRANSMISSION)
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
IN
SHRI K.J POLYTECHNIC, BHARUCH.

SUBMITTED BY
NAME

EN. NO.

RATHOD VIJAY

116450309036

RAJ DEVENDRASINH

116450309049

CHAUHAN VIKRAM

116450309059

CHAUHAN DHRUMEN

116450309062

UNDER THE GUIDANCE

MISS. A.K. UPADHYAY.

SHRI K.J POLYTECHNIC, BHARUCH (2013 14)

SHRI K.J POTYTECHNIC, BHARUCH

DEPARTMENT OF DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING.

CERTIFICATE
This

is certify that the following

student of Diploma in Electrical engineering 5th

semester

has satisfactorily carried out his project work

in the subject of entitled HIGH VOLTAGE DC

TRANSMISSION under out guidance & supervision for
the term 2013-14.
NAME

EN. NO.

RATHOD VIJAY

116450309036

RAJ DEVENDRASINH

116450309049

CHAUHAN VIKRAM

116450309059

CHAUHAN DHRUMEN

116450309062

Date :-

Signature of guide

Head of Department

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In our particular part of section, we would like to

give our gratitude to our madam, Who had driven as
to the right path for successful implementation our
project.
Without whom, it would have been impossible for
us to complete this project so, We will pay our mindful
thanks to our teacher A.K. UPADHYAY, Who had help
us a lot more than enough only because of them,
Today we had reached at this stage where we are
surely and completely satisfied about our project.
Every time whenever we need help, No matter big
or small, SMT. A.K. UPHDAYAY and had helped as at
an extent where we can say that yes, now we are
completely cleared and convinced about our doubt.
Each and every time when we need her they had
not only given us answers and helped us, but also
guide us and treat us so nicely, humbly and lovingly
therefore we are very thankful to our teacher SMT.
A.K UPADAYAY.
We are also very grateful our whole ELECTRICAL
DEPARTMENT for their valuable support to us
wherever we need them. With sincere regard from
RATHOD VIJAY
RAJ DEVENDRASINH

116450309036
116450309049

CHAUHAN VIKRAM
CHAUHAN DHRUMEN

116450309059
116450309062

ABSTRCAT
High voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission systems are
designed to interface with the AC network. In such away as to have
considerable operating flexibility and minimal harmonics impact filter design
as well as gating controls are designed at the inverter with the stated
objective in view. Sometimes designs and operating regimes are an
engineering compromise relating to the amplitude of several harmonic
voltages and currents, inverter performance at the power frequency.
operational power level , SCR or valve parameters and equipment
requirements. The harmonic impact of an inverter is considered in this paper
with regard to network harmonic response. An analysis procedure based on
the harmonic power flow algorithm is described and required models, points
of modeling questions, shortcomings and advantages of the procedure are
described.

INDEX
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

INTRODUCTON
___________________________________________7
STATEMENT OF HVDC______________________________________________8
BLOCKDIAGRAM
___________________________________________9
HIGH VOLTAGE DIRECT CURRENT _______________________________10
HIGH VOLTAGE DC TRANSMISSION______________________________ 11
i) WHY USE DC TRANSMISSION? ________________________________12
6) ADVANTAGES OF HVDC OVER AC TRANSMISSION.______________13
7) DISADVANTAGES __________________________________________________15
8) COMPONENT_______________________________________________________17
9) RECTIFYING AND IVERTING SYSTEM_____________________________20
10) CONFIGURATION___________________________________________________2

11)
12)
13)

1
i) MONOPOLE AND EARTH RETURN_____________________________21
ii) BIPOLAR________________________________________________________21
HVDC SYSTEM USED IN INDIA____________________________________24
PROJECT SCHEDULE______________________________________________25
BIBLIO GRAPHY ___________________________________________________26

1. INTRODUCTION

Electric power transmission was originally developed with direct current. The
availability of transformers and the development and improvement of
induction motors at the beginning of the 20 th Century, led to greater appeal
and use of a.c. transmission. Through research and development in Sweden
at Allmana Svenska Electriska Aktiebolaget (ASEA), an improved multielectrode grid controlled mercury arc valve for high powers and voltages was
developed from 1929. Experimental plants were set up in the 1930s in
Sweden and the USA to investigate the use of mercury arc valves in
conversion processes for transmission and frequency changing.
D.c. transmission now became practical when long distances were to be
covered or where cables were required. The increase in need for electricity
after the Second World War stimulated research, particularly in Sweden and
in Russia. In 1950, a 116 km experimental transmission line was
commissioned from Moscow to Kasira at 200 kV.
The first commercial HVDC line built in 1954 was a 98 km submarine cable
with ground return between the island of Gotland and the Swedish mainland.
Thrusters were applied to d.c. transmission in the late 1960s and solid state
valves became a reality. In 1969, a contract for the Eel River d.c. link in
Canada was awarded as the first application of sold state valves for HVDC
transmission. Today, the highest functional d.c. voltage for d.c. transmission
is +/- 600 kV for the 785 km transmission line of the Itaipu scheme in Brazil.
D.c. transmission is now an integral part of the delivery of electricity in many
countries throughout the world.

2. Statement of UDP
Our project high voltage direct current transmission is
very important for electricity transmission.

The advantage of HVDC is the ability to transmit large amounts of

power over long distances with lower capital costs and with lower losses than
AC. Depending on voltage level and construction details, losses are quoted
as about 3% per 1,000 km.

10

3. BASIC BLOCK DIAGRAM

The key part of the HVDC converter consists of an IGBT valve bridge.
No special converter transformers are necessary between the valve bridge
and the AC-grid. A converter reactor can separate the fundamental
frequency from the raw PWM waveform. If the desired DC voltage does not
match the AC system voltage, a normal AC transformer may be used in
addition to the reactor. A small shunt AC-filter is placed on the AC-side of
the reactor. On the DC-side there is a DC capacitor that serves DC filter too.
Conventional HVDC converter technology is based on those of linecommutated or phase-commutated converters (PCC).With the appearance
of high switching frequency components, such as IGBTs(Insulated Gate

11
Bipolar Transistor)it becomes advantageous
to build VOLTAGE SOURCE

CONVERTER

(Voltage

Modulation)Technology.

Source

Converters)using

PWM(Pulse

Width

12

Actual Complex Block Diagram

SMOOTHING
REACTOR
CONV.
TRANSF.

VALVE

D.C.
FILTER

A.C.
FILTER

A.C.
BUS

SHUNT
CAPACITOR

A.C.
FILTER

D.C.
LINE

A.C.
BUS

13

4. High voltage direct current

A high-voltage, direct
current (HVDC) electric power
transmission system uses direct current for
the bulk transmission of electrical power, in
contrast with the more common alternating
current systems. For long-distance
transmission, HVDC systems may be less
expensive and suffer lower electrical losses.
For underwater power cables, HVDC avoids
the heavy currents required by the
cable capacitance. For shorter distances, the
higher cost of DC conversion equipment

Long distance HVDC lines

carrying hydroelectricity from
Canada's Nelson river to this station where
it is converted to AC for use in Winnipeg's
local grid

compared to an AC system may still be warranted, due to other benefits of

direct current links. HVDC allows power transmission between
unsynchronized AC distribution systems, and can increase system stability
by preventing cascading failures from propagating from one part of a wider
power transmission grid to another.
The modern form of HVDC transmission uses technology developed
extensively in the 1930s in Sweden at ASEA. Early commercial installations
included one in the Soviet Union in 1951 between Moscow and Kashira, and a
1020 MW system between Gotland and mainland Sweden in 1954. The
longest HVDC link in the world is currently the Xiangjiaba-Shanghai 2,071 km
(1,287 mi) 6400 MW link connecting the Xiangjiaba Dam to Shanghai, in
the People's Republic of China. In 2012, the longest HVDC link will be the Rio
Madeira link connecting the Amazonas to the So Paulo area where the
length of the DC line is over 2,500 km (1,600 mi).Many of these transfer
power from renewable sources such as hydro and wind. For names, see also
the annotated version.

14

5. High voltage transmission

High voltage (in either DC or AC electrical power transmission applications) is
used for electric power transmission to reduce the energy lost in
the resistance of the wires. For a given quantity of power transmitted and
size of conductor, doubling the voltage will deliver the same power at only
half the current. Since the power lost as heat in the wires is proportional to
the square of the current, but does not depend in any major way on the
voltage delivered by the power line, doubling the voltage in a power system
reduces the line-loss loss per unit of electrical power delivered by a factor of
4. Power loss in transmission lines can also be reduced by reducing
resistance, for example by increasing the diameter of the conductor; but
larger conductors are heavier and more expensive.
High voltages cannot easily be used for lighting and motors, and so
transmission-level voltages must be reduced to values compatible with enduse equipment. Transformers are used to change the voltage level
in alternating current (AC) transmission circuits. The competition between
the direct current (DC) of Thomas Edison and the AC of Nikola
Tesla and George Westinghouse was known as the War of Currents, with AC
becoming dominant.
Practical manipulation of high power high voltage DC became possible with
the development of high power electronic rectifier devices such as mercury
arc valves and, more recently starting in the 1970s, high power
semiconductor devices such as high power thyristors and 21st century high
power variants such as integrated gate-commutated thyristors (IGCTs), MOS
controlled thyristors (MCTs) and gate turn-off thyristors (GTOs). A similar high

15
power transistor device called the insulated-gate
bipolar transistors (IGBT)

has recently been used in these applications.

16

i. Why use DC transmission?

The question is often asked, Why use d.c. transmission? One response is
that losses are lower, but this is not correct. The level of losses is designed
into a transmission system and is regulated by the size of conductor
selected. D.c. and a.c. conductors, either as overhead transmission lines or
submarine cables can have lower losses but at higher expense since the
larger cross-sectional area will generally result in lower losses but cost more.
When converters are used for d.c. transmission in preference to a.c.
transmission, it is generally by economic choice driven by one of the
following reasons:

1. An overhead d.c. transmission line with its towers can be designed to

be less costly per unit of length than an equivalent a.c. line designed
to transmit the same level of electric power. However the d.c.
converter stations at each end are more costly than the terminating
stations of an a.c. line and so there is a breakeven distance above
which the total cost of d.c. transmission is less than its a.c.
transmission alternative. The d.c. transmission line can have a lower
visual profile than an equivalent a.c. line and so contributes to a lower
environmental impact. There are other environmental advantages to a
d.c. transmission line through the electric and magnetic fields being
d.c. instead of ac.
2. If transmission is by submarine or underground cable, the breakeven
distance is much less than overhead transmission. It is not practical to
consider a.c. cable systems exceeding 50 km but d.c. cable
transmission systems are in service whose length is in the hundreds of
kilometers and even distances of 600 km or greater have been
considered feasible.

17

6. Advantages of HVDC over AC

transmission
The advantage of HVDC is the ability to transmit large amounts of power
over long distances with lower capital costs and with lower losses than AC.
Depending on voltage level and construction details, losses are quoted as
about 3% per 1,000 km. High-voltage direct current transmission allows
efficient use of energy sources, remote from load centers.
In a number of applications HVDC is more effective than AC transmission.
Examples include:
Undersea cables, where high capacitance causes additional AC losses.
(e.g., 250 km Baltic Cable between Sweden and Germany, the
600 km Nor Ned cable between Norway and the Netherlands, and
290 km Bass link between the Australian mainland and Tasmania)
Endpoint-to-endpoint long-haul bulk power transmission without
intermediate 'taps', for example, in remote areas
Increasing the capacity of an existing power grid in situations where
additional wires are difficult or expensive to install
Power transmission and stabilization between unsynchronized AC
distribution systems
Connecting a remote generating plant to the distribution grid, for
example Nelson River Bipolar
Stabilizing a predominantly AC power-grid, without
increasing prospective short circuit current
Reducing line cost. HVDC needs fewer conductors as there is no need
to support multiple phases. Also, thinner conductors can be used since
HVDC does not suffer from the skin effect
Facilitate power transmission between different countries that use AC
at differing voltages and/or frequencies
Synchronize AC produced by renewable energy sources
Long undersea / underground high voltage cables have a high
electrical capacitance, since the conductors are surrounded by a relatively

18
thin layer of insulation and a metal sheath
while the extensive length of the
cable multiplies the area between the conductors. The geometry is that of a
long co-axial capacitor. Where alternating current is used for cable
transmission, this capacitance appears in parallel with load. Additional
current must flow in the cable to charge the cable capacitance, which
generates additional losses in the conductors of the cable. Additionally, there
is a dielectric loss component in the material of the cable insulation, which
consumes power.

However, when direct current is used, the cable capacitance is charged only
when the cable is first energized or when the voltage is changed; there is no
steady-state additional current required. For a long AC undersea cable, the
entire current-carrying capacity of the conductor could be used to supply the
charging current alone. The cable capacitance issue limits the length and
power carrying capacity of AC cables. DC cables have no such limitation, and
are essentially bound by only Ohm's Law. Although some DC leakage current
continues to flow through the dielectric insulators, this is very small
compared to the cable rating and much less than with AC transmission
cables.
HVDC can carry more power per conductor because, for a given power
rating, the constant voltage in a DC line is the same as the peak voltage in
an AC line. The power delivered in an AC system is defined by the root mean
square (RMS) of an AC voltage, but RMS is only about 71% of the peak
voltage. The peak voltage of AC determines the actual insulation thickness
and conductor spacing. Because DC operates at a constant maximum
voltage, this allows existing transmission line corridors with equally sized
conductors and insulation to carry more power into an area of high power
consumption than AC, which can lower costs.

Because HVDC allows power transmission between unsynchronized AC

distribution systems, it can help increase system stability, by preventing
cascading failures from propagating from one part of a wider power
transmission grid to another. Changes in load that would cause portions of an
AC network to become unsynchronized and separate would not similarly
affect a DC link, and the power flow through the DC link would tend to
stabilize the AC network. The magnitude and direction of power flow through
a DC link can be directly commanded, and changed as needed to support the
AC networks at either end of the DC link. This has caused many power
system operators to contemplate wider use of HVDC technology for its
stability benefits alone.

19 experience of the old installations

Modern HVDC systems combine the good
with recently developed technologies and materials. The result is a very
competitive, flexible and efficient way of transmitting electrical energy with a
very low environmental impact.

It is important to remark that an HVDC system not only transmit electrical

power from one point to another, but it also has a lot of value added which
should have been necessary to solve by another means in the case of using
a conventional AC transmission.

7 .Disadvantages
The disadvantages of HVDC are in conversion, switching, control, availability
and maintenance.
HVDC is less reliable and has lower availability than AC systems, mainly due
to the extra conversion equipment. Single pole systems have availability of

about 98.5%, with about a third of the20

downtime unscheduled due to faults.
Fault redundant bipolar systems provide high availability for 50% of the link
capacity, but availability of the full capacity is about 97% to 98%.
The required static inverters are expensive and have limited overload
capacity. At smaller transmission distances the losses in the static inverters
may be bigger than in an AC transmission line. The cost of the inverters may
not be offset by reductions in line construction cost and lower line loss. With
two exceptions, all former mercury rectifiers worldwide have been
dismantled or replaced by thyristor units. Pole 1 of the HVDC scheme
between the North and South Islands of New Zealand still uses mercury arc
rectifiers, as does Pole 1 of the Vancouver Island link in Canada. Both are
currently being replaced in New Zealand by a new thyristor pole and in
Canada by a three-phase AC link. Efficient designs use Silicon-Controlled
Rectifiers (SCR)s (the more common name for thyristors) fired in sequence at
60 Hz to produce a modified sine wave of AC current, similar to
the inverter circuitry in modern battery-operated UPSs for computer and
telecom use.
In contrast to AC systems, realizing multiterminal systems is complex, as is
expanding existing schemes to multi terminal systems. Controlling power
flow in a multi terminal DC system requires good communication between all
the terminals; power flow must be actively regulated by the inverter control
system instead of the inherent impedance and phase angle properties of the
transmission line. Multi-terminal lines are rare. One is in operation at the
Hydro Qubec New England transmission from Radisson to Sandy
Pond. Another example is the Sardinia-mainland Italy link which was modified
in 1989 to also provide power to the island of Corsica.
High voltage DC circuit breakers are difficult to build because some
mechanism must be included in the circuit breaker to force current to zero,
otherwise arcing and contact wear would be too great to allow reliable
switching.

21 spare parts to be kept, often

Operating a HVDC scheme requires many

exclusively for one system as HVDC systems are less standardized than AC
systems and technology changes faster.

8. Components
The converter station: The converter stations at each end are replicas of
each other and therefore consists of all the needed equipment for going from
AC to DC or vice versa. The main component of a converter station is:

Thyristor valves: The thyristor valves can be build-up in different ways

depending on the application and manufacturer. However, the most common
way of arranging the thyristor valves is in a twelve-pulse group with three
quadruple valves. Each single thyristor valve consists of a certain amount of
series connected thyristors with their auxiliary circuits
VOLTAGE SOURCE CONVERTER valves : The VOLTAGE SOURCE
CONVERTER consists of two level or multilevel converter, phase-reactors and
AC filters. Each single valve in the converter bridge is built up with a certain
number of series- connected IGBTs together with their auxiliary electronics.
VOLTAGE SOURCE CONVERTER valves, control equipment and cooling
equipment would be in enclosures which make transport and installation very
easy. All modern HVDC valves are water-cooled and air insulated.

Transformers: The converter transformers adapt the AC voltage level to the

DC voltage level and they contribute to the commutation reactance. Usually
they are of the single phase three winding type, but depending on the

22
transportation requirements and the rated
power, they can be arranged in

other ways

AC Filters and Capacitor Banks: On the AC side of a 12-pulse HVDC

converter, current harmonics of the order of 11, 13, 23, 25 and higher are
generated. Filters are installed in order to limit the amount of harmonics to
the level required by the network.. In the conversion process the converter
consumes reactive power which is compensated in part by the filter banks
and the restby capacitor banks. In the case of the CCC the reactive power is
compensated by the series capacitors installed in series between the
converter valves and the converter transformer. The elimination of switched
reactive power compensation equipment simplify the AC switchyard and
minimize the number ofcircuit-breakers needed, which will reduce the area
required for an HVDC station built with CCC. With VOLTAGE SOURCE
CONVERTER converters there is no need to compensate any reactive power
consumed by the converter itself and the current harmonics on the AC side
are related directly to the PWM frequency. Therefore the amount of filters in
this type of converters is reduced dramatically compared with natural
commutated converters.
DC filters:
HVDC converters create harmonics in all operational modes. Such harmonics
can create disturbances in telecommunication systems. Therefore, specially
designed DC filters are used in order to reduce the disturbances. Usually no
filters are needed for pure cable transmissions as well as for the Back-toBack HVDC stations. However, it is necessary to install DC filters if an OH line
is used in part or all the transmission system The filters needed to take care
of the harmonics generated on the DC end, are usually considerably smaller
and less expensive than the filters on the AC side. The modern DC filters are
the Active DC filters. In these filters the passive part is reduced to a
minimum and modern power electronics is used to measure, invert and reinject the harmonics, thus rendering the filtering very effective.

Transmission medium

23

For bulk power transmission over land, the most frequent transmission
medium used is the overhead line. This overhead line is normally bipolar, i.e.
two conductors with different polarity. HVDC cables are normally used for
submarine transmission. The most common types of cables are the solid and
the oil-filled ones. The solid type is in many cases the most economic one. Its
insulation consists of paper tapes impregnated with a high viscosity oil. No
length limitation exists for this type and designs are today available for
depths of about 1000 m. The self contained oil-filled cable is completely
filled with a low viscosity oil and always works under pressure. The maximum
length for this cable type seems to be around 60 km. The development of
new power cable technologies has accelerated in recent years and today a
new HVDC cable is available for HVDC underground or submarine power
transmissions. This new HVDC cable is made of extruded polyethylene, and
is used in VOLTAGE SOURCE CONVERTER based HVDC systems.

24

MOSFET BASE POWER INVERTER

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1)

Introduction
2)
Circu
it
Diag
ram

3)

Circuit Operation

4)

Working

5)

Component List

6)

Component Details

25

9. Rectifying and Inverting systems

Rectification and inversion use essentially the same machinery. Many
substations (Converter Stations) are set up in such a way that they can act
as both rectifiers and inverters. At the AC end a set of transformers, often
three physically separated single-phase transformers, isolate the station
from the AC supply, to provide a local earth, and to ensure the correct
eventual DC voltage. The output of these transformers is then connected to a
bridge rectifier formed by a number of valves. The basic configuration uses
six valves, connecting each of the three phases to each of the two DC rails.
However, with a phase change only every sixty degrees, considerable
harmonics remain on the DC rails.
An enhancement of this configuration uses 12 valves (often known as
a twelve-pulse system). The AC is split into two separate three phase
supplies before transformation. One of the sets of supplies is then configured
to have a star (wye) secondary, the other a delta secondary, establishing a
thirty degree phase difference between the two sets of three phases. With
twelve valves connecting each of the two sets of three phases to the two DC
rails, there is a phase change every 30 degrees, and harmonics are
considerably reduced.
In addition to the conversion transformers and valve-sets, various passive
resistive and reactive components help filter harmonics out of the DC rails.

26
10.Configurations

i.

Monopole and earth return

Block diagram of a monopole system with earth
return
In a common configuration, called monopole, one of
the terminals of the rectifier is connected to earth
ground. The other terminal, at a potential high above or

Block diagram of a monopole

system with earth return

below ground, is connected to a transmission line. The earthed terminal may

be connected to the corresponding connection at the inverting station by
means of a second conductor.
If no metallic conductor is installed, current flows in the earth between the
earth electrodes at the two stations. Therefore it is a type of single wire earth
return. The issues surrounding earth-return current include:
Electrochemical corrosion of long buried metal objects such
as pipelines
Underwater earth-return electrodes in seawater may
produce chlorine or otherwise affect water chemistry.
An unbalanced current path may result in a net magnetic field, which
can affect magnetic navigational compasses for ships passing over an
underwater cable.
These effects can be eliminated with installation of a metallic return
conductor between the two ends of the monopolar transmission line. Since
one terminal of the converters is connected to earth, the return conductor
need not be insulated for the full transmission voltage which makes it less
costly than the high-voltage conductor. Use of a metallic return conductor is
decided based on economic, technical and environmental factors.
ii.

Bipolar
In bipolar transmission a pair of conductors is
used, each at a high potential with respect to
ground, in opposite polarity. Since these
conductors must be insulated for the full voltage, transmission line cost is

higher than a monopole with a return 27

conductor. However, there are a
number of advantages to bipolar transmission which can make it the
attractive option.
Block diagram of a bipolar
system that also has an earth
return

Under normal load, negligible earth-current flows, as in the case of

monopolar transmission with a metallic earth-return. This reduces
earth return loss and environmental effects.
When a fault develops in a line, with earth return electrodes
installed at each end of the line, approximately half the rated power
can continue to flow using the earth as a return path, operating in
monopolar mode.

Since for a given total power rating each conductor of a bipolar line
carries only half the current of monopolar lines, the cost of the
second conductor is reduced compared to a monopolar line of the
same rating.
In very adverse terrain, the second conductor may be carried on an
independent set of transmission towers, so that some power may
continue to be transmitted even if one line is damaged.
A bipolar system may also be
installed with a metallic earth
return conductor.

Bipolar systems may carry as much as283,200 MW at voltages of +/-600 kV.

Submarine cable installations initially commissioned as a monopole may be
upgraded with additional cables and operated as a bipole..
A bipolar scheme can be implemented so that the polarity of one or both
poles can be changed. This allows the operation as two parallel monopoles. If
A block diagram of a bipolar HVDC transmission system, between
two stations designated A and B

one conductor fails, transmission can still

continue at reduced capacity. Losses

may increase if ground electrodes and lines are not designed for the extra
current in this mode. To reduce losses in this case, intermediate switching
stations may be installed, at which line segments can be switched off or
parallelized. This was done at IngaShaba HVDC.

11. HVDC SYSTEM USE IN INDIA

SR.
NO

NAME

CONVERTER
STATION 1

CONVERTE
R
STSTION 2

LENGT
H OF
OVER
HEAD
LINE

VOLTAGE

powe
r

REMA
RK

HVDC
RIHANDDELHI
CHANDRAP
UR-PADGHE
VIZAG-2

RIHAND

BARSOOR

814
KM

500 KV

1500
MW

1992

CHANDRAP
UR
GAJUWAKA

PADGHE

500 KV

EAST
SOUTH-2
BALLIA-

TALCHER

500 KV

BALLIA

BHIWADI

1450
KM
780

1500
MW
500
MW
2000
MW
2500

1997

GAJUWAK
A
KOLAR

900
KM
-

2
3
4
5

176 KV

500 KV

2005
2002
2009

BHIWADI
BISWANAT
H-AGRA

29

BISWANATH AGRA

KM
1875
KM

800 KV

MW
6000
MW1

2012

30

12. PROJECT SCHEDULE

MONTH

PROCESS

JULY(2013)

Market Survey

AUGUST(2013)

Project Discussion

SEPTEMBER(2013)

Component Purchase

OCTOBER(2013)

Project Report
-

JANUARY(2014)
Making Project
FEBRUARY(2014)

MARCH(2014)

Fault Locate
Final Project

APRIL(2014)

31

13. Bibliography

1. HVDC transmission System By ,Kamraju

2. ABB products HVDC and HVDC light
3. www.abb.com
4. www.pepei.pennnet.com
5.www.slideshare.com
6.www.final-yearprojects.co.cc
7. www.newmaterials.com
8.www. Scribd.com

32