Name : .....................................

AS Chemistry Start module 2015

Resource material booklet
This booklet contains much useful information.
[The majority of this information has been covered in the
Year 10 and 11 courses]

The more of it you know the better your

results will able. In Chemistry knowledge is
the key.

If you are not good at remembering dont

lose this booklet, keep it handy!
It will prove very useful throughout the year.

AS intro resource booklet 2015 page 1

Index.
page
page
page
page
page
page
page
page
page
page
page
page

3
5
6
8
9
11
13
15
21
23
28
29

General ideas on chemical formula

Table of ions
Writing ionic formula
Molecular formulae you need to know.
Common names of chemical substances
Colours of chemical substances
The Bohr atom
Electron configurations
Types bond
Structure
Types of chemical reaction
Salt dissolving

AS intro resource booklet 2015 page 2

Names and formulae of chemical compounds

There are millions of known chemical compounds.
These compounds have specific structures and are made up of simple
particles, atoms, ions and molecules.
The name and formula give an idea of the composition and properties of a
compound. So it is important to understand these names and formulae.
In Chemistry a compound often has a common name and a systematic name,
These compounds will also have a simple formula, but there can be other
types of formula which can help to explain the properties of a particular
compound.

Two examples are shown below to give you an idea of the

importance of naming a substance, and writing the appropriate formula.

1. Compound 1
common name - common salt
emprical formula - NaCl

systematic name - sodium chloride

structural formula -

AS intro resource booklet 2015 page 3

2. Compound 2.
common name - glucose
systematic name - 2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanal
emprical formula - CHO

molecular formula - CHO

structural formula

glucose powder

or

CHOHCH(OH)CH(OH)CH(OH)CH(OH)CHO

or

Properties of these two substances

i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.

Both these compounds are white crystalline solids.

The melting point of salt is far higher than glucose.
Both are soluble in water.
A salt solution conducts an electric current, a glucose solution does not
Sugar dissolves in alcohol, salt is insoluble in alcohol.
Sugar contains covalent bonds, salt contains ionic bonds
All these facts are due to the structure of these two substances.
AS intro resource booklet 2015 page 4

Cations
1+ ions

2+ ions

3+ ions

hydrogen
lithium
sodium
potassium
silver
copper(I)
ammonium

H
Li
Na
K
Ag
Cu
NH

magnesium

Mg2

calcium

Ca2

iron(II)

Fe2

copper(II)
zinc

Cu2 blue
Zn2

barium

Ba2

hydronium

HO

tin(II)

Sn2

lead(II)

Pb2

manganese(II)

Mn2pale pink

nickel

Ni2

cobalt(II)

Co2pink

or hydroxonium

pale green

aluminium
scandium
iron(III)

Al
Sc
Fe
yellow/brown

chromium(III) Cr
green or blue

green

Anions
1- ions

2- ions

hydroxide

OH
hydrogencarbonate HCO
hydrogensulfate
HSO
nitrate
NO
nitrite
NO
fluoride
F
chloride
Cl
bromide
Br
iodide
I

oxide

permanganate

MnO

purple

various colours

CO2

sulfate

SO2

sulfite

SO2

sulfide

S2various colours

manganate

MnO2

ClO or OCl
ClO
BrO
IO
CHCOO
Al(OH)
or AlO

green

HPO2

HPO

nitride

phosphide P

carbonate

monohydrogenphosphate

dihydrogenphosphate

hypochlorite
chlorate
bromate
iodate
ethanoate
aluminate

O2

3- ions

phosphate

dichromate CrO2orange
chromate

CrO2yellow

zincate

Zn(OH)2
or ZnO2

AS intro resource booklet 2015 page 5

PO

READ THE IDEAS ON THIS PAGE - THEN - WORK THROUGH QUESTIONS

Ionic substances are made from
positive ions - cations
negative ions - anions
These solids are made up and an ordered arrangements of these ions.
These ordered structures are called crystals. Sometimes these are large and
characteristic in shape other times the crystals are very small and appear as a powder.
These compounds have a neutral charge. The charges of the positive ions are countered
by the charges of the negative ions.
An ionic formula represents the combination of these ions.
The symbol for the positive is written first followed by the symbol for the negative ion.
The charges of the ions are omitted.
Thus copper oxide, a black insoluble solid,
Cu O CuO
( charges equal and opposite thus one ion of each required )
lead chloride, a white insoluble solid,
Pb Cl PbCl
( two Cl ions are needed to oppose the Pb ion the formula
of the solid show one Pb and two Cl ions )
aluminium sulphide, a white solid,
Al S AlS
( two Al ions, 6+, and three S ions, 6-, are needed to form a
formula with neutral charge. )
iron(III) hydroxide, a red insoluble solid, Fe OH
Fe(OH)
( one Fe is required to oppose three OH ions.
A bracket ( ) is put around the hydroxide ion because the ion comprises the atoms
of oxygen and hydrogen and it needs three of each to balance )

2.

Other examples to show you how to do this work

a) sodium nitrate,
b) calcium sulphate,
c) ammonium carbonate,
d) aluminium oxide,

Na NO
Ca SO
NH CO
Al O

NaNO
CaSO
(NH)CO
AlO

AS intro resource booklet 2015 page 6

3.

Now try these,

USE YOUR TABLE OF IONS

a.Zinc carbonate

.................

and perhaps a scrap piece of

paper to get the correct formula.

b. Potassium fluoride

.................

c. Magnesium sulphate .................

d. Copper oxide

.................

e.Lead hydroxide

.................

e. Sodium oxide

.................

f. Aluminium chloride

.................

g. Silver chloride

.................

h. Potassium sulphide

.................

i. Copper nitrate

.................

j. Ammonium sulphate

.................

k. Calcium iodide

.................

l. Sodium phosphate

.................

m. Iron (III) nitrate

.................

n. Barium nitrate

.................

o. Zinc nitride

.................

q. Iron(II) sulphate

.................

p. Potassium chromate .................

r. Calcium hydrogen carbonate

.................

s. Aluminium sulphide

.................

t. Magnesium ethanoate

.................

u. Sodium zincate

.................

v. Ammonium dichromate

.................

w. Calcium dihydrogenphospate

.................

x. Manganese (IV) oxide

.................

AS intro resource booklet 2015 page 7

Molecular formulae
a) Molecular substances contain only non metal atoms. These are substances
where the atoms are held together by covalent bonds.
b) Sometimes the name gives a clue as to the formula.
c) Other formulae need to be learnt. LEARN AS MANY AS POSSIBLE !!
Name
1.
Water
2.
Hydrogen peroxide
3.
Carbon monoxide
4.
Carbon dioxide
5.
Methane
6.
Ethane
7.
Ethene
8.
Ethyne
9.
Sulphur dioxide
10. Ammonia

Formula
HO
HO
CO
CO
CH
CH
CH
CH
SO
NH3

11. Nitrogen dioxide

NO

brown pungent poisonous gas, air pollutant

12. Nitrogen

80% of air

13. Hydrogen

explosive colourless gas, 96% of the universe

14. Oxygen

a colourless gas supports life & combustion

15. Ozone

a reactive poisonous form of oxygen

16. Chlorine

Cl

a yellow/green poisonous gas

17. Glucose

CHO white solid, simplest of the sugars

18. Iodine

grey/silver solid, a mild antiseptic

19. Sulphur

yellow solid

20. Phosphorus

white unstable flammable solid

21.
22.
23.
24.

colourless liquid, stomach acid.

HCl
HSO colourless liquid, battery acid.
HNO
colourless liquid.
CHCOOH colourless liquid, found in vinegar.

Hydrochloric acid
Sulphuric acid
Nitric acid
Ethanoic acid

25. Carbon
26. Glucose
27. Ethanol

Properties
a colourless liquid at room temp
a colourless liquid used as a bleach
a colourless poisonous gas
a colourless gas turns limewater milky
natural gas used as a fuel gas
a gas found in LPG
a gas used to make plastics
a gas mixed with O to weld iron
a pollutant gas formed when sulfur burns
strong smelling gas, used as a cleaner

a black solid, also formula for diamond,

graphite or charcoal.
CHO white solid, the simplest of the sugars

CHCHOH a colourless liquid, alcohol

AS intro resource booklet 2015 page 8

Common names of substances in Chemistry

Alcohol
Alum
Alumina
Baking soda
Bauxite
Bleaching powder
Bluestone
Brine
Carborundum
Caustic potash
Caustic soda
Chalk
Charcoal
Chile saltpeter
Common salt
Cryolite
Diamond
Dry ice
Epsom salts
Ether
Flowers of sulphur
Fools Gold
Glaubers salt
Glycerin
Graphite
Gypsum
Laughing gas
Limewater
Litharge
Magnesia
Magnetite
Marble
Milk of magnesia
Moth balls
Niter
Nitroglycerine
Oil of vitriol
Plaster of Paris
Quartz
Quicklime
Quicksilver
Red lead
Rock salt
Sal ammoniac
Sal volatile
Saltpeter
Silica
Slaked lime
Soda ash
Sugar
TNT
Washing soda
Wood alcohol

ethanol
aluminium potassium sulphate 24-hydrate
aluminium oxide
sodium hydrogen carbonate
ore containing aluminium oxide
calcium chloride hypochlorite
copper sulphate pentahydrate
sodium chloride solution/seawater
silicon carbide
potassium hydroxide
sodium hydroxide
calcium carbonate
graphite, amorphous carbon
sodium nitrate
sodium chloride
sodium aluminium fluoride
carbon
carbon dioxide solid
magnesium sulphate heptahydrate
diethyl ether
sublimed sulphur
iron sulphide
sodium sulphate decahydrate
glycerol (from soap manufacture)
crystalline carbon sheets
calcium sulphate dihydrate
nitrous oxide
calcium hydroxide solution
lead monoxide
magnesium oxide
triferric tetroxide, mixed iron oxide
calcium carbonate
magnesium hydroxide suspension
naphthalene
potassium nitrate
glyceryl trinitrate
sulphuric acid
calcium sulphate hemihydrate
silicon dioxide
calcium oxide
mercury
triplumbic tetroxide, mixed lead oxide
sodium chloride
ammonium chloride
ammonium carbonate
potassium nitrate
silicon dioxide
calcium hydroxide solid
sodium carbonate
sucrose
trinitrotoluene
sodium carbonate decahydrate
methanol

CHCHOH
Al(SO).KSO.24HO
AlO
NaHCO
AlO ( FeO + SiO )
CaCl(OCl)
CuSO.5HO
NaCl
SiC
KOH
NaOH
CaCO
C
NaNO
NaCl
NaAlF
C
CO
MgSO.7H0
CHCHOCHCH
S
FeS
NaSO.10HO
CH(OH)CH(OH)CHOH
C
CaSO.2HO
NO
Ca(OH)
PbO
MgO
FeO
CaCO
Mg(OH)/HO
CH
KNO
CH(NO)CH(NO)CHNO
HSO
CaSO./HO
SiO
CaO
Hg
PbO
NaCl
NHCl
(NH)CO
KNO
SiO
Ca(OH)
NaCO
CHO
CH(NO)
NaCO.10HO
CHOH

AS intro resource booklet 2015 page 9

The following are of interest , but are not as important as those listed above.

Aqua fortis
Aqua regia
Borax
Brimstone
Cinnabar
Corrosive sublimate
Cream of tartar
Dolomite
Green vitriol
Halite
Hypo
Lye
Marsh gas
Muriatic acid
Prussic acid
White vitriol

nitric acid
nitric acid and hydrochloric acid
sodium tetraborate decahydrate
liquid sulphur
mercury(II) sulphide
mercury(II)chloride
potassium hydrogen tartrate
calcium and magnesium carbonate
ferrous sulphate heptahydrate
sodium chloride
sodium thiosulphate pentahydrate
sodium hydroxide
methane
hydrochloric acid
hydrocyanic acid
zinc sulphate heptahydrate

HNO
HNO/HCl
NaBO.10HO
S
HgS
HgCl
KHCHO
CaCO.MgCO
FeSO.7HO
NaCl
NaSO.5HO
NaOH
CH
HCl
HCN
ZnSO.7HO

AS intro resource booklet 2015 page 10

Colours in Chemist ry
Year 1 1 level
SOLIDS
1 . Whit e solids
(unless anion
is coloured)

2 . Whit e Precipit at es

All Na, K compounds (except NaO, KO)

All Al, Mg , Ca , NH compounds (except some alums)
All Pb
(except PbO, PbO, PbO, PbI, PbBr )
All Zn
(except hot ZnO)
All Ag
(except AgBr cream, AgI pale yellow , AgO brown )
SiO
pure sand
P
sometimes called yellow
TiO
CuSO
anhydrous
Carbonates of Pb , Mg , Zn , Ca (Al(CO) does not exist)
PbCl
PbSO, BaSO, CaSO
Hydroxides of Mg , Ca , Al, Pb , Zn , Sn

3 . Whit e precipit at es
t hat dissolve

Al, Zn , Pb , Sn
in excess NaOH
AgCl, Zn(OH)
in ammonia
all carbonates (any colour)
in acids
all hydroxides (any colour)
in acids

4 . Yellow solids

Sulphur, Au, AgI, FeS (iron pyrites)

PbI, PbO, PbCrO and most CrO salts.
ZnO when hot

5 . Black solids

Charcoal / graphite
CuO, CuS,
PbS
FeO, FeO
MnO (or brown)

6 . Brown solids

PbO, AgO
FeCl anhydrous is dark brown crystals
FeCl.6HO is yellow brown crystals
FeO is red brown, rusty

7 . Red solids

PbO , CuO, HgO , P, AgCrO

8 . Grey solids

CaC, FeS, I crystals ( vapour purple )

9 . Orange solids

(NH)CrO, KCrO, NaCrO

AS intro resource booklet 2015 page 11

1 0 . Purple solids

KMnO

1 1 . Green solids

CuCO, (really a basic carbonate, CuCO.Cu(OH) )

Fe compounds (except FeO black, FeS yellow)
Ni compounds
CrO

1 2 . Blue solids

CuSO.5HO, Cu(NO).3HO
anhydrous CoCl

1 3 . Pink cryst als

CoCl.6HO
Mn salts are very pale pink

1 4 . Green precipit at es

CuCO.Cu(OH) from Cu + CO
FeCO and Fe(OH) (both darken on standing in air)

1 5 . Blue precipit at es

Cu(OH) dissolves in NH to dark blue solution Cu(NH)

1 6 . Brown precipit at es Fe(OH) ,

LIQUIDS
1 7 . Colourless

AgO from

Ag + OH

Aqueous solutions of most soluble salts, acids and alkalis

HO, HO, Organic liquids, e.g. alkanes, alcohols, esters

1 8 . Red

Br

1 9 . Coloured solut ions

( i)
Green
( ii)
Blue
( iii
Purple
( iv)
Orange
( v)
Brown
( vi)
Yellow

Fe , Ni , Cr, MnO
Cu (sometimes green/blue)
MnO, I in non-polar organic solvents eg. hexane
CrO
Br solutions, I in polar solvents eg. propanone , I (I + I)
Fe, CrO

GASES
2 0 .Colourless

Most gases, Some fume in moist air e.g. HCl

2 1 .Coloured

Cl green/yellow

2 2 .Coloured vapours

[i.e. having B.Pts. above room temperature]

Br orange/brown,I purple,
Sulphur dark red

F pale yellow

AS intro resource booklet 2015 page 12

NO brown

Bohr model of the atom

maximum
number of
electrons in
shell, 2n

18

32

50

electron shell, n

nucleus
contains neutrons and
protons

Atoms 1 - 20

Period 1

He

Period 2

Li

Be

flO

Period 3

Na

Mg

Al

Si

AS intro resource booklet 2015 page 13

Ne

Period 3

fiCl

Ar

Period 4

and then transition

metals

Ca

AS intro resource booklet 2015 page 14

fiSc

Electron configurations of selected elements.

Noble Gases Group VIII or 0

2n

He

Ne

Ar

Kr

18

!Xe

18

18

Rn

18

32

18

helium gas in blimp

18

32

excited neon atoms

50

72

98

krypton filled bulb

AS intro resource booklet 2015 page 15

Electron configurations of selected elements.

Alkali Metals - Group I

all have 1 valence [outer] electron
2n

18

32

50

72

Li

Na

Rb

18

!!Cs

18

18

Fr

18

32

18

AS intro resource booklet 2015 page 16

98

Electron configurations of selected elements.

Halogens - Group VII

all have 7 valence [outer] electrons

2n

Cl

!Br

18

!I

18

18

!At

18

32

chlorine gas

18

32

bromine liquid

50

72

98

iodine solid

AS intro resource booklet 2015 page 17

Electron configurations of selected elements.

First row of Transition metals Sc Zn
2n

18

32

Ca

Sc

Ti

10

11

Cr

13

!Mn

13

Fe

14

Co

15

Ni

16

Cu

18

Zn

18

Ga

18

Scandium metal

Vanadium metal

50

72

98

Manganese metal

AS intro resource booklet 2015 page 18

Other elements
2n

18

32

Cu

18

Ag

18

18

Au

32

18

18

32

21

!Am

18

32

25

Rg

18

32

32

18

Biggest known nugget

of Gold

50

Americium-241
in a smoke alarm

72

98

cubes of Uranium

AS intro resource booklet 2015 page 19

The only atoms that can exist on there own at room

temperature are the Noble Gases.
These exist as monatomic gases at room temperature.
At room temperature all other atoms have to form links or
bonds with each other.

Four types of chemical bond

1. Ionic bond

2. Covalent bond -

between cation, +ve and anion, -ve

between non metal atoms,
[ sigma and pi , non-polar, polar, strongly polar & coordinate bonds ]

3. Metallic bond

4. Intermolecular bond

between metals,
metal cations and their valence electrons
between molecules or atoms of Noble Gases
[ H - bonds, permanent dipoles, temporary or induced dipoles ]

[ Understand and identify these in a substance and you will begin

to make sense of this subject. ]

AS intro resource booklet 2015 page 20

types of bond

Cl

Cl

Cl

a non-polar bond
a pair of electrons shared between two
non-metal atoms with the same
electronegativity ens Cl = 3.0

a polar bond
a pair of electrons shared
unequally between two non-metal
atoms with different electronegativities
ens Cl = 3.0, H = 2.1

a strongly polar bond

a pair of electrons shared

unequally between two non-metal
atoms with very different
electronegativities, O-H, N-H, F-H
ens O = 3.5, H = 2.1

an ionic bond

Cl

Na

a pair of electrons not shared

between anon-metal and a metal
ens Cl = 3.0, Na = 0.9

a metallic bond

Na

Na

an attraction between metal cations

and their mobile valence electrons
ens Na = 0.9

AS intro resource booklet 2015 page 21

Structure
Types of structure that you should be familar with
i.e. you should know about
a. particles holding structure together
b. types of force holding particles together
c. the relative strengths of these forces
d. the physical properties involved with these
structures.

AS intro resource booklet 2015 page 22

TYPES OF SOLIDS
Forces of Attra ction in Crystalline Solids
Crystalline solids have an ordered array of atoms or molecules. This array is called a
lattice. The atoms or molecules in solids are held together in four different ways and
these are:

Molecular Solids: Molecules are held together by relatively weak forces (van
der Waals, hydrogen bonding) so molecular solids have low melting points and in
many cases only form solids at low temperatures. e.g. ice, solid CO. Most of the
non-metal elements e.g. chlorine and neon, form solids of this type. The forces
between the molecules are weak BUT within the molecule e.g. CO there are strong
forces holding the atoms together.

AS intro resource booklet 2015 page 23

Ionic Solids: The lattice is made up of positive and negative ions. The force of
attraction between the oppositely charged ions is strong compared to molecular
solids. They have high melting points. Each ion is surrounded by neighbours of
opposite charge and there are no separate molecules. Ions are not easily moved from
their lattice sites, so typical ionic solids are hard and rigid, though brittle [If an ion is
displaced, it moves closer to an ion of like charge which repels it, thus breaking the
lattice]. They shatter easily and cannot be shaped by hammering and bending. The
electrons are localized on the ions and ionic solids only conduct electricity when they
are molten and the ions are free to move. Examples are NaCl [sodium chloride] and KI
[potassium iodide].

Network Covalent Solids: Atoms are covalently bonded throughout the

entire solid, thus the force of attraction is a covalent bond. The strong attra ctive
force gives them very high melting points. The electrons are localized and are not
free to move making them insulators. Examples are diamond, quartz (SiO2) and the
silicate minerals. In diamond each carbon atom is bonded tetrahedrally to four other
carbon atoms. Quartz has a lattice of SiO4 tetrahedra where every oxygen is bonded
to two silicon atoms. The other two allotropes of carbon (different forms of the
same element in the same physical state) are also network solids and are graphite
and the fullerenes. Both conduct heat and electricity as the electrons can move
freely through the solid. Graphite consists of sheets which can move over each other
due to weak forces holding the sheets together. The fullerenes consist of balls of
between 30 - 72 Carbon atoms.

diamond

graphite

AS intro resource booklet 2015 page 24

Metallic Solids: The metal atoms occupy regular lattice sites, however the valence
electrons can move throughout the entire solid. These delocalized electrons
readily carry heat and electricity throughout the solid. The mobile electrons produce
the typical sheen or metallic lustre characteristic of metals. Since the force of
attraction is not localised, the metal atoms can slide from one lattice site to another,
making metals malleable (shaped by hammering) and ductile (drawn into wire). The
strength of the metallic bond is quite variable as indicated by the range of melting
points from tungsten, 3422 0C to mercury, !39 0C.

AS intro resource booklet 2015 page 25

This table summarises some of the facts about the four types of solids.

TYPE of SOLID

METALLIC

IONIC

MOLECULAR

COVALENT

Entity

atoms

ions

molecules

atoms/molecules

Force of Attraction

metallic
bond

ionic bond

Van der
Waals

covalent bond

Strength of the Force of

Attraction

variable

strong

weak

strong

Texture

soft

hard /
brittle

soft

very hard

Conductor of
Heat or Electricity

conductors

insulators
[conduct
when
molten]

insulators

insulators
(except graphite)

Melting Point

variable mp
-39 to
4000C

high mp
600 to
3000C

low mp
-272 to 400
C

very high mp
1200 to 4000C

Solubility

insoluble in
water/organ
ic

soluble in
water

soluble in
organic
solvents

insoluble

Examples

Fe
Pb
Sn

NaCl
MgO
Na2SO4

sugar
CH4
CO2

diamond
graphite
quartz

Amorphous Solids
An amorphous solid is not crystalline as the atoms or molecules are not arranged
in a regular lattice and is formed when the shape of the molecule is too complex, the
molecules are frozen too rapidly or when impuriites prevent a regular lattice. They
include glass, rubber and plastics. Amorphous solids can be considered to be
supercooled liquids of high viscosity.

AS intro resource booklet 2015 page 26

Types of chemical reaction

1. Combustion

A reaction where a substance burns, normally in oxygen, to

produce energy in the form heat, light and sometimes sound.

Example : calcium + oxygen calcium oxide

2. Exothermic

A reaction where energy is released, in the form of heat or light or

sound. The enthalpy [stored energy] of the products is less than that
of the reactants.

Example : any combustion reaction, most spontaneous reactions.

3. Endothermic

A reaction where energy is absorbed. Normally the reaction mixture

gets cooler. Its enthalpy increases.

Example : ammonium salts dissolving.

4. Dehydration

A reaction where a substance loses water to form a new substance.

[it is not dried]

Example : sucrose with conc sulfuric acid carbon + water

5. Hydrolysis

A reaction with water to form a new compound.

[not dissolving something in water]

Example : sulfur dioxide + water sulfurous acid

6. Displacement

A reaction where a reactive element displaces a less reactive element

Example : zinc + copper sulphate copper + zinc sulphate

7. Effervescence A reaction where bubbles of gas are vigorously produced.

Example : acid + metal salt + hydrogen

8. Decomposition A reaction where a substance breaks down into simpler substances.
Can be achieved by heat, a catalyst and by electrolysis.
AB+C

Example : magnesium hydroxide magnesium oxide + water

AS intro resource booklet 2015 page 27

9. Precipitation

A reaction where two solutions are mixed together to produce a

suspension which contains an insoluble product known as a precipitate.

Example :
sodium chloride + silver nitrate sodium nitrate + silver chloride
a white ppt.

Solubility of ionic solids

10. Combination

soluble

insoluble

CO

Na,K and NH

the rest

OH

Na,K, NH,
Ca and Ba slightly

the rest

Na,K,Ba react with

water

the rest

Cl, Br, I

the rest

Ag,Pb also Cu

SO

the rest

Pb,Ba, Ca and (Ag)

HCO

all common ones

------------

NO

all common ones

------------

CHCOO

all common ones

------------

A reaction where two or more substances combine to form

a more complicated product. D + E F

Example : magnesium + nitrogen magnesium nitride

11. Neutralisation A reaction where an acid reacts with a base to form a salt and water
(and CO when the base is a carbonate or hydrogencarbonate)

Example : nitric acid + lead(II) oxide lead nitrate + water

AS intro resource booklet 2015 page 28

What happens when salt dissolves?

Why does it disappear?
Why is it soluble?

AS intro resource booklet 2015 page 29