Q1

Q6

water
oil
air 1 atm

40oC
(kg m-1 s-1)

4156
1770
1004

1.01E-03
0.799
1.84E-05

6.96E-04
0.21
1.93E-05

CP

(oC)

(W m-1 K-1)

(kg m-3)

20
20
20

0.597
0.145
0.0262

1001
888
1.203

Diameter

2
0.2

water
oil
air 1 atm

Re
397617
445
26152

Flow

(J kg-1K-1)

20oC
(kg m-1 s-1)

Exothermic Reaction in stirred tank

2 m

D
V
Q

2 m
6.28318
62831.8 W

m/s

12.56636 m2

U
Tr
T
Tj

150
80 C
33.33333 C
46.66667 C

Pr
7.01
9753.31
0.71

Nu
1512.1
N/A
68.4

h
4513.7

Maximum diameter if Tj is limited to 30oC

9.0

Q2
Calculate the heat transfer coefficients in the previous question using the Sieder Tate Correlation

Nu=

hL

=0 . 027 Re0 . 8 Pr 1/ 3
k
w

0 . 14

( )

In both cases assume the wall is at 40oC

Nu
h
water
1631.12
4868.9
oil
air 1 atm
81.73
10.7
Q3
If one side of an exchanger had air flowing at 2 m/s and the other water at 2 m/s which would be the controlling resistance?
1/U
0.093604
U
10.683
U is approximately equal to h for the Air. The air would be the controlling resistance
Q4
Water flowing through smooth pipe, heated by condnesing steam, assume waters resistance is controlling
1 m pipe

Smooth pipes, 2 .5 103 < Re< 105

=0 . 0396 Re0. 25
Smooth pipes, 2 .5 103 < Re< 10 y
=2. 5 ln ( Re 0 .5 ) +0 . 3
l
P f =4 u2
d
Flowrate
diameter
area
u

0.2
0.02
0.000314
0.635984

Re

1.26E+04
0.003734
302.4 Pa/m

Pr
Nu
h

7.01
95.83517
2860.7 W/m2K

hA

179.7 W/K

kg/s
m
m2
m/s

0.1
0.01
7.853975E-005
1.2719686515

kg/s
m
m2
m/s

1.26E+04
0.0037344352
2419.2 Pa/m
7.01
95.8351703746
5721.4 W/m2K
359.5 W/K

Q5 Concentric Pipe Heat Exchanger

Water
Cold Stream

(oC)

(W m-1 K-1)

(kg m-3)

20
40
100
120

0.597
0.628
0.68
0.685

1001
995
961
945

Water
Tin

20 oC

Tout

40 oC

Flow

0.11 kg/s

ID
IA

0.015 m
0.000177 m2

Cp

Re
Pr
Nu
h

998
0.62372 m/s
0.000837
4167
0.6125
11153
5.70
79.77307
3257.4 W/m2K

Pressure Drop Inside Pipe

Re

1.12E+04
0.003853427
544

Hot Stream Outer Pipe

Water
Tin
120 oC
Tout
100 oC
Flow
0.11 kg/s
ID
OD
IA
dm

0.02
0.03
0.000393
0.01

Cp

Re
Pr
Nu
h

953
0.293927 m/s
0.000212
4233
0.6825
13228
1.31
50.84908
3470.45 W/m2K

Steel Wall
k

Ao/(hiAi)

m
m
m2
m

60 W/m/K

0.000409

ln(ro/ri)/kxr 4.8E-005
1/ho

0.000288

Uo

1341.528

LMTD
Q
A
L

10000 W/m3

80 K
9167.4 W
0.085419 m2
1.36 m

Pressure Drop Outside Pipe

Re

1.32E+04
0.003692477
174

CP

(J kg-1K- (kg m-1 s1

1
)
)
4156
4178
4216
4250

1.01E-03
6.96E-04
2.82E-04
1.59E-04

Q=UA(Tr-Tj)
Q/A=U(Tr-Tj)
A=piDH
Q=10,000*pi/D^2/4*H
Q/A=10,000*D/4
D=4*Q/A/10,000
D=4*U(Tr-Tj)/10,000
Tj
Tr
T
UT
D

30
80
50
7500
3

Question 1
Estimate the heat transfer coefficient from a horizontal pipe 0.15m in diameter
with a surface temperature of 400K to air at 294K

2 L3 T g
Gr=
2
do
Tpipe
Tamb
Tmean

kg/m3
Pa.s
J/kg/K
W/mK
m/s2

2.62E+07
7.39E-01
1.94E+07

C'
n
h

0.53
0.25
6.98 W/m2K

C"
n
h

1.32
0.25
6.81 W/m2K

cP

0.15
400
294
347

Physical properties

1.018533

0.002882

2.00E-05
Cp
1100
k
0.02975
g
9.81
Gr
Pr
GrPr

Pr =

348.5 W/m
340.0 W/m

h C" T l 3 n 1
n

Question 2
Estimate the heat transfer coefficient and the rate of heating
from a flat vertical convenction heater.
Dimensions
Width
Height
Theater
Troom
Tmean

2
0.8
60
15
310.65

Physical Properties

1.1377143403

0.0032190568

1.93E-05
Cp
1100
k
0.02702375
g
9.81
Gr
Pr
GrPr

m
m
C
C

kg/m3
Pa.s
J/kg/K
W/mK
m/s2

2.53E+09
7.86E-01
1.99E+09

C'
n
h
Q

0.13
0.33
5.14 W/m2K
370.1 W

C"
n
h
Q

1.24
0.33
4.36 W/m2K
314.3 W

Question 3
Estimate the heat loss though a the gap between double glazed windows.

Dimensions
Gap (L)
Height (H)
Width
Thot
Tcold
Tmean

0.015
2
2
10
-10
273.15

Physical Properties

1.293907962

0.003660992

1.60E-05
Cp
1050
k
0.02421125
g
9.81
Gr
Pr
GrPr
Ra
500H/L

Nu
Nu
h
R
Q

m
m
m
C
C

kg/m3
Pa.s
J/kg/K
W/mK
m/s2

1.59E+04
6.94E-01
1.10E+04
1.10E+04
6.67E+04

hL
Ra
1
k
720

1.11E+00
1.80 W/m2/K
0.555850012 Km2/W
143.9 W

Question 4
If the thermal resistance of glass is 0.003
R glass
0.003
Dimensions
Gap (L)
Height (H)
Width
Troom
Thot
Tcold
Toutside
Tmean

0.015
2
2
20
19.77
-19.77
-20
273.15

Physical Properties

1.293908

0.003661

1.60E-05
Cp
1050
k
0.024211
g
9.81
Gr
Pr
GrPr
Ra
500H/L

Nu
Nu
h
R
Rglass
Rtotal
Q

m
m
m
C
C

Delta T gla 0.234771

Delta T gla 0.234771
diff
2.9E-014
Delta T air

kg/m3
Pa.s
J/kg/K
W/mK
m/s2

3.13E+04
6.94E-01
2.17E+04
2.17E+04
6.67E+04

hL
Ra L
1

k
720 H
1.23E+00
1.98 W/m2/K
0.505135 Km2/W
0.006
0.511135
313.0 W

40

Question 1

Question 2

Exothermic Reaction in stirred tank

h Jacket
h Vessel

Q
H
D
V
Q
A
U
Tr
T
Tj

10000
2
2
6.28318
62831.8
12.56636
150
80
33.33333
46.66667

W/m3
m
m
W
m2
C
C
C

Overall

2000 W/m2K
350 W/m2K
298 W/m2K

Effect of stirrer diameter

1.5
1.721719
New h Vessel
525 W/m2K
603 W/m2K
New Overall

Maximum diameter if Tj is limited to 30oC

Q=UA(Tr-Tj)
Q/A=U(Tr-Tj)
A=piDH
Q=10,000*pi/D^2/4*H
Q/A=10,000*D/4
D=4*Q/A/10,000
D=4*U(Tr-Tj)/10,000
Tj
Tr
T
UT
D

30
80
50
7500
3

416 W/m2K
463 W/m2K
40%
55%

Assu
T

dT
T
Ti
T
ln
T

Question 3

Question 4

Diameter
Height
Volume
Area

2 m
1 m
3.14159 m3
6.28318 m2

U
Ti
Tf
Tj
Density
Mass
cp

450
65
43
37
900 kg/m3
2827.431 kg

2 m
2.5 m

Impeller

0.5
150
2.5
0.6
4
4000
0.001
1000
4
90

k
cp
mu
density
Nbl
Theta

m
rpm
rev/s
W/mK
kJ/kg/K
J/kg/K
Pa.s
kg/m3

4 kJ/kg/K
4000 J/kg/K

ln term

1.540445

UA/Mcp

0.00025

Diameter
Height

6161.78 seconds
1.711606 hours
0.711606
42.69634

Nu=0 . 74 Re

7310.044

Pr

6.666667 Pr^1/3

1.882072

Nu

10180.94

dT
UA
UA
T T = Mc dt = Mc dt
j
0
p
p 0
Ti
h

T jT i UA
ln
=
t
T jT f Mc p

Pr

625000 Re^2/3

mu/muw

Re

Assume constant Jacket Temperature

T

3054.283 W/m2K

Re

1
3

Pr

0 .14

( )

Question 1
Oil
Flow
cp
Inlet T
Outlet T
Q
Water
cp
Inlet T
Outlet T
Flow

Question 2

2 kg/s
2000 J/kg/K
80 C
40 C
160000 W

Kerosene
Flow
cp
Inlet T
Outlet T
Q

Question 3

10 kg/s
2450 J/kg/K
100 C
60 C
980000 W

10 kg/s
2000 J/kg/K
90 C

Water
Flow
cp
Inlet T

20 kg/s
4200 J/kg/K
25 C

4200 J/kg/K
25 C
35 C

Water
cp
Inlet T
Outlet T

4200 J/kg/K
20 C
90 C

A
U

3.81 kg/s

Flow

3.33 kg/s

R
NTUc

TLM

27.30718 C or K

R
P
F

4
0.181818
0.85 From Figure 3.8 Hewitt

TM
U
A

23.2111
200 W/m2/K

TLM

0.571429
0.875
<0.3
From Figure 3.8 Hewitt
0.3 From Figure 3.10 Hewitt

F (3 exchanger)

0.8 From Figure 3.10 Hewitt

A of each exchanger

4.2

350 W/m2/K
161.7 m2
53.9 m3

Methanol
Shell side
Flowrate
Cp
Inlet Temp
Outlet Temp
density

k
fouling

100000
2840
95
40
750
3.40E-04
0.19
5000

Water
Tube side
Cp

kg/hr
J/kg/K
C
C
kg/m3
Pa.s
W/m/K
W/m2K

Question 4 Example 12.1 C&R vol 6

Kern's Method
Methanol
Flowrate
100000
27.78
Cp
2840
Inlet Temp
95
Outlet Temp
40
Q
4338889

Example 12.3 C&R vol 6

Methanol
Shell side
Flowrate
Cp
Inlet Temp
Outlet Temp
density

k
fouling

kg/hr
kg/s
J/kg/K
C
C
W

Water
Cp
Inlet Temp
Outlet Temp
Flowrate

4200 J/kg/K
25 C
40 C
68.87125 kg/s

TLM

30.78621

25 C

Outlet Temp

k
density
fouling

40
8.00E-04
0.59
995
3000

C
Pa.s
W/m/K
kg/m3
W/m2K

R
P or S

3.666667 3.666667
0.214286

Tcout
Thout

36.05
43.59

U
Tubes
ID

0.016 m

TLM

33.18836

OD

0.02 m

TM

29.86952

L
Cupronickel

4.88 m
50 W/m/K

600 W/m2K

TM

100000
2840
95
40
750
3.40E-04
0.19
5000

kg/hr
J/kg/K
C
C
kg/m3
Pa.s
W/m/K
W/m2K

Heat Transfer coefficient

Shell Side Pressure Drop

As
Gs
Re
Pr
jH
hoc

Cross Flow Zone

0.063653 m2
436.3952 kg/m2s
25670
5.08
5.30E-03 from fig 12.31
2210.17

jF
us
Pi

Inlet Temp
Outlet Temp

k
density
fouling

0.85 From Figure 12.19 C&R vol6

0.87 From Figure 3.8 Hewitt

4200 J/kg/K
25 C
40
8.00E-04
0.59
995
3000

C
Pa.s
W/m/K
kg/m3
W/m2K

26.16828
600 W/m2K

Number of tubes
Shell ID

918
0.894 m

276.3453 m2

Bundle Diameter

Tube Row Correction Factor

0.826 m

Leakage Correction

Hc

AL/As

0.438321

'L
F'L

0.52 From fig 12.38

0.312718

Pc

238.3665 Pa

0.2235

Height between baffle tips

0.447
Ncv
20.55172
Ncv
20
Fn
1.03 from fig 12.32

Window Zone
Window Correction factor
Ra
Aw

0.061153 m2

0.025 m
4.83 m

0.1895
Bundle cut 0.229419

uw
uz

0.605645 m/s
0.593634 m/s

A per tube

0.303478 m2

Baffle pitch

0.356 m

R'a, Ra

Nwu

8.712644

928200 mcpT

Split Ring floating head

Number or tubes

896085.6 UATM

4.83 m

910.5955

Ns/Ncv

Bundle cleara
0.068 m
Baffle spacing = Ds/5

Db

911
0.823348 m

tube to baffle clearance

baffle to shell clearance

25% baffle cut

Ds

0.891348 m

0.2
0.0008
0.0048

Hb

0.18

0.1895

Pitch 1.25 D
Tube length

Triangular pitch

Allowing for tube sheets

L

0.02 m

0.670063

Tube row vertical pitch

p't
0.02175
Baffle cut height

928200 mcpT

Tube OD

5.60E-02 from fig 12.36

0.58186 m/s
1137.566 Pa

Bypass Correction
F'b

Water
Tube side
Cp

4200 J/kg/K

Inlet Temp

From Figure 3.22

0.47
P
0.17
F
0.9

17.31234

34.46627 m2
U
A

200 m2
150

0.357143

21.64043 C or K

R
P
F (1 exchanger)
F (2 exchanger)

TM

Data for Q 4

Oil
Flow
cp
Inlet T

Nw

165.24

Nwu

165
588

Pw

Nc
Rw

0.359477

Fw
Tube side coefficient (3 different methods can be used)

Pressure Drop

Mean water Temp

X Area
Tubes per pass
Flow area
mass velocity
density
u

32.5
0.000201
455.5
0.091584
752.0039
955
0.787439

jf
P tube

hi

3985.003 W/m2/K

Re
Pr

15040.08
5.694915

Nu
h

101.3265
3736.413 W/m2/K

jh
Nu
h

0.004 From figure 12.23

106.8122
3938.7 W/m2/K

Take lowest value

3736.413 W/m2/K

0.18 from fig 12.41

8
281.0157 Pa

End Zone

1.02 from fig 12.33

Pe

1067.137 Pa

Bypass Correction
C
m2

Shell Side
Baffle Spacing
Tube pitch
As
Mass Velocity
de
Mean shell side temperature
Re
Pr
jH
Nu
h

0.0043 From figure 12.24

7949.2 Pa
7.95 kPa

m2
kg/sm2
kg/m3
m/s

m
m
mm
m2
kg/m2/s
m

67.5
36507.6
5.082105
0.0033
206.0
2756.3

Atb
b
Asb
AL
AL/As
L
FL

Dittus Boelter

hs

Gs/
jf
P shell

1.165419
0.04 From figure 12.30
277168.2 Pa
277.2 kPa

C&R suggestes reducing the baffle pitch

doubling baffle pitch decreases pressure drop by
(1/2)^22
P shell

69.3 kPa

would reduce h by (1/2)^0.8

h

0.001341
745.454 W/m2/K

0.018925 m2
2.1 rads
0.008975 m2
0.0279 m2
0.438321
0.3
0.603491

Shell side Coefficient

1583.078

Overall Coefficient
1/Uo
Uo

0.024208 m2
0.380313
0.2
0.873603

Number of Baffles
Nb
12.56742
Nb
12
Ps

Leakage Correction
Eqn 12.17 of C&R vol 6

Pressure Drop
0.17827
0.025
25
0.03178
874.0641
0.014201

Total Pressure Drop

Ab
Ab/As
Ns/Ncv
Fb

1/Uo
Uo

0.00161
620.987 W/m2/K

1224.186

from fig 12.41

Ds/lB
from fig 12.35

8128.494 Pa
8.128494 kPa

Assume fouled

Ps

2.511236
1.4 inetrpoleted from table 12.7
11.37989 kPa
Kern's predicted 69 kPa

Q1 Concentric Pipe Heat Exchanger

Water

(oC)

(W m-1
K-1)

20
40
100
0
120

0.597
0.628
0.68
0.685

Cold Stream

Water
Tin

20 oC

Tout

40 oC

Flow

0.25 kg/s

ID
IA

0.015 m
0.000177 m2

Cp

Re
Pr
Nu
h

998
1.417546 m/s
0.000837
4167
0.6125
25348
5.70
154
6282 W/m2K

Hot Stream Outer Pipe

Water
Tin
90 oC
Tout
80 oC
Flow
0.5 kg/s
ID
OD
IA
dm

0.02
0.03
0.000393
0.01

Cp

Re
Pr
Nu
h

969.5
1.313295 m/s
0.000325
4233
0.6825
39157
2.02
144
9816 W/m2K

Steel Wall
k

Ao/(hiAi)

m
m
m2
m

60 W/m/K

0.000212

-0.5

20

40

log(mu)

(kg m-3) (J kg-1K- (kg m-1 s1

1
)
)

CP

1001
995
961
945

4156
4178
4216
4250

60

80

100

1.01E-03
6.96E-04
2.82E-04
1.59E-04
120

-2.996971
-3.157391
-3.549751

-3.798603
140

-1
-1.5

Column J
Linear (Column

-2
-2.5
-3
-3.5

Pa
f(x) = - 0.0076253561x - 2.8419038397
R = 0.9879013368

-4

Pressure Drop Inside Pipe

Re

2.53E+04
0.003138
3685 Pa

Pressure Drop Outside Pipe

Re

3.92E+04
0.002815
4085 Pa

ln(ro/ri)/kxr 4.8E-005
1/ho

0.000102

Uo

2761.956 W/m2K

Delta T 1
Delta T 2
LMTD
Q
A
L

50
60
54.84815 K
20835 W
0.137535
2.19 m

0.635497

Q2

If the thermal resistance of glass is 0.003

R glass

0.003

Dimensions
Gap (L)

40

Column J
Linear (Column J)

0.015 m

Height (H)
2
Width
2
Troom
20
Thot
19.91
Tcold
-9.77
Toutside
-10
Tmean
278.2238
Physical Properties

1.270312

0.003594

1.60E-05
Cp
1050
k
0.024592
g
9.81
Gr
Pr
GrPr
Ra
500H/L

Nu

m
m
C
C

Delta T air

kg/m3
Pa.s
J/kg/K
W/mK
m/s2

2.23E+04
6.83E-01
1.52E+04
1.52E+04
6.67E+04

hL
Ra L
1

k
720 H

Nu
h
R
Rglass
R curtain
Rtotal
Q

Delta T gla
0.09
Delta T gla 0.087163349
diff
7.7202E-015

1.16E+00
1.90 W/m2/K
0.526544 Km2/W
0.006
0.5
1.032544
116.2 W

30

Q3
Estimate the heat transfer coefficient from a horizontal pipe 0.15m in diameter
with water inside the pipe at 370K to air at 294K outside. The pipe is 100m long

Assume that natural convection is the limiting heat transfer resistance

2 L3 T g
Gr=
2
do
Tpipe
Tamb
Tmean

Pr=

cP
k

0.15
370
294
332

Physical properties air

1.064551 kg/m3

0.003012

2.00E-05 Pa.s
Cp
1100 J/kg/K
k
0.028625 W/mK
g
9.81 m/s2
Gr
Pr
GrPr

2.15E+07
7.69E-01
1.65E+07

C'
n
h

0.53
0.25
6.45 W/m2K

C"
n
h

1.32
0.25
6.26 W/m2K

230.9 W/m
224.3 W/m

Water flow
1 m/s
Physical properties water

960.7

2.91E-04
Cp
4212
k
0.6783

h C" T l 3 n 1
n

Re
Pr
Nu
h

4.95E+05
1.81E+00
988
4466

6.437182

Area

47.12385

Assume temperature drop of water is small

Q
23087.48 W
23054.2 W
Temperature Decrease
0.322871

Q1

(oC)

(W m-1
K-1)

water

20

0.597

1001

4156

1.01E-03 6.96E-04

air 1 atm

20

0.0262

1.203

1004

1.84E-05 1.93E-05

Flow

2
0.2

Diameter

CP

20oC 40oC

(kg m-3) (J kg-1K- (kg m-1 s- (kg m-1 s1

1
1
)
)
)

m/s
m

Dittus Boelter
water

Re
397617

Pr
7.01

Nu
1512.139

h
4513.7

air 1 atm

26152

0.71

68.39655

9.0

Calculate the heat transfer coefficients in the previous question using the Sieder Tate Correlation
In both cases assume the wall is at 40oC
Nu
h
water
1631.12
4868.9
air 1 atm

81.73

10.7

Question 2 Pressure drop

Water

Smooth pipes, 2 .5 103 < Re< 105

=0 . 0396 Re0. 25
Smooth pipes, 2 .5 103 < Re< 107
0 .5 =2 . 5 ln ( Re 0. 5 ) +0 .3
l
P f =4 u2
d

phi
phi

0.001577 est
0.00167

Delta P/l

133.7623 Pa/m

Air
phi

0.003114

Delta P/l

0.299691 Pa/m

Q3 Concentric Pipe Heat Exchanger

Water
Cold Stream

( C)

(W m
K-1)

20
40
100
120

0.597
0.628
0.68
0.685

Water
Tin

20 oC

Tout

30 oC

Flow

0.22 kg/s

ID
IA

0.015 m
0.000177 m2

Cp

Re
Pr
Nu
h

999.5
1.245568 m/s
0.000918
4172.5
0.62025
20338
6.18
133.2549
5510.089 W/m2K

0.02
0.03
0.000393
0.01

Cp

953
0.293927 m/s
0.000212
4233
0.6825

CP

-3

1001
995
961
945

Pressure Drop Inside Pipe

Re

2.03E+04
0.003316
1364 Pa/m

Hot Stream Outer Pipe

Water
Tin
120 oC
Tout
100 oC
Flow
0.11 kg/s
ID
OD
IA
dm

(kg m ) (J kg K (kg m-1 s1

1
)
)

-1

0.005835

m
m
m2
m

Pressure Drop Outside Pipe

Re

1.32E+04

-1

4156
4178
4216
4250

1.01E-03
6.96E-04
2.82E-04
1.59E-04

Re
Pr
Nu
h
Steel Wall
k

Ao/(hiAi)

13228
1.31
50.84908
3470.45 W/m2K

60 W/m/K

0.000242

ln(ro/ri)/kxr 4.8E-005
1/ho

0.000288

Uo

1729.881

LMTD

84.90187 K

Q
A
L

9179.5 W
0.062501
0.99 m

0.003692
121 Pa/m

Question 4
Estimate the heat transfer coefficient and the rate of heating
from a flat vertical convenction heater.

Dimensions
Width
Height
Theater
Troom
Tmean

2 m
0.8 m
60 C
15 C
310.65

Physical Properties

1.137714

0.003219

1.93E-05
Cp
1100
k
0.027024
g
9.81
Gr
Pr
GrPr

kg/m3
Pa.s
J/kg/K
W/mK
m/s2

2.53E+09
7.86E-01
1.99E+09

C'
n
h
Q

0.13
0.33
5.14 W/m2K
370.1 W

C"
n
h
Q

1.24
0.33
4.36 W/m2K
314.3 W

Power (W)
370.1
314.3
Current (A) 1.541957 1.309399
cost
0.296056 0.251405

Question 5
h Jacket
h Vessel

2000 W/m2K
350 W/m2K
Re

Overall

2.25

297.8723 W/m2K
Nu

Effect of 50% diameter increase

1.5
1.721719
New h Vessel
525 W/m2K

1.5 1.721719

602.6017 W/m2K
New Overall
415.8416 W/m2K
463.0764 W/m2K
Percentage increase
40%
55%

Question 6

Diameter

2 m

Height

1 m

Volume
Area
U
Ti
Tf
Tj
Density
Mass
cp

3.14159 m3
6.28318 m2
400
65
43
37
900 kg/m3
2827.431 kg
4 kJ/kg/K
4000 J/kg/K

ln term

1.540445

UA/Mcp

0.000222

6932.003 seconds
115.5334 minutes
1.925556 hours

2.777778
1.2 kg/m3
1.2 g/L

50 g
2.777778 moles

1.2 mg/mL
60 mg of air
50 g of water
50.06
180oC
10 bar
5.064
5.064
Volume
9.885466

50 mL of air
0.06 g
0.002069 moles

kg/m3
g/L
L

500.6 kg/m3

27 bar
490
490
0.102163 L

total moles
2.779847
all vapourised at 180oC and 100mL
P

104695.8 Pa
104.6958 kPa

Question 1

Question 2

Calculate the average heat transfer coefficient for the condensation of steam at one bar on

Condensation on horizontal tube (iterative)

Question 3 Condensation on a bank of horizontal tubes

a) a vertical surface 1 m high

b) a horizontal rod

Inside tube water

both surfaces are at 60oC

hi

3400 W/m2K

di

0.025 m

Tsat

100 C

Tsurf
L

60 C

L
kL
Hevap
Tsat
L
W
g
G
do
L1

Ti

972 kg/m3

Question 6 Condenser Design

OHTCs

Hysis Question

100 C
972 kg/m3

293 K

Hevap

Outside
L

3.51E-04 Pa.s
0.67 W/m/K
2.31E+06 J/kg
40 C
1m
1m
9.81 m/s2
0.588 kg/m3
0.05 m
1m

Tsat

551 kg/m3

1m

0.588 kg/m3
0.025 m
5m

Nt
tubes

25
1000

k 3 G gH LG
h f 0.728 L L L

d o L T f

Iterations

h f =0 .728

Twall

346.50

Twall

316.40183

hf

793.17329

1/U
U
q
Tw new

0.0016137
620
66307.256
316.40256

T diff ^2

5.33E-007

4362 W/m2K
hf
1

887 W/m2K

1/U
U
q
Tw new

0.001480583
675 W/m2K
72269 W/m2
318.51

2nd Iterartion

hf
A
Q
mcond

Flowrate

Psat
(oC)

(bar)

120.23

1m
9.81 m/s2

Solver

Temp

40 C

L
W
g
G
do
L1

Total Pressure

2.01

Mol wt
air
water

k 3L L ( L G ) g H^ LG

4953 W/m2K
392.7 m2
77803291 W
33.71 kg/s

W/m2K

250
2000
500

W/m2K
W/m2K

Organic Stream
Data for Water/Steam

2.31E+06 J/kg

1.29E-04 Pa.s

400 K

U condensation
U liq cooling

What is the air concentration in the outlet gas stream?

0.67 W/m/K

8.20E-02 W/m/K
2.84E+05 J/kg
1.41E+01 kg/m3
0.03 m
9.81E+00

U gas cooling

Assuming that the steam and condensate are both at 120oC and are in equilibrium
And that the solubility of air in liquid water can be ignored

3.51E-04 Pa.s

1b) Horizontal

k 3 G gH LG
h f 0.728 L L L

d o L T f

60 C

kL
Hevap
G
do
g
Tsat

k 3 G gH LG
h f 0.943 L L L

L L T f

hf

Question 5 Desuperheating condensation and subcooling

Condenser at 2.01 bar, steam enters at 150oC, and is condensed against pipes at 120oC
50 kg/hr of steam and 0.001kg/hr of air enter the exchanger.

Tsat
Tsurf
L
kL

1a) Vertical

hf

Question 4 Condensation of mixture

At what rate will one bar saturated steam condense a bank of 1000 tubes ,
2.5cm in diameter, 5 m in length, in 25 vetrical rows at 60oC

d o L T f

steam out
0.124137931 kg/hr
0.0068965517 kmol/hr
air out
0.001 kg/hr
3.4482759E-005 kmol/hr

air in

Inlet Temp

150

Cp gas

1000

J/kg

Delta H evap

100

kJ/kg

Cp liq
Outlet Temp

2000
70

J/kg
C

Boiling Point

125

60
4200
10

C
J/kg
kg/s

Inlet Temp
Cp
Flowrate

50 kg/hr
2.77778 kmol/hr

N 1

kg/s

Water
29
18

Steam in

0.001 kg/hr
3.4482759E-005 kmol/hr
Inlet Air Mole fraction
0.0012%
Mole fraction of water in condensate
Vapour pressure of water
Mole fraction of water in vapour
Mole fraction of air
Outlet Air Mole fraction
Inlet Air Mole fraction

condensate out
49.875862069 kg/hr
2.77088
kmol/hr
1
2 bar
0.9950248756
0.0049751244
0.50%
0.001%

Q gas cooling

75000 W
75 kW

Q condensation

300000 W
300 kW

Q liq cooling

330000 W
330 kW

Cooling Required
705000 W
705 kW
Oultet Water T
76.8 C
3 exchanger Model

7122 W/m2K
hf

798.2 W/m2K

Condensation per length of tube

1c)

0.0220 kg/s/m

ReL

174499 W
0.07560 kg/s/m
861

1d)
A
Q

Re

0.157
44750 W
0.1234 kg/s/m
1406

1/U
U
q
Tw new

0.0016056879
623 W/m2K
66638 W/m2
316.52 K

Gas
Cooling

Liquid
Cooling

Condensation

3rd Iteration
0.2564465
hf
1/U
U
q
Tw new

793.5 W/m2K
Gas cooling
Q
Thi
Tho
Tci
Tco
U
TLM

0.00161326
619.9 W/m2K
66325.5 W/m2
316.41 K

Condensation per length of tube

0.0220 kg/s/m

Do
D o 1 1 Do
1
=
ln
+ +
U o 2kw
D i ho h i D i

( )

Part b
Copper
k
401 W/mK
R inside
0.0003529412
R condensa 0.0012607585
R copper
0.00000682
1/U
0.0016205197
1/U
0.0016136997
U inc coppe
U without c

617.1
619.7

Makes a small difference in U.

( )

Including Copper
Twall outside

316.75438

hf

793.17329

1/U
U
q
Tw new

0.0016205
617.08598
66028.2
316.75438

T diff ^2
0
Condensation per length of tube
0.02193 kg/s/m

75000 W
150 oC
125 oC
75.0 oC
76.8 oC
250 W/m 2K
60.9 K
4.928 m 2

Condensation
Q
Thi
Tho
Tci
Tco
U
TLM
A

A total

300000 W
120 oC
120 oC
67.9 oC
75.0 oC
2000 W/m 2K
48.5 K
3.094 m 2

33.885 m2

Liq Cooling
Q
Thi
Tho
Tci
Tco
U
TLM
A

330000 W
120 oC
70 oC
60 oC
67.9 oC
500 W/m 2K
25.5 K
25.863 m 2

Question 1 Pool Boiling

Foster and Zuber ( very complex)

k 0.79 c 0 .45 0.49
hn ,b=0. 00122 L0 .5 0pL.29 L
( T w T s )0.24 ( p w p s )0.75
H^
0. 24

0 .24 V
lg

Where
hn ,b=nucleate pool boiling coefficient
= surface tension ( N/m)
o
T w=wall temperature ( C )
T s =saturation temperature of boiling liquid ( o C )
pw =saturation pressure corresponding to T w (Pa)
ps =saturation pressure corresponding to T s (Pa )

Question 2 Critical Heat flux

Question 3

Calculate the critical heat flux for a saucepan on a stove

water is being vapourised in the tubes of a forced convection boiler

estimate the local heat transfer coefficient at the point where 5% of the liquid has been vapourised

inlet liquid velocity is 2 m/s, operating pressure 1 bar, inside diameter 16mm, wall temperature is ~120oC

Hevap
g

Hevap
cpL
L
kL
Tw
Ts
pw
ps

958
0.0589
2258000
9.81

kg/m4
N/m
J/kg
m/s2

2.78E-04
0.68
120
100
200000
100000

Pa.s
W/m/K
C
C
Pa
Pa

numerator 1.112504
denominato 6.66E-01
1.67E+00
T term
2.052
P term
5623.413
hnb
19277 W/m2/K
q
385534 W/m2
Experimental value
hnb
6.00E+04 p487 C&R vol 1
q
1.00E+06
Foster and Zuber
hnb
32%
q
39%

Diameter
Pressure
Tw

Bp
L

q crit=

Q
=0 .149 v 2 H^ gl [ g ( LV ) ]
A

100 C

1253305 W/m2

Velocity

958.3 kg/m3

P/Pc

Diameter of base
0.2 m
Q

39373.7 W
39.4 kW

P=VI
V
I

240 V
164.06 amps

Domestic power points are typically 10 Amp, For a stove a high amp outlet is generally used
164 amps is more than the current supply to most homes.

0.597 kg/m3

1.26E-05
0.597
4.22E+03
221.29

kL
cpL
Pc

Vapourised

Pa.s
W/mK
J/kg/K
bar

hn ,b =0 . 104 ( Pc ) 0. 69 ( q )0. 7 1 . 8

Liquid only

2 m/s
0.004519

0 . 17

+4

P
Pc

1. 2

( )

+10

( )]
P
Pc

10

(h n, b )0 .3=0. 104 ( P c )0 . 69 ( T )

0.7

[ ( ) ( ) ( )]
1.8

P
Pc

0 . 17

+4

P
Pc

1.2

+10

P
Pc

10

2.80E-03 from figure 12.23

2.90E-03 from figure 12.23

13698 W/m2/K

1/Xtt
fc
h'fc

3.86
6.7 From figure 12.56
91775 W/m2/K

de

15.68
16 From figure 12.56
191151 W/m2/K

25.47418
48640.82 W/m2/K

25.47418
48640.82 W/m2/K
2.83E+06
0.025
1216.02 W/m2K

hcb

192368 W/m2K
1.92E+05 W/m2K

[ ] [ ] [ ]

1.96
11947 W/m2/K

Relfc^1.25 1.13E+06
fs
0.03
h'nb
1459.225 W/m2K

Where x is the vapour quality, the mass fraction of vapour.

The nucleate boiling coefficient can be calculated using correlations for
pool boiling, modified by a factor f s to account for the fact that nucleate
boiling is more difficult in a flowing liquid.
h ' nb =h nb f s
The suppresion factor is obtained from Figure 12. 57 and is a function of the
liquid Reynolds (Re L ) number and the forced conversion correction factor (f s ) .
M

1.96

hfc

1
) is the Lockart-Martinelli two phase flow factor.
X tt
This parameter is given by
0 .5
0 .1
0.9
L
L
1
x
=
X tt 1x
V
V

( )

1.6

jH

in which the term (

20%
8.84E+04

Chen's method forced convection in vertical tubes.

There are other methods, agreement between methods is poor .
Assume that the foced convective boiling coefficient
is made up of convective (h ' fc ) and nucleate boiling (h ' nb )
components
hcb =h' fc + h' nb
The convective coefficient (h' fc ) can be estimated using single
phase correlations (h fc ) and corrected (f c ) to account for two phase flow
h ' fc=hfc f c
hThe
calculated
assuming factor
that liquid
is flowing
tube alone.
fc istwo
phase correction
is obtained
fromthe
Figure
12 . 56 (C&R vol6)

( 1 x )

1.9 m/s
1.05E+05

hn,b ^0.3
hn,b

q= heat flux ( W/m2 K )

5%

ReL
Pr

P
Pc

( )

Where
P= operating pressure ( bar )
Pc= liquid critical pressure ( bar )

Re L=

Hysis Question

0.016
1
120

2.78E-04 Pa.s

Mostinski

0.59 kg/m3
958 kg/m4
0.0589 N/m
2258000 J/kg
4220 J/kg/K

Question 4 Reboiler Design

Using Chen's method

q crit
v

0.59 kg/m3

93235 W/m2K
9.32E+04 W/m2K

Question 1
Determine the temperature of an object which is emitting most strongly at 650nm

max T =2. 89810 mK

650 nm
0.00000065 m
4458 K

Question 2
What is the temperature if the emissive power at 10um is 10^9W/m3

E , b=

C1

[ (

[ (
exp

C2
T

) ]
C
C
exp (
=
T )
E
exp

C2

1 =

C1
5

1
5

)1 ]
E,b
+1

,b

C2
T
T=

= ln

Eb
T

C1
5 E,b

3.74E-016
1.44E-02
0.000001 m
1.00E+09 W/m3
1121.4

What if there is a 3% error in E

Eb
T

5 E,b

+1

C2
ln

C1
C2

C1

1.03E+09
1124.0
0.23%

+1

Question 3
Heating Elements
10mm diameter, 0.5 m long, T limited to 1700K, provide 300kW
D
L
T

0.01
0.5
1700
5.67E-08
3.00E+05

Eb
A
q
N elements

4.74E+05
0.015708
7.44E+03
40.32952
41

Question 4 Real Suraces and View Factors

Thermos, Ignore the ends

5.67E-08

Inner Cylinder
(surface 1)
D
L
T

0.08
0.2
80
0.1

Outer Cylinder
(surface 2)
D
L
T

0.1
0.2
20
0.1

A1
A2
F11
F12
F21
F22

0.050265
0.062832
0
1 (convex)
0.8
0.2

total resistance
surface 1
179.0495
view factor
1
surface 2
143.2396
323.289 m-2
Eb1
Eb2

881.9011
418.7383

Q1->2

1.432659 W

Question 5 Absorption and Emission by gases

Question 6 Convection and Radiation

Walls of combusiton chamber

0.5m diameter
2 m long

Horizontal pipe 0.15 m in diameter

T =400K
Air at 294K

D
L

Eb
h
q

5.67E-08
0.5 m
2 m

Twall
CO2
H2O
P
T gas

750 K
10%
10%
150 kPa
1250 K

Pc
Pw

0.15 bar
0.15 bar

Le
pL c
pL w
(Pco2+Pw)
eg

0.4
0.06
0.06
0.12
0.15

e'g
ag
q
Q

m
bar m
bar m
bar m
from Fig 2.96 Hewitt

0.22 from Fig 2.96 Hewitt

0.291366
1.55E+04 W/m2
5.49E+04 W

400
5.67E-08
1.45E+03
13.7
684

K
W/m2
W/m2K
W/m

From tute 5
q

348.5 W/m