BAB 2

SKALA PENGUKURAN
Chapter 2
(Scales of Measurement)
Data dikumpul melalui pengukuran atau cerapan.
Terdapat dua jenis data -- kuantitatif dan kualitatif
(Data is collected through measurements or observations
Exists two types of data quantitative and qualitative)
Jenis-jenis skala pengukuran:
(types of measurements)
1) Skala Nominal -- Nama
(Nominal scale)
Cerapan yang meletakkan individu dalam sesuatu kategori.
Contoh: Pengukuran untuk kepercayaan kepercayaan (Ugama)
1

untuk Islam

untuk Kristian

2 untuk Hindu

Nilai 1, 2, dan 3 mengikut kepercaayaan sampel

Nilai hanya memberi maklumat mengenai kategori sahaja.
(Observations that aim to classify individuals into categories
Example: Measurement that classifies individuals in terms of beliefs (religion)
1 Islam

2 Hindu

3 Christian

The values 1,2 and 3 according to ones belief

The value is information for categorization purpose only)
Example: Color Brown, Black, White, etc.
Contoh 2: Jantina: 1 untuk lelaki dan 2 untuk perempuan
(Example 2: Sex 1 for male and 2 for female)

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Contoh 3: Ketinggian mengikut tinggi, sederhana dan rendah.

(example 3: Height according to tall, medium and short)
Contoh 4: Prestasi mengikut pencapaian rendah, sederhana, tinggi.
(example 4: Achievement in terms of low, medium and high)
Catatan: Dalam konteks ini kita hanya berminat untuk melihat kategori (jenis) sahaja.
Tidak berminat untuk melihat kedudukan (ranking). Tidak boleh jalankan prosidur
matematik.
(note: in this context we are only concerned to see the categories or types only. We are
not interested to see the ranking of individuals. We cannot conduct mathematical
procedures)
2) Skala Odinal
(Odinal scale)
Dalam pengukuran odinal, cerapan disusun mengikut susunan (order) mengikut saiz atau
magnitud.
(in odinal measurement, observations is according to order, according to size or
magnitude)
Contoh: Pengkaji menyusun markah mengikut rank order 1, 2, 3, 4 dan seterusnya.
Perbezaan kedudukan menggambarkan perbezaan kualitatif, tetapi tidak secara
kuantitatif. Tidak boleh jalankan prosedur matematik biasa.
(example: A researcher arranges the marks obtained in rank order, 1, 2, 3, 4, The
difference in position reflects qualitative difference but not quantitatively. No
mathematical procedures can be done)
3) Skala Interval (sela, selang) :
Skala yang mempunyai magnitud, sama-selang tetapi tidak mempunyai absolut zero.
(Scales of measurements that possesses magnitude, equivalent scale but do not have
absolute zero)

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Contoh: Suhu perbezaan antara 80F dan 40F

(example: difference between 80F and 40F)
Boleh membuat pengiraan asas, + dan Catatan:

0F tidak semestinya tidak ada suhu.

80F tidak bermakna dua kali ganda panas 40F.

(Basic calculations can be done

0F does not mean there is no temparature

Note:

80F does not indicate twice as hot as 40F)

4) Skala Ratio:
(Ratio scale)
Sama seperti interval tetapi mempunyai absolute zero.
(similar to interval but possesses absolute zero)
Contoh: 1) Masa reaksi seseorang.
2) Ketinggian dalam meter.
(example 1) Reaction time

2) height in meter)

Pemboleh ubah Diskrit/selanjar

(Discrete/continous variables)
Pemboleh ubah diskrit - nilai terasing dan tidak ada nilai di antaranya. Misalnya
bilangan pelajar.
(discrete variable distinct values with no values in between )
Pemboleh ubah Selanjar -- Terdapat infinit bilangan nilai di antara dua nilai.
(Continuous variables exist infinite values between the two distinct values)

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Contoh: Masa yang diambil untuk menjawab sesuatu soalan. Nilai masa bergantung
kepada ketepatan alat pengukur.
Bagi pemboleh ubah selanjar, ukuran hanya sebagai satu penghampiran. Bila reaksi
adalah 10 saat, bukan bermakna tepat-tepat 10 saat. Boleh jadi 10.002 atau 10.02 atau
10.2 (mengikut kejituan dalam penyelidikan) Biasanya kita mengambil 10 saat sebagai
nilai di antara 9.5 hingga 10.5 saat. 9.5 saat selalunya dikatakan sebagai had bawah dan
10.5 saat sebagai had atas.
9.5 saat

10.0saat

10.5s

Contoh: Masa yang diambil untuk menjawab sesuatu soalan. Nilai masa bergantung
kepada ketepatan alat pengukur.
(for continuos variables, all measurements are approximations. For example, if a
reaction time is measured as 10 seconds, it does mean exactly 10 seconds. It may be
10.002 or 10.02 or 10.2 (according to the accuracy of the exaperiment). In most cases
we take 10 seconds as a value between 9.5to 10.5 seconds. 9.5 seconds is usually referred
to as the lower limit and 10.5 seconds as the upper limit.
9.5 sec.

10.0 sec

10.5 sec.

Contoh: Nyatakan jenis skala bagi nilai yang terdapat dalam setiap kes berikut:
1) Seorang pengkaji melihat urutan mengikut individu yang terawal
menyelesaikan masalah yang diberi.
2) Masa yang diambil untuk menjawab soalan ujian MPU 1033.
3) Markah ujian bulanan klas MPU 1033.
4) Reaksi pelajar dikategori mengikut suka, sedih dan bersahaja kepada
pengajaran pensyarah MPU 1033.
5) Bilangan anak dalan satu keluarga.

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6) Umur seseorang.

Example:
1) State the types of scale for each of the following case:
1) A researcher notes the order according to which individual solve a certain
problem.
2) Time taken to answer a question in a MPU 1033 test.
3) Marks for the monthly examination for MPU 1033 class
4) Students reaction according to happy, sad and no reaction to the MPU 1033
lecturers teaching.
5) No of children in a family
6) Age of a person.
2) i) Complete and give an example for each of the following.
a)
b)
c)
d)
ii)

The nominal scale of measurement classifies objects , example ..

The ordinal scale of measurement classifies objects , example ..
The interval scale of measurement classifies objects , example ..
The ratio scale of measurement classifies objects , example ..
A researcher wants to know the levels (or types) of measurement (nominal,
ordinal or interval/ratio) for the following variables. Help him out, also state a
reason why you say so:
a) Heights of people (measured in meters)
b) The Likert scale (measured as 1= strongly agree, 2 = agree, 3 = neutral, 4
= disagree, 5 = strongly disagree
c) Football players uniform numbers (0,1,2,3, 22)
d) Clothing sizes (small, medium, large, extra large)
e) Feelings of people (sad, nonchalant, relaxed, happy)
f) Volumes of water used (measured in liters)
g) Number of children (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)

iii)

For each of the above state whether the measurements are discrete or
continuous

3) State the scales of measurement in the following situation:

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a) the average income (in RM) of teachers in a certain areas , {1500, 1575,
1600, .}
b) the income are classified as low, average and high
c) the income of teachers in the area are ordered in the form of 1, 2 and 3 where I
stands for low, 2 for medium and 3 for high
4) A researcher conducts a survey on the income of teachers in a certain area. The
income was recorded as the amount in RM. He then categorizes the income
according as to whether the income is low, medium and high. The researcher
further ranks the sample according to highest and then to the lowest income. State
the types of measurement in each of the above steps.

Notasi Statistik.
(Statistical notation)
Membuat cerapan akan menghasilkan skor bagi setiap subjek.
Skor mentah Xi ialah skor yang diperolehi oleh subjek yang ke i,
(conducting observations will produce scores for each subject. Raw scores Xi is the score
obtained by the subject i)
Contoh (example)
Bil.(No)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

X
37
35
35
30
25
17
16

Skor mentah Xi ialah skor yang diperolehi oleh subjek yang ke i,

(Raw score Xi is the score obtained by the subject i,)

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Bila ada dua angkubah, biasanya angkubah kedua diwakili oleh Y,

Contohnya kita mempunyai dua angkubah, berat badan (X) dan ketinggian (Y).
(when there are two variables, usually the second variable is denoted by Y
Example when we have two variables weight X and height Y)
Bil. (no)
1
2
3
4
5
6

X
72
68
67
68
70
66

Y
165
151
160
146
160
133

Wujud dua pasangan tertib Xi dan Yi (exist ordered pairs Xi and Yi)
Bilangan pasangan tertib XiYi oleh N (the numbers of pairs for XiYi is N)
Misalnya bagi N ke 6 (example the 6th. N)
X6 = 66 dan Y6 = 133
(X6 = 66 and Y6 = 133)
Bagi N ke 3, pasangan tertib X dan Y ialah
X3 = 67 dan Y3 = 160
(for N = 3, ordered pairs for X and Y is
X3 = 67 and Y3 = 160)

NOTASI JUMLAH
(Summation notation)
Kerap kali pengiraan statistik melibatkan perjumlahan skor.
Notasi yang digunakan ialah (sigma).

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 bermakna memjumlahkan semua skor

Katalah X mewakili markah suatu kuiz,
10, 6, 7 dan 4.
N= 4
Maka

Xi = 10 +6 +7 + 4 = 27

Catatan:
X jumlah bagi semua X
dan Y jumlah bagi semua Y
(Often, calculations in statistics involves the summation of scores
the notation used is sigma .

means the summation of all scores

Say X represent the score of a quiz,
10, 6, 7 dan 4.
N= 4
Hence
note:

Xi = 10 +6 +7 + 4 = 27

X is the summation of all X

and Y is the summation of all Y

Contoh: (example)
Kirakan (calculate)
a) Xi
b) Yi
c) Xi Yi
untuk data berikut:
(for the following data)

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i)
X
3
1
7
3
2

Y
10
4
6
5
9

X
2
3
4
5
6

Y
4
1
3
2
8

ii)
XY
8
3
12
10
48

Dari data di atas jelas bahawa Xi Yi tidak sama

dengan ( Xi ) ( Yi )
(From the above data it is clear that the value of Xi Yi its not the same as ( Xi ) ( Yi )

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Catatan (note)
a) Bila didarab dengan suatu angkatap akan menjadi,
c Xi = c Xi
(When multiplied by a constant c)
Contoh (example)
Bil. (no)
1.
2.
3
4

X
3
1
7
3
Xi = 14

3X
9
3
21
9
3XI =42

b) Bila c (angkatap) ditambah pada setiap angkubah:

(when a constant c is added to each value)
Contoh (example)
X
1
4
6

X+4
5
8
10

Xi = 11
(Xi+ 4)= 23

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Kadangkala kita memerlukan nilai kuasa dua bagi X

(sometimes we need the squares of values)
X2
9
1
16
2
X2 = 30

X
3
1
4
2
X = 10

Tunjukkan bahawa ( X )2 tidak sama dengan X2

(Show that ( X )2 is not the same as X2)
Contoh: (example)
Untuk data berikut cari nilai (for the following data find the values of)
1) Xi 2) X2

3) (X)2 4)

(Y+3)

6) X Y 7) XY

5) (Y)2

1)
X
3
3
1
2
4

Y
1
2
1
3
5

X
2.3
4.2
6.7
4.5
5.6
8.3
3.3

Y
3.1
11.5
2.3
9.4
7.2
1.5
6.7

2)

(Boleh gunakan kalkulator) (use the calculator)

(Latihan menggunakan kalkulator).(exercises in using calculator)

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