Irwin Samuel F.

Zara
11-11240

ARC-3102
Date Submitted
Building Utlities 2

Elevator- a hoisting and lowering mechanism equipped with a car or platform which
moves in guides in or diagonal direction serving to or more floors of a building or
structures .
HISTORY and Invention
Pre-industrial era

The earliest known reference to an elevator is in the works of the Roman

architect Vitruvius, who reported that Archimedes (c. 287 BC c. 212 BC) built
his first elevator probably in 236 BC.[1] Some sources from later historical periods
mention elevators as cabs on a hemp rope powered by hand or by animals. It is
supposed that elevators of this type were installed in the Sinai monastery of
Egypt.

In 1000, the Book of Secrets by al-Muradi in Islamic Spain described the use of
an elevator-like lifting device, in order to raise a large battering ram to destroy a
fortress.[2] In the 17th century the prototypes of elevators were located in the
palace buildings of England and France. Louis XV of France had a so-called
'flying chair' built for one of his mistresses at the Chateau de Versailles in 1743.

Ancient and medieval elevators used drive systems based on hoists or winders.
The invention of a system based on the screw drive was perhaps the most
important step in elevator technology since ancient times, leading to the creation
of modern passenger elevators. The first screw drive elevator was built by Ivan
Kulibin and installed in Winter Palace in 1793. Several years later another of
Kulibin's elevators was installed in Arkhangelskoye near Moscow.

Industrial era

Starting in the mid-19th century elevators were operated with steam power and
were used for moving goods in bulk in mines and factories. These steam driven
devices were soon being applied to a diverse set of purposes - in 1823,
two architects working in London, Burton and Hormer, built and operated a novel
tourist attraction, which they called the "ascending room". It elevated paying
customers to a considerable height in the center of London, allowing them a
magnificent panoramic view of downtown.

Early, crude steam-driven elevators were refined in the ensuing decade; in 1835
an innovative elevator called the "Teagle" was developed by the company Frost
and Stutt in England.

The hydraulic crane was invented by Sir William Armstrong in 1846, primarily for
use at the Tyneside docks for loading cargo. These quickly supplanted the earlier
steam driven elevators: exploiting Pascal's law, they provided a much greater
force.

Henry Waterman of New York is credited with inventing the "standing rope
control" for an elevator in 1850.

In 1845, the Neapolitan architect Gaetano Genovese installed in the Royal

Palace of Caserta the "Flying Chair", an elevator ahead of its time, covered with
chestnut wood outside and with maple wood inside. It included a light, two
benches and a hand operated signal, and could be activated from the outside,
without any effort on the part of the occupants. Traction was controlled by a
motor mechanic utilizing a system of toothed wheels. A safety system was
designed to take effect if the cords broke. It consisted of a beam pushed
outwards by a steel spring.

In 1852, Elisha Otis introduced the safety elevator, which prevented the fall of the
cab if the cable broke. The design of the Otis safety elevator is somewhat similar
to one type still used today. A governor device engages knurled roller(s), locking
the elevator to its guides should the elevator descend at excessive speed. He
demonstrated it at the New York exposition in the Crystal Palace in a dramatic,
death-defying presentation in 1854, and the first such passenger elevator was
installed at 488 Broadway in New York City on March 23, 1857.

The first elevator shaft preceded the first elevator by four years. Construction
for Peter Cooper's Cooper Union Foundation building in New York began in
1853. An elevator shaft was included in the design, because Cooper was
confident that a safe passenger elevator would soon be invented. The shaft
was cylindrical because Cooper thought it was the most efficient design. Later,
Otis designed a special elevator for the building. Today the Otis Elevator
Company, now a subsidiary of United Technologies Corporation, is the world's
largest manufacturer of vertical transport systems.

The Equitable Life Building completed in 1870 in New York City was the first
office building to have passenger elevators.

The first electric elevator was built by Werner von Siemens in 1880 in Germany.
The inventor Anton Freissler developed the ideas of von Siemens and built up a
successful enterprise in Austria-Hungary. The safety and speed of electric
elevators were significantly enhanced by Frank Sprague who added floor control,
automatic elevators, acceleration control of cars, and safeties. His elevator ran
faster and with larger loads than hydraulic or steam elevators, and 584 electric
elevators were installed before Sprague sold his company to the Otis Elevator
Company in 1895. Sprague also developed the idea and technology for multiple
elevators in a single shaft.

In 1882, when hydraulic power was a well established technology, a company

later named the London Hydraulic Power Company was formed. It constructed a
network of high-pressure mains on both sides of the Thames which, ultimately,
extended to 184 miles and powered some 8,000 machines, predominantly
elevators (lifts) and cranes.

In 1874, J.W. Meaker patented a method which permitted elevator doors to open
and close safely. In 1887, American Inventor Alexander Miles of Duluth,
Minnesota patented an elevator with automatic doors that would close off the
elevator shaft.

In 2000, the first vacuum elevator was offered commercially in Argentina.

Types of Elevator According to Use

Passenger elevator is a conveying device to use to transport from floor of a

building to another, movement may be vertical or diagonal.

Service or Freight Elevator An elevator used to for carrying materials and

cargo. It allows operator and the persons necessary for loading and unloading of
loads.
Types of Elevator in General Use

Electric Elevator an elevator system of a car that is mounted on the guide

rails, suspended by tension and cables and operated by electric hoisting
machinery.

Hydraulic elevator- an elevator system where the movement is car or cab is

dependent on the pressure applied through a system of retractable tubes
containing tubes that is pumped into it from the reservoir.

Winding Drum Machine an elevator with cables fastened to and wound

around on a drum; counterweight is not necessary.

Traction Machine an elevator in which the movement of the car is derived by

means of direct contact between the traction sheave and the hoisting cable,
caused by friction between two studies.
Types of Elevator in Traction Machines

Gearless Traction Machines consist of dc motor, shaft of which is directly

connected to break wheel and driving sheave

Geared Traction Machines - a worm and gear interposed between the driving
motor and the hoisting sheave.

PARTS OF AN ELECTRIC ELEVATOR

PARTS OF HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR

ADVANTAGES and DISADVANTAGES Electric Elevator and the Hydraulic Elevator

Electric Elevator

The elevator cab in traction elevators is lifted with cables, using weights to
counterbalance the weight of the cab with the riders.
It uses less energy than hydraulic elevators because the motor is only used to
overcome friction - there is no lifting involved because of the counterweight
system. The only time the motor is used in traction elevators to lift the cab is
when the counterweight is not even with the cab weight.
The most inefficient of these elevators are older models that use direct-current
electricity - used because it is easy to control speed with DC current.
Most of the energy used by these elevators happens when it is idle from the
heating, cooling and lighting systems. Using LED lighting and timers for fans will
help reduce the energy use.
To put the energy use in relative terms, the energy used in light sensor stairways
exceeds that of the energy used for a traction elevator ride.

Hydraulic Elevator

The elevators use a pump system to push a cylinder of fluid on a piston, lifting

the cab.
Energy used to lift the elevator does not get recovered on the trip going down,

it is completely lost; this is because hydraulic elevators do not use a

counterweight system.
The fluid used in the pump system in modern elevators is oil versus the old

systems that used water; this is because the elevators were experiencing
rusting issues. The oil now causes major safety issues if there are any leaks
in the system.
One advantage is that hydraulic elevators allow for a simple building

structure; the cylinder used to move the elevators up and down is supported
by the soil beneath the building versus the building itself.
Many of the major elevator manufacturers no longer offer hydraulic elevators.

Elevator System Operation

Single Automatic Push button Control this system is the simplest of the
different modes of elevator operation.
Collective Control this type of elevator system control does not have any
call storage provision.
Selective Collective Operation this is type of operation is selective in
that is arranged to collect all waiting up calls on the trip up and all hall
down calls on the trip down.
Computerized System Controlled the most advanced type controlled
system continuously monitors demand and controls each cars motion in
response to demand only.
MECHANICAL REGULATIONS OF AN ELEVATOR ACCORDING TO THE
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES
Elevators shall be installed in all private and public buildings for public use
accessible to disabled persons, pursuant to the objectives of Batas
Pambansa Bilang 344 (Accessibility Law).
A. Hoistway for elevators shall be substantially enclosed throughout their
height, with no openings allowed except for necessary doors, windows
or skylights.
B. Ropes, wires or pipes shall not be installed in hoistways, except when
necessary for the operation of the elevators.
C. Hoistway pits shall be of such depth that when the car rests on the fully
compressed buffers, a clearance of not less than 600 millimeters
remains between the underside of the car and the bottom of the pit.
D. When four (4) or more elevators serve all or the same portion of a
building, they shall be located in not less than two (2) hoistways and in
no case shall more than four (4) elevators be located in any one
hoistway.
E. Where a machine room or penthouse is provided at the top of a
hoistway, it shall be constructed with sufficient room for repair and

F.
G.
H.
I.

inspection. Access shall be by means of an iron ladder or stairs when

the room is more than 600 millimeters above the adjacent floor or roof
surface. The angle of inclination of such ladder or stairs shall not
exceed 60 from the horizontal. This room shall not be used as living
quarters or depository of other materials and shall be provided with
adequate ventilation.
Minimum number of hoisting ropes shall be three (3) for traction
elevators and two (2) for drum type elevators.
The minimum diameter of hoisting and counterweight ropes shall be 30
millimeters.
Elevators shall be provided with Fall-Free Safety Device, over-load
switch and reverse polarity relay.
In apartments or residential condominiums of five (5) storeys or more,
at least one (1) passenger elevator shall be kept on twenty-four (24)
hour constant service.

Elevator Brand Names

Otis
Mitsubishi
Schindler
Fuji
Goldstar
Hyundai
Westinghouse
Hitachi

ESCALATOR a power driven, inclined, continuously stairway for raising or

lowering passengers; also referred to as moving stairway or as an electric stairway;
invented by (Jesse Reno) 1892.
MOVING WALK - known in British English as a travolator or travelator is a
slow moving conveyor mechanism that transports people across a horizontal or
inclined plane over a short to medium distance.
PARTS OF an ESCALATOR

Landing Platforms.
Truss.
Tracks.
Steps.
Handrail.
Escalator Exterior (Balustrade).
Drive system.
Auto-Lubrication System.
Braking system.
Safety devices.
Electrical & Control Systems.

ESCALATORS ARRANGEMENTS

Parallel (No walk round)

Parallel (with Walk round)
Crisscross

MECHANICAL REGULATIONS OF AN ESCALATOR ACCORDING TO THE

NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES
Escalators
A. The angle of inclination of an escalator shall not exceed 30 from the
horizontal.
B. The width between balustrades shall not be less than 560 millimeters nor
more than 1.20 meters. This width shall not exceed the width of the steps by
more than 330 millimeters.
C. Solid balustrades of incombustible material shall be provided on each side of
the moving steps. If made of glass, it shall be of tempered type glass.
D. The rated speed, measured along the angle of inclination, shall be not more
than 38 meters per minute.
Elevator Brand Names

Otis
Mitsubishi
Schindler
Fuji
SIGMA
Hyundai
LG
Hitachi

PARTS OF AN ELECTRIC ELEVATOR

PARTS OF HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR

ESCALATOR a power driven, inclined, continuously stairway for raising or

lowering passengers; also referred to as moving stairway or as an electric stairway;
invented by (Jesse Reno) 1892.

MOVING WALK - known in British English as a travolator or travelator is a

slow moving conveyor mechanism that transports people across a horizontal or
inclined plane over a short to medium distance.

PARTS OF an ESCALATOR

Landing Platforms.
Truss.
Tracks.
Steps.
Handrail.
Escalator Exterior (Balustrade).
Drive system.
Auto-Lubrication System.
Braking system.
Safety devices.
Electrical & Control Systems.