PRESENTED BY:DALJIT SINGH PADDA

G.S.S.SCHOOL,RAYYA
AMRITSAR

UNDER SUPERVISION OF :GURPREET SINGH PADDA

The words of a speaker can be

reported in two different ways.
1. DIRECT SPEECH
2. INDIRECT SPEECH

DIRECT SPEECH
When the exact words used by a
speaker are reproduced. Direct
speech is always with in inverted
commas. i.e.:Ashu says, Pammi is going to school.

Reporting verb

Reported speech

INDIRECT SPEECH
When the exact meaning of a speech is
conveyed in the reporters words.
No inverted commas are used in the
indirect speech. i. e:Ashu says that Pammi is going to school.

RULES FOR THE CHANGE OF TENSES

1. If the reporting verb is in present or future
tense, the tense of the verb in the reported
speech remains unchanged.
Example 1
The girl says, I am glad to be with you.
The girl says that I am glad to be with you.
Example 2
The peon will say, All the boys have become very
naughty.
The peon will say that all the boys have become very
naughty.

2 .If the reporting verb is in past

tense,
the
tenses in the reported speech
are changed into a corresponding
past
tense:
Simple present
Simple Past
(V1 Play)
(V2 Played)
Example 1
Suresh said, Ram play well.
Suresh said that Ram played well.

Present Continuous
Continuous

Past

(is/am/are+V1+ing)
(was/were+V1+ing)
Example 1
Gita said, Sita is singing a song.
Gita said that Sita was singing a song.

PRESENT PERFECT
(has,have+V3)
Example 1
My father said, I have a car.
My father said that he had a car.

PAST PERFECT
(had+V3)

Simple past
perfect
(V2-did)
done)

Past
(had+V3

The teacher said, The boys

played hockey.
The teacher said that the boys
had played hockey.

Past continuous
( was,were+V1+ing )

Past perfect continuous

(had been+V1+ing )

She said, Anu was going to market.

She said that Anu had been going to
market.

Past perfect
change
(had+V3)
(had+V3)

No

RULE 3:If the reporting verb is in past tense

then will/shall changed into would.
i.e:Suresh said, Ram will be quite happy.
Suresh said that Ram would be quite
happy.

If the reported speech expresses a

universal truth or a habitual fact ,its
tenses remain unchanged.

UNIVERSAL TRUTH

The beggar said, Poverty is a great

curse.
The beggar said that poverty is a great
curse.

HABITUAL FACT
She said, young children are very
restless.
She said that young children are very
restless.

If the reported speech contains a

time clause, its tense remains
unchanged.
She said, When Anu was living in
Mumbai, she often saw Hari.
She said that when Anu was living in
Mumbai ,she often saw Hari.

If the reporting verb is in

past tense then may/can is
changed into might/could.
She said, I may succeed.
She said that she might succeed.
Jack said, I can kill any giant.
Jack said that he could kill any giant.

RULES FOR
THE CHANGE OF
PRONOUNS

First
Person

I, my ,me ,we ,our ,us.

Second
Person

You, your.

Third
Person

He ,she ,they ,them , their.

PERSONS ARE CHANGED ACCORDING

TO FORMULA

O
First person is changed with
SUBJECT
Second person is changed with
OBJECT

Words showing Nearness of time or

place are changed into words
showing Distance ; as ,

NOW THEN
THIS THAT
HERE THERE
THESE THOSE
HENCE THENCE TODAY-THAT DAY
TO NIGHT THAT NIGHT
YESTER DAY-THE PREVIOUS DAY
LAST NIGHT-PREVIOUS NIGHT
TOMARROW- THE NEXT DAY
THUS SO
AGO - BEFORE

FOR EXAMPLE:

I said, I like to read books now.

I said that I liked to read good books then.
He said to him, I am waiting for you here.
He told him that he was waiting for him
there.
Ram said to me, I saw the show
yesterday.
Ram told me that he had seen the show the
previous day.

When the reporting speech is an

imperative sentence ,the reporting
verb say or tell is changed to some
verb expressing: command, advice,
request or order.

I said to my friend , Work regularly

I advised my friend to work regularly.

 You

said to Shashi, lend me your pen,

please.
You requested Shashi to lend her pen.
The

servant said to the master, Pardon me

,sir.
The servant respectfully begged of his
master to pardon him.
The

judge ordered them to call the second

witness.
Call the second witness ,said the judge.

Conversion from Direct into

Indirect Interrogative Sentence
When the question begins an Interrogative
Pronoun or Adverb, such as what ,who , which
,whose ,when ,where ,why ,and how, the same
word is used.
I .e: He said to me , What is your name ?
He asked me what my name was.
I said to me, Whom did you meet?
She asked me whom I had met.

When the question begins with a helping

verb, is ,are, do , has , have, will, shall,
can, if or whether is used.
I said to Anita, Have you done all the
sums?
I asked Anita if she had done all the sums.
I said to Krishna, Do you hope to pass in
the first division?
I asked Krishna if she hope to passed in the
first division.

Any Query