Introduction

Fukushima earthquake occurred in 2011 was considered for the study. At each station

only horizontal ground motions were considered. Mechanism of earthquake was

reverse fault for both the events. Details of magnitude of the earthquake are given
below.
S. No

Earthquake Name

YEAR

Station Name

Sequence Number

Station ID No

1
2
3
4
5

Fukushima Hamadori 1
Fukushima Hamadori 1
Fukushima Hamadori 1
Fukushima Hamadori 1
Fukushima Hamadori 1

2011
2011
2011
2011
2011

HIRATA
HITACHI
KOORIYAMA
KOHRIYAMA
KATSURAO

2436
2499
2435
2430
2418

FKSH12
IBR003
FKSH09
FKS018
FKS006

Velocity and displacement indices considered are vRMS and dRMS. Their definition is
similar to aRMS, replacing acceleration with respective response quantity.
Q1
S. No

PGA

PGV

TBracket

TTri_Bra

aRMS

AI

CAV

vRMS

dRMS

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

m/sec2
1.61
1.62
2.67
2.00
2.24
1.80
4.17
4.75
3.57
3.07

m/sec
0.027
0.027
0.031
0.033
0.029
0.031
0.064
0.069
0.071
0.077

sec
19.85
19.90
19.60
19.37
19.65
19.41
19.61
21.98
19.76
19.84

sec
32.67
32.90
30.80
30.71
35.79
35.81
36.04
36.05
34.20
34.27

m/sec2
0.21
0.17
0.22
0.16
0.18
0.16
0.28
0.45
0.35
0.34

m/sec
0.25
0.15
0.25
0.14
0.19
0.15
0.49
1.22
0.69
0.66

m/sec
3.16
2.60
2.64
1.96
2.42
2.32
4.08
5.95
4.96
5.06

m/sec
0.015
0.013
0.012
0.006
0.010
0.022
0.008
0.013
0.042
0.040

m
0.25
0.24
0.19
0.09
0.18
0.45
0.13
0.26
0.80
0.68

Q2
Correlation coefficients between two horizontal ground motions for events.

S. No
1
2
3
4
5

Ccorrelation
0.034
-0.009
-0.047
-0.179
-0.185

Q3
Mw
S. No
1
2
3
4
5

PGA

PGV

TBracket

TTri_Bra

aRMS

AI

vRMS

dRMS

kM

H1

H2

H1

H2

H1

H2

H1

H2

H1

H2

H1

H2

H1

H2

H1

H2

H1

H2

6.70
6.70
6.70
6.70
6.70

62.80
51.24
58.11
32.50
39.43

1.61
2.67
2.24
4.17
3.57

1.62
2.00
1.80
4.75
3.07

0.027
0.031
0.029
0.064
0.071

0.027
0.033
0.031
0.069
0.077

19.85
19.60
19.65
19.61
19.76

19.90
19.37
19.41
21.98
19.84

32.67
30.80
35.79
36.04
34.20

32.90
30.71
35.81
36.05
34.27

0.21
0.22
0.18
0.28
0.35

0.17
0.16
0.16
0.45
0.34

0.25
0.25
0.19
0.49
0.69

0.15
0.14
0.15
1.22
0.66

3.16
2.64
2.42
4.08
4.96

2.60
1.96
2.32
5.95
5.06

0.015
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.042

0.013
0.006
0.022
0.013
0.040

0.25
0.19
0.18
0.13
0.80

0.24
0.09
0.45
0.26
0.68

20

60

80

PGA (g)

CAV

3
2
1
0
40

Distance (kM)

Variation of PGA with distance

Comments: 1. PGA, PGV, AI, aRMS will attenuate with distance from hypocentre for an earthquake
2. Strong motion duration is almost same in both horizontal directions
3. TTri_Bra is always greater than TBracket for the event considered

4. Ratio of PGAs in both horizontal directions is almost constant

Q4
PGA
PGA
PGV
TBracket

PGV

TBracket TTri_Bra aRMS

AI

CAV

vRMS

dRMS

0.84

0.62

0.49

0.89

0.88

0.84

0.17

0.18

0.42

0.44

0.89

0.84

0.92

0.60

0.58

0.36

0.75

0.83

0.70

-0.04

-0.01

0.41

0.46

0.46

0.18

0.23

0.99

0.98

0.44

0.43

0.96

0.36

0.36

0.53

0.52

0.99

TTri_Bra
aRMS
AI
CAV
vRMS
dRMS

Comments:
1. All the parameters in both directions were considered in the calculation of
correlation.
2. dRMS and vRMS are well correlated.

3.
4.
5.
6.

PGA is correlated well with all the parameters considered except dRMS and vRMS
PGV is correlated well with all the parameters
aRMS is correlated well with AI, CAV
AI is correlated well with CAV

Q5
A SDoF with damping 5% of the critical damping is assumed for the analysis. Geometric and
material properties used for modelling were described below.
Mass, m = 2 kg;
b = d = 2 cm; I = 1.33 cm4;
E = 200 GPa;
L = 1.5 m;
So k = 3EI/L3
fn = (1/2)(k/m) = 5.48 Hz
This configuration will give the natural frequency of 5.48 Hz.
A sinusoidal loading of frequency 1 Hz, amplitude 500 is applied for 1 second and then it
was allowed to vibrate freely with initial conditions obtained at the end of 1 sec.
Displacement of SDoF was observed till 2 seconds. Comparison of displacements obtained
from the OPENSEES analysis and the exact solution has been shown in Figure 1;

0.6

Opensees

Exact solution

Displacement (m)

0.4
0.2
0
-0.2

0.5

1.5

-0.4
-0.6

Time(seconds)

Figure 1: Comparison of displacements obtained from the OPENSEES analysis and the exact
solution

Q6:SDoF described in Q5 has been considered for calculation of Pseudo spectral

acceleration, but the length of the system has been varied to get the desired natural time
period
T(sec)
0.01
0.05
0.1
0.3
0.5
1
2
3
5

GM1

GM2

GM3

GM4

GM5

GM6

3.396
7.854
0.946
0.286
0.172
0.100
0.026
0.019
0.015

3.640
5.659
0.734
0.388
0.271
0.097
0.056
0.034
0.017

4.861
3.634
4.594
0.708
0.176
0.126
0.026
0.011
0.012

3.025
2.625
5.568
1.209
0.343
0.148
0.037
0.020
0.016

4.792
2.189
1.158
0.300
0.107
0.079
0.045
0.025
0.016

3.556
1.091
0.424
0.436
0.230
0.111
0.028
0.018
0.018

GM7

GM8

4.210
9.127
10.728
0.879
0.240
0.085
0.030
0.024
0.018

5.936
22.064
7.234
0.727
0.394
0.213
0.028
0.020
0.017

GM9
6.679
6.729
2.032
0.565
0.497
0.157
0.125
0.058
0.050

GM10
8.129
4.859
2.303
0.524
0.345
0.257
0.102
0.062
0.053

Comments:
1. Pseudo spectral acceleration (PSA) is initially increasing till certain time periods and
then it is decreasing
2. PSA is almost zero for time periods more than 3 seconds.
3. PSA at 0.01 seconds is proportional to the PGA
4. Peak value of PSA is also proportional to the PGA in most of the earthquakes.