TOTAL STATION

A total station or TST (total station theodolite) is an electronic/optical instrument

used in modern surveying and building construction. The total station is an
electronic theodolite (transit) integrated with an electronic distance meter (EDM)
to read slope distances from the instrument to a particular point.Robotic total
stations allow the operator to control the instrument from a distance via remote
control. This eliminates the need for an assistant staff member as the operator
holds the reflector and controls the total station from the observed point.

Angle measurement
Most modern total station instruments measure angles by means of electrooptical scanning of extremely precise digital bar-codes etched on rotating glass
cylinders or discs within the instrument. The best quality total stations are
capable of measuring angles to 0.5 arc-second. Inexpensive "construction grade"
total stations can generally measure angles to 5 or 10 arc-seconds.
Distance measurement
Measurement of distance is accomplished with a modulated infrared carrier
signal, generated by a small solid-state emitter within the instrument's optical
path, and reflected by a prism reflector or the object under survey. The
modulation pattern in the returning signal is read and interpreted by the
computer in the total station. The distance is determined by emitting and
receiving multiple frequencies, and determining the integer number of
wavelengths to the target for each frequency. Most total stations use purposebuilt glass corner cube prism reflectors for the EDM signal. A typical total station
can measure distances with an accuracy of about 1.5 millimeters (0.0049 ft) + 2
parts per million over a distance of up to 1,500 meters (4,900 ft).Reflectorless
total stations can measure distances to any object that is reasonably light in
color, up to a few hundred meters.
Coordinate measurement
The coordinates of an unknown point relative to a known coordinate can be
determined using the total station as long as a direct line of sight can be
established between the two points. Angles and distances are measured from the
total station to points under survey, and the coordinates (X, Y, and Z or easting,
northing and elevation) of surveyed points relative to the total station position
are calculated using trigonometry and triangulation. To determine an absolute
location a Total Station requires line of sight observations and must be set up
over a known point or with line of sight to 2 or more points with known

location.For this reason, some total stations also have a Global Navigation
Satellite System receiver and do not require a direct line of sight to determine
coordinates. However, GNSS measurements may require longer occupation
periods and offer relatively poor accuracy in the vertical axis.
Data processing
Some models include internal electronic data storage to record distance,
horizontal angle, and vertical angle measured, while other models are equipped
to write these measurements to an external data collector, such as a hand-held
computer.When data is downloaded from a total station onto a computer,
application software can be used to compute results and generate a map of the
surveyed area. The newest generation of total stations can also show the map on
the touch-screen of the instrument immediately after measuring the points.
Applications
Total stations are mainly used by land surveyors and civil engineers, either to
record features as in topographic surveying or to set out features (such as roads,
houses or boundaries). They are also used by archaeologists to record
excavations and by police, crime scene investigators, private accident
reconstructionists and insurance companies to take measurements of scenes.
Meteorologists also use total stations to track weather balloons for determining
upper-level winds.
Mining
Total stations are the primary survey instrument used in mining surveying.A total
station is used to record the absolute location of the tunnel walls (stopes),
ceilings (backs), and floors as the drifts of an underground mine are driven. The
recorded data are then downloaded into a CAD program, and compared to the
designed layout of the tunnel.The survey party installs control stations at regular
intervals. These are small steel plugs installed in pairs in holes drilled into walls
or the back. For wall stations, two plugs are installed in opposite walls, forming a
line perpendicular to the drift. For back stations, two plugs are installed in the
back, forming a line parallel to the drift.A set of plugs can be used to locate the
total station set up in a drift or tunnel by processing measurements to the plugs
by intersection and resection.
Mechanical and Electrical Construction
Total stations have become the highest standard for most forms of construction
layout.It is most often used in the X and Y axis to layout the locations of
penetrations out of the underground utilities into the foundation, between floors
of a structure, as well as roofing penetrations.Because more commercial and
industrial construction jobs have become centered around Building Information
Modeling (BIM) the coordinates for virtually every pipe, conduit, duct and hanger
support are available with digital precision. The application of communicating a
virtual model to a tangible construction potentially eliminates labor costs related
to moving poorly measured systems, as well as time spent laying out these
systems in the midst of a full blown construction job in progress.

OBJECTIVES
To introduce and familiarize students with measuring distance and angles with a
total station.

TERMS IN TOTAL STATION

Level Line
A line lying on the level surface is known as a level line. Every point of a level
line is equidistant from then centre of the earth. The cross section of still water of
a lake represents a level line .
Reduced Level ( RL )
It is a vertical height or depth of a point above or below the datum. It is also
known as elevation of the point. The elevation of a point is positive or negative
according as the point lies above or below the datum
Bench Mark ( BM )
A benchmark is a point of reference which is convenient for leveling in a given
locality. The relation to sea-level is very precise and obtained by running a level
circuit such that the elevation of the beginning and the end of the circuit are
known and tied together .
Temporary Bench Mark ( TBM )
Temporary benchmark is fixed dots but behave less permanent and established
nearby to site survey to save works reference to benchmark which may too long
Backsight (B.S) or Backsight Reading
It is a staff reading taken on a point of known elevation (or reduced level) as on a
bench mark or a change point. It is the first staff reading taken after the level is
set up and levelled. It is also called a plus sight.
Intermediate Sight (I.S) or Intermediate Sight Reading
It is any other staff reading taken on a point of unknown elevation (or reduced
level) from the same set up of the level. All sight taken between the back sight
and fore sight are intermediate sights.
Fore Sight (F.S) or Fore Sight Reading
It is a staff reading taken on a point whose elevation (or reduced level) is to be
determined as on a change point. It is the last staff reading taken before shifting
of the level to another position. It is also called a minus sight.
Change Point

The point at which both the fore sight and back sight are taken during the
operation of leveling, is called a change point. Two sight, are taken from two
different instrument stations, a fore sight to ascertain the elevation of the point
while a back sight is taken on the same point to establish the height of the
instrument of the new setting of the level. The change point is always selected
on a relatively permanent point .

Aras Lompat
Kerja pengukuran aras untuk menyemak satu siri pengukuran yang telah
dijalankan dari titik akhir ke titik mula

EQUIPTMENTS

EQUIPTMENTS
AUTOMATIC LEVELS

FUNCTIONS
In automatic level, spirit level tube is
not used anymore for horizontal
collimation set up.But, adjustment still
need to make sure that circular bubble
is exactly in the centre of circle.This
level are easy to set up and used

DIGITAL LEVELS

This instrument has been designed to

carry out all reading and data
processing automatically via an onboard computer which is accessed
through a display and keyboard. Used
with a special bar-coded staff There is
no need to read the staff as the
display will show the staff reading
about two or three seconds after the
measuring key has been pressed.In
good condition, a digital level has
range of about 100m.Observations are
taken quickly over longer distances
without the need to read staff or
record anything by hand. The data
stored in a digital level can also be
transferred to a removable memory
card and then to a computer

TRIPOD

The legs of the tripod are adjustable

and are made of wood, fiberglass or
aluminum and are adjustable for use
with
many
different
pieces
of
surveying equipment. Tripods made of
wood or aluminum can influence
readings
in
certain
weather
conditions, fiberglass can be heavy to
carry when surveying over various
terrains and distances. Tripods come
with two different styles of heads: flat
or dome. Dome heads allow for more
adjustment suitable for automatic
level. While flat head tripods have less
play suitable for dumpy and Titling
levels, but are sometimes easier to fit.

PEGS

STAFF

Is the equivalent of a long ruler and it

enables distances to be measured
vertically from the horizontal plane
established by a level to points where
heights are required.

STAFF BUBBLE

The rectangular sectioned rods are

FIELD WORK BOOK

Field book used to record reading and

make barrel level count. Recording
and count can be made with two
methodologies, namely rise and fall
method or height Collimation

ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENT
DISTANCE

The electromagnetic principles of EDM

theory and operation are well covered
in most surveying text books and on
the internet. The intent here is to give
the reader a general understanding of
EDM so that error sources are better
understood and controlled.

PRISM

Transparent optical element with flat,

polished surfaces that refract light. At
least two of the flat surfaces must
have an angle between them. The
exact angles between the surfaces
depend on the application. The
traditional geometrical shape is that
of a triangular prism with a triangular
base and rectangular sides, and in
colloquial use "prism" usually refers to
this type. Some types of optical prism
are not in fact in the shape of
geometric prisms. Prisms can be
made from any material that is
transparent to the wavelengths for
which they are designed. Typical
materials include glass, plastic and
fluorite.

PRACTICAL THEORY
Electromagnetic Energy
The electromagnetic principles of EDM theory and operation are well covered in
most surveying text books and on the internet. The intent here is to give the
reader a general understanding of EDM so that error sources are better
understood and controlled.An EDM uses electromagnetic (EM) energy to
determine the length of a line. The energy originates at an instrument at one end
of a line and is transmitted to a "reflector" at the other end from where it is
returned to the originating instrument. The nature of the "reflector" is dependant
on the type of EM. If electro-optical (infrared or laser) EM is used then the
"reflector" is typically a passive medium which bounces the signal back. If the EM
is microwave, then the reflector is a second instrument which captures the
incoming energy and re-transits it back to the originating instrument.

Electro-optical System

Microwave System
In either case the
total distance from the
reflector and back to
Comparing the two EM
EM Type
Electro-optical

measurement is the
instrument to the
the instrument.
types:
Advantages
Less susceptible to
atmospheric conditions.

Disadvantages
Shorter range.

Less expensive: only a

single transmitter
needed.
Microwave

Can penetrate fog and

rain.
Longer range.
Transmitter at both ends
allows voice
communication.

Atmospheric affects are

greater.
Susceptible to ground
reflected signals.
More expensive: requires
two transmitters.

The rest of this chapter will limit discussion to electro-optical EM instruments

since the majority of EDMs (and Total Stations) employ that EM type.
Distance Determination
An EDM does not determine distance by measuring the travel time of the EM
signal. Instead, an EDM uses the signal structure and determines the phase shift.
The EM signal has a sinusoidal wave form. Remember from trigonometry that the
sine curve looks like:

Sine Curve
This wave form repeats every 360. The distance between wave form ends is
the wavelength, ?:

Wavelength
Different wavelengths are generated at different modulation frequencies, f.
Wavelength, frequency, and the speed of light are related by:

Eqn (III-1)
The wavelength is a known
generated by the EDM at a
signal leaves the EDM at
number of full phases on
reflector, and returns to
between 0 and 360
wavelength, p:

quantity
since
it
is
specific frequency. The
0 phase, goes thru N
its way to and from the
the EDM at some angle
creating
a
partial

Signal

Propagation

The total distance is

can very accurately
length of the last
from its phase.

(N + p). The EDM

determine
the
partial wavelength

Example
Assume
the
is 20.00 ft. The last

wavelength in Fig 5
partial wave is:

If N=10, then the total distance EDM-reflector-EDM is:

The distance between the EDM and reflector is half that: 204.584 ft / 2 =
102.292 ft.
Unfortunately, the EDM can't determine it how many full wavelengths occurred
along the distance.So how does it resolve this dilemma? By decreasing the
frequency by a factor of 10 and repeating the process. Decreasing the frequency
by a factor of 10 increases the wavelength by a like amount. The partial
wavelength at this level will give the next higher distance digit. This is repeated
a number of times until the distance is resolved.

illustrates three
each folded out
continuous
EDM path:

frequencies
to show a
EDM-reflector-

f1 = 10xf2; f2

= 10xf3
Multiple frequencies

Example
The following table shows the length of the last partial wave for each of 4
different wavelengths. What is the total distance?
, ft
10.00 ft
100.0 ft
1000. ft
10,000 ft

p, ft
3.69
53.7
454
8450

dist, ft

The digits in bold represent the digits added to the distance as a result of each
partial wavelength.
, ft
10.00 ft
100.0 ft
1000. ft
10,000 ft

p, ft
3.69
53.7
454
8450

dist, ft
3.69
53.69
453.69
8453.69

The total distance is 8453.69 feet. The distance from the EDM to the reflector is
8453.69/2 = 4226.84 ft
Distance Reduction
An EDM measures the line of sight distance between the instrument and
reflector. This is a slope distance and not horizontal unless the EDM and reflector
are at the same elevation.

Slope

Distance

In order to
determine a
horizontal or
vertical distance
additional
information is
needed.
Combining an
EDM with a
digital
theodolite results in a Total Station Instrument (TSI). When distance
measurement is made, the TSI measures the slope distance and a zenith angle.

Total Station

Instrument

From these

two

measurements, the Horizontal and Vertical distances are computed by the

instrument:

Eqn (III-2)

Eqn (III-3)

It's a little more complex than this and we'll discuss a refinement in the section
on Errors.
Evolutionary sidebar
Early attempts to integrate EDMs with theodolites resulted in some pretty
interesting (and bizarre) hybrid instruments. When EDMs were first affordable a
typical procedure a surveyor used would be: (1) measure a zenith angle with a
theodolite, (2) remove the theodolite from the tripod and mount the EDM (often
using the same tribrach to maintain the same setup) and measure the slope
distance, and, finally (3) manually reduce the slope distance to horizontal.As
EDMS became more affordable and smaller, other integration methods
appeared.EDMS were placed in yokes mounted to a theodolite's standards. The
vertical angle would be measured with the theodolite, and recorded or manually
entered into the EDM. The slope distance would be measured with the EDM.
Slope would be reduced to horizontal either manually or by the EDM if it could
accept angle input.The advantage of this mounting method was that the EDM's
measuring center was always vertically above the same point - it did not change
position as it was elevated or depressed to sight the prism. The disadvantage
was that if the zenith angle was measured to the center of the prism an offset
error was introduced because the signal path and line of sight weren't
coincident.Another mounting method placed the EDM on top of, and later above
and below, the theodolite telescope. Measurement and slope reduction was
similar to that of a yoke-mount EDM.This method had the same disadvantage as
the yoke mount plus two additional ones: (1) It shifted the measuring center of
the EDM as the zenith angle changed (necessitating more computations), and,
(2) it stressed the telescope mount and lock which were not designed for the
additional eccentric weight.It wasn't until the digital theodolite was developed
that the EDM could be seamlessly integrated with an angle measuring device:
the Total Station. This has become the primary instrument for most surveyors
and represents the latest evolutionary step of the EDM. For the rest of this
chapter, we will discuss distance measurement with a TSI.
Reflector
Any surface capable of reflecting the electro-optical signal will allow distance
measurement. However, the more efficient the reflector, the stronger the
returned signal and the longer distance which can be measured. Efficiency
includes
amount of signal reflected along with
the
direction of its return path. For
example,
while a flat mirror reflects most of the
signal, if it
is not perpendicular to the incoming
path, the
signal will be reflected away from the
TSI.

Mirror perpendicular to signal path

perpendicular to signal path

Mirror not

Mirror Reflector
To overcome this problem, a corner cube prism is used as a reflector for most
TSIs. A corner cube prism is based on a 45 right angle prism. This type of prism
has the property that any signal which intersects its long (hypotenuse) side will
be reflected parallel to the incoming path even if the prism is not perpendicular
to the signal path.

Prism perpendicular to signal path

perpendicular to signal path

Prism not

Prism Reflector
A typical corner cube prism uses a
cylinder having three 45 facets at one
This creates three right angle prisms
sharing the glass cylinder's flat front
hypotenuse. From the front the facets
as six radial segments:

glass
end.
all
as their
appear

Prism, front view

The result is a highly efficient reflector for both signal strength and direction.
Efficiency can be increased by using multiple prisms - this results in more signal
being reflected increasing distance range. Using a triple prism can increase
range by 50-60% depending on atmospheric conditions.

Triple prism
Over short distances of a few hundred feet, other objects such as bicycle
reflectors and reflective tape will also work. While not as efficient as a prism they
have the advantage of being cheap.
Reflectorless Total Stations
The past decade has seen the introduction and maturation of reflectorless total
stations. Their inherent advantage is the ability to measure distances to points
not accessible with a prism. Their biggest drawback is their generally (much)
shorter range. This is in large part dependent on surface reflectivity. However,
most reflectorless instruments can also use a prism as a conventional TSI giving
them greater flexibility. A reflectorless TSI uses short pulses of high energy laser
light. This energy is considerably higher than that used by phase shift TSIs in
order to get a return signal off low reflection surfaces. The instrument measures
travel times of the laser pulses and from that can determine the total
instrument-surface-instrument distance.Because the laser pulses reflect off
different surfaces, care must be exercised when pointing the instrument. This is
especially critical when there are multiple surfaces at various orientations near
the measurement point. Many instruments feature a built-in laser pointer which
provides the operator a visual indication of where the measurement will be
made.

WORKING PROCEDURE

The TA will demonstrate how to use each of the total stations in the field.
That tangent locks do not need to be rotated more than of a turn tolock
or unlock the circle. If you over-tighten the tangent locks when lockingthe
circle, this will strip the lock assembly
Do not unlock the lower circleassembly, as this instrument does not
function like a theodolite. Take the timeto learn which screws adjust which
orientations.
Take the instrument out of the box and insert the battery into the slot on
theside of the instrument.
Put the instrument back in the box, lock the latches, and head for the
NorthLawn.
Use this checklist to remember the point-to-point procedure.
Setup and level the instrument over the point.
Backsight the previous point with a plumb bob or prism.
Calculate and enter the azimuth to the backsight in the instrument.
Foresight the next point and shoot the horizontal distance.

Record the azimuth and distance to the foresight.

Traverse to the next point.
Set up the instrument over HAINES in a similar fashion to setting upthe
theodolite. Make sure you are directly over the station and the instrument
islevel.
Turn the instrument on and index it.
Turn the instrument and backsight to station ECKL. Be sure to lock the
motion of the instrument. A proper alignment will look like this but
withoutthe target board:
Calculate and enter the appropriate backsight azimuth. This stepaligns the
total station so that the angle indicated on the total stationcorresponds to
the azimuth. There is a different method to do this depending onwhich
total station you are using. Your TA will demonstrate to your groupwhat to
do. PAY ATTENTION to how it is done.
With the rodperson holding the pole in the center of the foresight point,
turn the angle to your first foresight point, which is one of your
parcelcorners. Note that the horizontal angle on the total station will
indicate theazimuth of the foresight. Allow the rodperson to plumb the
pole, and then sightthe center of the prism.
Shoot the distance to the foresight. Note that we are recording
thehorizontal distance. Again, the methods differ so PAY ATTENTION
whenyour TA shows you how to do it.7.Record the azimuth and distance to
the foresight.
Traverse to the next point (which will be your previous foresight).Repeat
the procedure beginning at Step 1.
Complete the traverse by recording the closing point, which should be the
first parcel corner you collected from HAINES.
Calculate the closure of your parcel as learned in class. You shouldhave a
loop precision of better than 1/7,500.
We were assigned to take the equipment to be brought into the area of the
purpose of measuring the surface area of the land.
We find an appropriated area and draw position.
We measured between picket to picket with 20mm spacing.
When finished measuring the distance between the pickets,we start
measured the distance between pickets wit iron pickets at a distance of
5mm.
Next we put the device level at an angle of 90 degree from the first point
of picket.
Then the device level is placed in the right direction to get the reading of
staff.
This method is done in the same way as much as 5 times.
Perform reconnaissance survey and mark stations with picket The Station
can be set up by open traverse or closed traverse which started from a
TBM or BM and ended at the same or different TBM or BM
Start observation with observe to a height reference point known as mean
sea level ( MSL ) called Bench mark (BM) or Temporary Bench Mark
( TBM ) You can mark BM or TBM as station 1 or you can mark others
station as station 1.

Manage temporary adjustment between station 1 and 2 and get staff

reading in in station 1 as back sight ( BS ) view and fore sight view (FS) in
station 2. Distance between BS and FS must be almost equal.
When making observation between Station 1 and 2 observe for 3 or 4
intermediate sight ( IS ) for checking purposes. Repeat step 5 to 7 until the
leveling work revert to station 1.
The final position of staff must at point that we know the value of the
reduced level. This is very important because fieldwork work must begin
and ends on point that known the reduced level. If not it was impossible
to detect the misclosure.
Only backsight, intersight, foresight and marks reading will be acquired in
the fieldwork
First reading that called BS is obtained from station that first once namely
station 1 or BM and marked in Backsight column and being recorded as BM
in marks column
if there is intersight reading write the value in Intersight column where
only one columns for a value and write any recognition to that value in
marks column
Then for the last one, take foresight reading and write in foresight column
and marks it
Then, do temporary adjustment in L2 and read BS on station 2, so station
2 will be having two readings and it called change point. The value that
been obtained will be included inside BS column a row of with FS value
that taken from earlier station
Finish the intersight and foresight reading to station 3
Transfer instrument to L3 and repeat step v & vi but this time no
intersight taken, so to write the value just jump off the intersight column
The others column will be filled by ccalculation
the reduced level of each point can be calculate using the value of rise &
fall. If the staff reading on the first point is more than the staff reading on
the next point called Rise and if the staff reading on the first point is less
than that on the next point called fall.
The arithmetic check is to ensure the fieldwork is correct. There are three
Arithmetic checks in this method:
(Backsights) (Foresights)
R.L Last - R.L First
(Rises) - (Falls)
The reduced levels of points are obtained by calculating the reduced levels
of the plane of collimation for each set up of the instrument.
The height of collimation is obtained by adding the staff reading, which
must be a Backsight, to the known R.L. of the point on which the staff
stands.
All other readings are deducted from the height of collimation, until the
instrument setting is changed. Where upon the new height of collimation
is determined by adding the backsight to the R-L. at the change point
There are two Arithmetic checks in HPC method:
(Backsights) - (Foresights)
R.L Last. - R.L. First

DISCUSSION/SUGGESTION
As the discussions of this leveling fieldwork practical, my friends and I have
gone through a lot of new and useful experiences. First of all, we had learned on

how to level an empty land by using the leveling equipments. This was my first
time knowing using and handling such equipments. Moreover, we also learned to
be patient in adjusting the bubble to the center of the circle. Although it was
testing my patient but with the help of my group members I managed to balance
the automatic level. However, we also faced some problems some problems
when was leveling, it was very difficult for us to measure the incline land surface
using the automatic level. This was because, the bubble was very difficult to
position it into the center of the circle by 360 rotation. Furthermore, there are
some suggestions on how to make this leveling fieldwork practical easier and
faster. First of all, the automatic level have to change to digital level, so that the
leveling practical would be much more easier and accurate. Besides, the leveling
fieldwork area should be quite plane surface, so that the leveling practical would
be more easy and can end up quickly. Relatively quick collection of information.
Advantages of Total Station Surveying .Multiple surveys can be performed at one
set-up location.Easy to perform distance and horizontal measurements
withsimultaneous calculation of project coordinates (Northings, Eastings,and
Elevations).Layout of construction site quickly and efficiently.Digital design data
from CAD programs can be uploaded to datacollector.Vertical elevation accuracy
not as accurate as using conventionalsurvey level and rod technique.Horizontal
coordinates are calculated on a rectangular grid system.However, the real world
should be based on a spheroid andrectangular coordinates must be transformed
to geographiccoordinates if projects are large scale.Examples : highways, large
buildings, etc.As with any computer-based application Garbage in
equalsGarbage out. However, in the case of inaccurate constructionsurveys
Garbage in equals lawsuits and contractors claims for extras.Disadvantages of
Total StationSurveying.Daily survey information can also be quickly downloaded
into
CADwhich
eliminates
data
manipulation
time
required
using
conventionalsurvey techniques.

CONCLUSION
As the conclusion of this leveling fieldwork practical, the data that we obtained
from the leveling using the automatic level were calculated and booked in
correct form of data table. Those data were used to plot the profile and cross
sections (1 - Longitudinal & 6 - Cross Section ) by using the Rise and Fall method.
These plotting can decide the most suitable and economic levels and gradients
in longitudinal section and in the traverse direction. It is also help to locating the
places of cut, fills or neither cut nor fills occurs. Furthermore, the data that we
obtained can be also used to plot contour section by using the method of Height
of Collimation. The plotted contour shows lines which join the points that have
the same height above or below the datum of a particular area (fieldwork). By
doing this leveling fieldwork practical, my friends and I had learned a brand new
experience on how to level an empty land by using the leveling equipments
correctly and also how to book in the data in correct manner.In this work a
systematic methodology in collecting and reducingfield data to obtain
planimetric and contour maps simultaneously. This method should reduceerror
and time of field work. A formula is derived to be used for correcting errors in
elevationresults.The contour map produced by this work shows high degree of
fidelity. The 3Dversion was produced by draping the satellite photographs
obtained from Google Earth ontothe elevation data of the selected region. It

shows a great deal of details and improves theappearance of contour map.It

should be emphasized that recently there are new developments in technologies
of total stations that may improve performance. These are ranging from
reflectorless, robotic tosmart stations. However, their prices are considerably
higher.

REFFERANCES

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