The Socratic Doctrine of The Soul - John Burnet 1916

SECOND
ACADEMY
BRITISH
THE
ANNUAL
HENRIETTE
The
LECTURE
PHILOSOPHICAL
HERTZ
TRUST
Doctrine
Socratic
of
the Soul
By
John
Professor
[From
the
Proceedingsof the
Burnet, LL.D.
British
Academy, Vol. FII]
London
Published
for the British
By Humphrey Milford, Oxford
318
Amen
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Press
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Corner, E.C.
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THE
SECOND
BRITISH
ANNUAL
PHILOSOPHICAL
HENRIETTE
The
ACADEMY
LECTURE
HERTZ
Socratic
TRUST
Doctrine
the
Soul
By
Professor John
Burnet, LL.D.
London
Published for the British
By Humphrey Milford,
Amen
Oxford
Academy
UniversityPress
Corner, E.C.
of
FEB
1519*56
PHILOSOPHICAL
ANNUAL
SECOND
LECTURE
HENRIEtTE
1916
January 36,
My
Ladies
Lords,
When
to deliver
the
have
I,certainly,
to
I conceive
that
effort of
to-day is
their eternal
In
men.
our
have
what
Socrates
place in
know
what
the
historical.
I have
did, and
he
than
and
progress,
philo-
We
are
men,
am
to
say
angels,
not
of
of
chance
I have
of what
most
philosophy.
or
and
does
you,
and
not
keep
the
I shall
whether
matter
Plato,but
for
apology,therefore,
lay before
historical
strictly
aspect must
things on
gettinga glimpse
over,
Moreapproach them along the path of time.
what
be called a sense
of loyaltyto great
may
Socrates
to
that
of documents.
interpretation
the
best
world, and
the
objection that
benefactors
our
and
was
me
that
philosopher,but
it is part of human
doubt, it
no
way,
to
no
us
us
Pythagoras or
I have
the
side is to
to
I make
regarded as
it involves
of
of
some
invitingme
they asked
when
history rather
for many
and
to be
his true
afraid,then, of
not
and
question of genuine philosophicalinterest.

is,philosophy,in one
aspect of it,is the progressive
be
to
since
logically,
claim
since
historically,
treated
be
to find
man
of
honour
subject,they were, of course, aware

theme
be largelyphilological
and
must
no
else it
Whatever
the
me
my
understand
tried hard
did
Council
PhilosophicalLecture,
as
of such
treatment
and
Annual
Socrates
to take
Gentlemen,
and
President
the
LL.D.
BURNET,
JOHN
Professor
By
SOUL
THE
OF
DOCTRINE
SOCRATIC
THE
TRUST
HERTZ
it is natural
them
in
we
for
owe
us
to
truth
desire
gratefulremembrance.
historical character
of much
that
begin by statingthe problem
in
form.
I
In
says
to
the
philosopher Themistius,
achievements
Socrates
son
of
of Alexander
Sophroniscus.
the
Great
It is to him
of Plato, the fortitude of Antisthenes, the

M
the
Emperor
Julian
The
by
letter
outdone
are
ascribe
in my
eyes
the wisdom
generalshipof Xenophon,
SECOND
ANNUAL
Eretriac
the
and
and
To
in the
Socrates
that
him
Stoa
the
Lyceum,
salvation
LECTURE
too
we
all who
find
Whereas
they
found
ever
it is thanks
to
in
philosophy
have
sought
tends
him
he
time
one
to
is
with
as
as
saved
being
are
the
The
!'
like that
been
far
approach, it
he
as
been
even
wonder
the
as
and
He
high
victim
claimed
that
"
his latest
bring the personalityof

is the same
:
impression that always recurs
and
was
so
so
profound cannot
widespread
mastered
has
to
as
we
if Socrates
must
Maier'
view.
and
find
can
Maier's
by
me
the material
Unless
it goes.
as
looks
has
No
atheist.
again
just the impression left on
is
bulky volume, though

as
He
At
hour.
Unfortunatelythat
of it is sound
account
new
radical
social reformer
fresh attempt
the
us,
philosophies
each
scepticismand
Quaker.
exclaims
influence
whose
man
have
to
nearer
another
ignorance.
as
"
of each
presence
Socrates
and
diverse
and
there
partlywhy
prejudicesof the
and
of
is
most
him,
upon
democratic
equal reason
biographer,H. Maier,
In
father
the
intolerance
least
at
themselves
that
The
enlighteneddeist,at
an
priestof mysticism
of democratic
Socrates.
reflect the fashions
lauded
been
has
father
to
still true, and
are
about
little agreement
so
of
of Julian's
words
These
of
salvation
that
Who
now.1
even
'
colonies
the Academies.
and
of Alexander
victories
the
owe
is
Cebes, Simmias, Phaedo
with
Megaric philosophies,
others.
countless
planted,the
PHILOSOPHICAL
his treatment
other
some
stillremain
own
for
Great
the
us
line
Unknown.
be
That, to
deal
he
Socrates,or
about
him.
about
more
is not
sure,
would
conclusion
The
thinks
to
comes
not, properly speaking, a philosopher,which

that
remarkable
much
Socratic
had
differed in other
they
their
as
Maier
master.
schools
been
philosophers of
the
and
makes
that
philosophersshould
these
as
Socratic
at
philosophieshave
been
in these
can
cases
we
264
c.
H.
Maier, Sokrates,
1913),p.
3.
first
in
at
could
it all the
great
and
was
more
generation, however
In
have
it
called Cartesian
usuallymake
Werk
und
to
between
arisen
There
makes
times
or
have
own.
only
wished
modern
differences
not
system of his
sight,but
all.
sein
next
pages
Socrates
is that
makes
of the
much
that these
urges
something
that
600
respects, all agreed in regarding Socrates
philosopherwith
the
knows
he
written
have
not
he
He
it
if Socrates
to be
seems
more
the
puzzling
sophies
represent their philothe
Kantian
most
or
inconsistent
Hegelian, but
derived
from
out
how
seine
geschiehtliche
Stellung (Tubingen,
they
were
OF
DOCTRINE
SOCRATIC
THE
THE
SOUL
Each of these thinkers had

Hegel respectively.
then
which
was
new
set up some
appliedin divergentand
principle
should expect to
and we
even
contradictory
ways by their successors,
kind.
find that Socrates did something of the same
Zeller,from
knew
he
what
it was.
whom
of us have learned,thought
most
the Begriffsphilosophie.
Socrates discovered the universal and founded
Maier will have nothingto do with that,and I rather think he is wise.
the hypoThe evidence does not bear examination,and in any case
thesis
would
do
it
even
would only account
for Plato (if
that). The
be
to
we
are
remain
other
Socratics
unexplained.If,however,
want
we
somethingto replace
deprivedof this ingeniousconstruction,
Descartes,Kant,
it,and for
not
was
teacher
with
the
He
in vain.
look to Maier
we
philosopherin
moral
this
or
sense
proper
of
distinctive method
that Socrates
tells us
of the
word,
his
but
only
of
that
own,
*
'
philosophy was nothing

in
than his plan of making peoplegood by arguing with them
more
influence has been so great
whose
a peculiar
Surely the man
way.
'. In other words, his

dialecticalprotreptic
cannot
have
Now
it is
its
the limits of
view
Socrates
that
Socratic
method
try
we
Maier
take
to
to
a
a
will lead us,
these
candid
case
sound
writer,and
be made
can
result of it was
our
experimentseemed
sources.
to
new
myselfat
belongto the
twenty-five
years
old when
he
that,if
few
of
being
and
trying,
be
rate,so it may
any
to
new
the
others.
leaves
accept his
us
with
discuss,since
other
Plato
testimonyin its
as
our
than
sole
entirety.Far
I propose
to
to Athens
came
of Socrates,and
death
He
for the last time.
Socrates
saw
eighteenthirtyyears after the

of information
importantsources
I need not
so
fairchance
least worth
who
Aristotle,
of
not
are
is
He
be valid.
to
also disallows the evidence of
That
at
to
then,with Maier* s estimate of the value

quarrel,
the testimonyof Xenophon, who did not
He rejects
than
and who was
intimate Socratic circle,
hardlymore
I resolved not
of
these will be allthe
makes
alone,it stands
these
on
reach
possibly
may
he allows
evidence
assumptionshe
the
out
The
one.
we
himself has failed to draw, and
on
cogent if based solely
more
recent
most
and to apply the

reallya philosopher,
reasoningfrom admissions made by the other side.
where
see
ablest and
I propose to
of the
advocate
what
singlelecture,so
all
not
was
of
conclusions Maier
the
as
questionin
discuss the Socratic
to
clearly
impossible
bearingswithin
do is
If
like that ! '
been
those
as
who
accessible
it.
For
accept his conclusion
318
S1B8
as
lad
had
to
witness,but Maier
from
no
selves.
our-
does
reasons
a
basis
SECOND
for
he
argument,
which
to
these
he
Plato
had
lifework
not
before
from
know
to
the
took
prison ever
'
than
at his
Socrates
by
uses
them
about
these
admissions
in
insists
The
on.
Socrates
as
additions
trial,or
that
It
with
the
actual
Apology,
proviso that
these
even
evidence, though they

of the
conditions
the
and
own
makes
we
Plato's
that
him.
Maier
reservations
prefer to
take
his
he
qualifications
could
of him
had
of
know
we
down
come
speech of Alcibiades, and

be
regarded
add
should
admitted
be
Crito
the Socrates
certain
What
to
does
with
of
all the
the
not
'
This
and
real man,
in contemporary
to
reports of
as
Maier
that
comedy
as
also
tive
corrobora-
Such
caution.
with
I resolved
experiment
and
personality
that
account
are
must
that
his
means
this form
third,he holds
conversation
with
Crito, and
the
the
he
other
no
In
Master's
discussing.
sense
the allusions
treat
to
us
avoid
to
conversations
speeches or
allows
but
Crito,
Symposium.
faithful memory
and
report of the speech actually
is the
issue,then, takes
the
than
us
the
Plato's
to
Apology
of
simply
sources
philosopherif
in
the
set
is
strictest
the
to
Apology
place.
I wish
which
the
Alcibiades
without
eyes
ourselves
singleportion of
in that
intention
our
of
speech
to preserve
object so far was
other
early dialogues too,
sole
to
and
confine
must
we
LECTURE
singlesout
particularly
observe, that
delivered
learn
he
the
other
no
mean,
in the
adds
works,
two
that
holds
writings,and
earliest
PHILOSOPHICAL
ANNUAL
are
try.
Ill
In
the
first
place, then,
Socrates
was
springof
399
He
then, a
was,
old
thirty when
tragedies.
from
start
more
sombre
To
that
we
that
means
of the
man
must
have
finish.
We
belonged, and
If
wish
we
Periclean
watched
are
he
why
he
remembered,
in the
is
is best
commonly
is
the
of
man
his
or
forty-six,
and
his
old
Socrates
p. 147.
new
which
years
against the
Plato
and
Plato
first
must
In other
early manhood.
death, and
It is not
caricatured
that
c.
earliest
fortywhen
trial and
man.
b.
Parthenon
generation.
own
by
an
to
over
youth
known
pictured as
for instance, that

Clouds
his
the
the
about
their
we
historically,
him
469
alreadyten
Socrates
see
was
or
in
Trilogy,and
days
he
surroundings of
people Socrates
to
later
realize
was
in 470
producing
were
apt
too
understand
to
He
Orestean
forget that
to
endeavour
must
far
born
was
that
Crito
death
to
put
buildingof
the
and
Apology
was
Age.
of those
to
the
among
most
is
that
background
replace him
words,
He
to
born.
was
and
c,
b.
the
he
when
seventy
over
Aeschylus brought out the

Sophocles and Euripides
when
Xenophon
just
learn from
we
the
by
always
phanes
Aristo-
Socrates
who
served
V.C.
the
would
have
Potidaea
been
Socrates
than
younger
carries
Symposium
for
enthusiasm
impression if we
the
is that
in
knowledge
strange,
the
himself
; for
his
to
to
that
further
found
of
he
Nine
hoplites.
common
had
some
to win
Socrates
that
conceived
his devotion
that
have been
really
poor
later
years
(423
the
allude to what
of
said
was
other
fragment
hunger,
used
c), however,
b.
is addressed
he
stooped
not
this
take
the
of
Connus
public notice,or
In
That
passing
He
was
from
an
where
a,
the
says
4).
it would
to
get
would
story
ravrd
re
a
a
of
he
his
yap
first
the
poi
later time, "c.'

stroke
of
luck
all his
course
was
Aristophanesand
to
after.
losses of
some
(Symp. 219
Socrates
/cat
e,
thing,
Some-
bring him
on
with
we
still serving
turned
npovyeyovei,
navr
Of
year
all have
intimacy
divavra
same
later,Eupolis
of
suffered
had
have
the
that,for
Socrates
Clouds
not
want
garrulousbeggar,who
happened shortlybefore
poets
They
his
may
In
years
meal
Amphipolis
at
clear that
be
seriously.
too
and
old story, but at
thought
(Symp. 217
calls Socrates
stage,
Amipsias
one.
Socrates
Two
the year before the
comic
it is also
and
Potidaea, Alcibiades
'
the
get
fellow
stouthearted
parasite\
He
have
must
be
to
Amipsias,
however,
once,
as
language
hopliteat Delium,
to
shoemakers.?,but
everything except
on
to
put
was
about
joke
current
poverty for going barefoot.
than
stronger language.
must
spite the
to
reasons
never
has ideas
as
shifts he
the
born
he
had
and
cloak
new
seems
been
have
to
for
time
Aristophanes and Amipsias representedhim on the comic

that his neediness
was
beginning to be a byword.
appears
both
to
serving before Potidaea,which
when
it
his
shortly.
cannot
him
however,
sought
and
fellow-citizens,
He
the
different
now,
because
was
boy's
be matter
just
he
of
story makes
us
the
give of
to
reading
Alcibiades
in
when
requiredat
property qualification
the
as
is made
to
was
that
poverty.
have
we
served
who
those
him
had
he
that
means
It
learn
we
he
is assumed
he
assume
we
speech
time
the
are
saved
eighteenyears
his
concerns
bearing of
the
mission
What
impart
to
see
Apology
brought
with
begin
shall
have
to
to it had
of Socrates
early days.
these
We
affection.2
From
if
was
and
thirty.The
he
least,or
at
to
Socrates,we
in view.
that
keep
back,
account
just turned
knowledge
new
the
reading
wisdom
still further
man
Alcibiades
him
won
occasion
Even
outside,
very
intimacy with
of his
beginning
the
have
twenty
abroad.
campaign,
at
us
In
fifteen.1
about
first
his
was
that
been
service
active
on
have
must
SOUL
would
that
manner
thirty-seven. On
Alcibiades, who
not
that
c.)in
b.
about
to-day was
life of
the
(432
Potidaea
at
THE
OF
DOCTRINE
SOCRATIC
THE
pera
into
him
at
kind.
to
that
ravTa
of
ktX.,
5).
dicovo-ai oo-ancp
ovtos
fjdtt
Very likelythese
Apology makes him
attribute
to
He
clearlyunderstood.
do
we
happen
not
of meditation
he
there
It looks
if the
call
mission
if so, the
after
Delium,
that
he
he
entered
asked
Delphi and
Socrates, from
he
before
Apology and
the
which
is
course,
he
we
To
business
was
of his life till

have
we
this
point.
on
that
began
may
known
to
as
of the
think
public
Maier
wise
man
details, both
that
assume
than
questioning his
about
go
to
it was,
the
was
went
evidence
the
up,
was
It
\ whatever
wisdom
the
wiser
one
any
seen
and
Chaerepho
was
and,
that,
as
the
of
matter
stated in
if it bad been
convincing than
more
it
that
trenches
Now
old.
sum
speech of Alcibiades
even
and
part
his habit
that
long before
that Socrates
before
took
he
quite independent of
Apology.
Whatever
fellow-citizens.
so
words.
many
On
the
known
was
here.
It tells
nature
of the
while
Alcibiades
than
more
us
e
devoted
no
in
his
not
of
sort
younger
deal
good
'
wisdom
to
days.
The
of his
the
in the
'
nothing
Symposium
start
with
the
to his fellow-citizens
of that mission
it about
to
life,and
wisdom
to
help us
not
as
to
to
the
to
for which
he
given
account
Socrates
which
whether
see
had
we
give us
to which
hardly be intelligible
yet,but
would
later years
but
which
for
inquiry of Chaerepho,
the
prompted
It will be best, then,
anything from
mission,
the
'
does
Apology
of
mission
the
wisdom
the
relation
about
which
likely that
seem
sober
sufficiently
hint,which
Apology
the
in
is not
shall return.
in the
it does
hand,
other
stood
Socrates
we
the
forty,and
was
sole
there
that this
and
to
is sufficient to prove
admits
he
in
described
mission
in the
mission
whether
it follows
anterior
something
was
the
wisdom'
his
on
oracle
the
which
was
he
when
speech of Alcibiades
the
Socrates
'
which
Potidaea,
forty-five
years
was
also, though
years
in
the
know,
we
as
not
was
thought for twenty-fourhours.1
become
for his
Apoloyy confirms
before
have
known
was
him
to
came
cannot
when
before
in
wrapped
stood
Athens,
the
Clouds,
its nature
told, howevei,
are
in the army
joke
was
We
that
battle
actual
the
is made
he
of the
year
preceding
the
of any
Delium.
and
once
as
in
life,and
the
so
from
absent
was
hear
to
Potidaea
between
novelty then,
place, but
infer,I think, that
may
begun before
presumably
before, and
year
close of his
We
had
Socrates
first
the
in
war
mission.
his
to
the
to
still at the
poorer
something of
still
was
due
were
of
mission
public
but
that
LECTURE
PHILOSOPHICAL
ANNUAL
SECOND
can
been
infer
known
earlymanhood.
in
1
Symp. 220 c, 3 sqq.

trustworthy tradition.
Maier
says
(p. 301 n.)
that
this
obviously depends
on
THE
DOCTRINE
SOCRATIC
OF
THE
SOUL
IV
We
declaration
himself
The
of
who
lie
alike
that
he
wise.
knew
he
it his
duty
of other
of his life to the exposure

It
of
way
oracle
stating the
was
exhibits
of
would
ought, one
an
It
his audience.
while
it worth
Spartan leanings,or
judges by statingthat
might
as
well
expect
impressed by
to
by
penury
On
this
his
made
conciliate
like
could
an
for himself.
And
he
German,
the
do
with
He
which
citizen.
but
the
Crito,and
the
anything
speech
in such
rest
humorous
when
Delphic
Euripides
feelings
should
have
of
his
We
cause.
be favourably
to
had
person
an
pro-
conciliate
to
Nonconformists
reduced
been
tried
always
The
of Alcibiades
Plato
puts
to
make
not
p. 105.
have
into the
spoken
story of the
whole
writh the
start
the
out
truth,
of them
likelyto
not
was
they
best
viction
con-
he
case
says Maier,1 to appeal to the

duties of
fulfilled the religious
Apology
think
wras
speech
that the
have
the
Several
infer that he cannot
is because
we
inklingof
an
all, and
That
thus.'
He
himself
conclude
Xenophon's
Socrates
of the sort.
to
on
had
certainlydid speak
the
pro-Persianand
hoped
at
only needed,'
he
felt
in defence
have
the
defence
even
must
is
reflects the
conclusions.
wrong
go
invention.
its
critics have
They
Socrates
Athenian
not
were
now
the
sacrifice
accused
an
men
Papal Infallibility.
the
of them
some
is Plato's
correctness
of
should
profound discoverythat
is
this
Athenian
any
English
German
quite
the court.
that
of
all
respect,
he
reasons
only
smallest
ruined
plea that
advocacy
Socrates
that, and
oracle
jury
the
draw
the
of
mouth
had
he
point recent
though they
have
Socrates
that
oracle
thought they
that
distinguisheditself by
had
which
institution
the
one
oracle,
sufficient
that
the
were
ignorance.
light,he
make
to
of
that
suspicion at Athens, and,
is incredible
all the
god by devoting
obvious
very
unfavourable
an
be
to
For
case.
object of
it in
thought
think,
set
others
in this
men
the
men's
of
meaning
of the
veracityof
the
champion
to
other
meaning
that
reallymean
was
and
men,
show
wiser
the
accept
certainlywiser.
those
the
must
Socrates
of
to
and
that
to
was
only
eyes
god
the
discovered
Having
who
was
ignorant,while
was
wisest
one
own
The
that
ignorant,but
were
was
concluded
he
surface.
the
on
their
in
wise
were
refused
the
by producingsome
it
reallyignorant, and
not
he
that
of his efforts,however,
result
did
Socrates
first
at
Pythia
the
refute
to
people
that
told, then,
are
makes
inference
we
know
would
is
him
thus.
characteristically
from
never
speak
the
have
Apology,
stooped to
afraid of the State, as
German
10
SECOND
ANNUAL
PHILOSOPHICAL
professorsoccasionallyarc.
with its citizens
Socrates
sentence
the hands
at
to
himself
he
by
be
executed, and
No.
and
his
and
Even
his
In
like
speak
trial.
that
*
no
rather
view,
which
to
to
want
either
be
to
he
become
the
condescension
actual
acquittal. That
is
defence
on
feel
we
so
not
that
own
did
been
not
given
only thing to
Plato
has reproduced.
in the
moments
sure
's
Socrates
He
provocation than
it seemed
charge is just that
trumpery
serious
are
is rather
just why
see
complaint
is that
the
that
of
the result
Xenophon
It has
ducing
repro-
reallydid
that
persiflagewhich
and
there
see,
to
in
He
timely death.
hearing.
Germans
accused
man
by
of
hard
the
Socrates.
the
of the
succeeded
Hermogenes,
to
the
religious
accounts
Germans.
the
to
in
insightthan
indifference,so
attributes
to
or
shall
we
his
evils of old age
brave
of humorous
too, but
for
and
of
quite indifferent to
immediately spoiltby
is
do.
to
Socrates
say
was
it does
as
blind
Xenophon
"
he
him
plea
other
had
particular
for his
be.
more
that
of
(fi^yaX-qyopla)
modestly
the
admits
he
degrade
easy
to
the
rather
fail
we
ness
for wicked-
made
to
forward
if
to
pronounced
is
death
to
badly
wanted
they
bound
was
put
in
accounted
escape
As
him
condemnation
he
Socrates,shows
course,
\ just
expected of
tone
does
Unfortunatelythis
had
it
Apology
own
what
so
that, he says,2and
unwise
wished
is
speech.
legallypronounced
sentence
lie under
that
lofty tone
one
and
therefore submit
must
just what
the
by
That
of
Plato^s, of
is
must
who
Germans.
the
abide
adds
he
conformityon
the
that
misunderstand
we
which
accusers
behalf
"
thought
thing from
more
away,
Xenophon,
speech
he
that
but
even
dishonesty.
Apology?
of
deal
rightto
different
very
freedom
insists,indeed,
must
party
die, and
must
its
strongly his right not

humiliating defence, or to make
things
asserts
Each
Onto
State
by running
accusers
that is
their
the
of the
that
see
control
of
must
certainlyadmitted
but
thought fit,
its title to
recognizing
The
it
as
He
LECTURE
the
Apology
plea for
speech
is true
to
life.
We
need
of his
account
keep
Most
English
is there
the
as
'
to
39
Xen.
that
in
read
we
'
actuallygave
Socrates
it far too
the
have
his sole business
that
If that
Apology,though
seriously.They
can
had
reallybeen
such
some
of this part of the
character
his fellow-citizens
revealed,and
ignorance of others.
that
ironical
critics take
of Socrates
message
the
mission
in view
must
than
doubt, then,
not
been
speech.
to think
seem
nothing
in life was
all,it is
to
we
the
more
expose
surely hard
b, 4sqq.
Apol. 1 co Kai di]\ovon ro"

present at the trial,but Xenophon
ovn
was
ovtohs
'
epprjOq
somewhere
vno
ScoKpdrovs. Plato
in Asia'.
was
SOCRATIC
THE
believe that
to
he
OF
THE
readyto
face
DOCTRINE
would
have
been
SOUL
11
deatli rather than
Socrates
held that the conviction

his task.
No
doubt
relinquish
the way of salvation,and that
of ignorancewas
the first step on
it was
littleuse
talkingof anythingelse to peoplewho had stillthis
these same
critics generally
Xenophon, whom
step to take,but even
Socrates
historical
the
on
',represents him as
regardas an authority
It ought to be possible
to discover
doctrine.
teacher of positive
a
from the Apoloyyitself.
what this was
even
'
V
We
not
must
say much
to
assume,
his
about
indeed,that Socrates thought it worth while

that
real teaching
at the trial,
though it is likely
There
he did indicate its nature.
judgeswho
hundred
do
not
this,however, Plato
of fact,he has
the
the
passage
to
do
it for
him,
if he wished
intended to produce. As a
obviously
and the only reason
it quiteunmistakably,
done
is that
pointis usuallymissed
placeof those to whom
The
bound
was
his five
if he did
effect he
producethe
to
some
certainly
among
Even
seriously.
were
to be taken
deserved
we
into the
lets us
which
why
find it hard to put ourselves
doctrine
such
matter
novel
was
and
strange.
Socrates
is that where
secret
in
judges that he will not give up what he calls

that
to offer to acquithim on
\ even
though they were
philosophy
ment
condition.
Here, if anywhere,is the placewhere we look for a stateof the truth for which he was
readyto die,and Plato accordingly
and substance
of his philosophy in words
him givethe sum
makes
been chosen with the greatestcare, and to which
which
have obviously
is
all possible
emphasis lent by the solemnityof the context and by the
What
Socrates is made
to say is
rhetorical artifice of repetition.
is made
tell his
to
'
this
I will not
declaringthe
cease
from
truth
to every
philosophyand
from
I meet,
of you
one
exhortingyou, and
saying in the words
c
accustomed
to use
are
:
My good friend,
you
of it as you
and how to get as much
of caringfor money
am
honour
and
and
reputation,
and
truth and
And
again:
I go
not
to
about
care
To
care
how
not
caringor
soul,and
how
to
to
bodies
make
it
or
as
for money
good
as
for their souls/ then,
you
shall have
and we
fellow-citizens,
1
29
d, 4
was
make
sooner
ashamed
it
or
can,
'
as
?
good as possible
and old alike,

young
much
for your
as
as
can.1
Socrates
what
to consider
sqq., and
not
and for
for
wisdom
takingthought
doingnothingelse but urgingyou,
for your
soul,and
c
for your
how
much
urged on his
that implies.
30 a, 7 sqq.
cP
ST.
MICHAEL'S
\
I
COLLEGE
-*
-"=
it should
First,however,
do
which
Antisthenes,
have
not
it from
borrowed
familiar.1
The
evidentlydesigned as
Plato,
is
to
into
but
and
that
proved
is to
for
care
it
Let
us
Just
Such
It is
well.
of
has
us
was
soul,and
We
Isocrates.
orthodoxy
subject
the
nothing
was
century
b.
existed
the
in
admits,
formula.
in
has
particular.
it takes
done
effort
an
his work
c,
as
we
days
in
from
similar
of Socrates
vague
too, and
of
reiteration
his
one
that
see
can
that
too
each
and
highest interest,
remarkable
very
most
us.
examination
without
assume
on
there
that
fourth
the
in
care
Apology.2,
respectableopinion to-day that

is his
is ;
shoemaking
the
nowhere
Socrates
go,
its welfare
that
to
the
Socratic
and
by repetition,
words
and
lead
to
seem
stale
as
orthodox
an
already
so
far
So
it.
appreciate
to
will
has become
language
will lead
by
one
he
that
in
in
is said
what
characteristic
this is the
first,I fear, it
at
what
from
illustrations
this admission
where
then,
see,
that, if any
shows
point,however, for Maier
this
to labour
insists,that
indeed
and
usual
strikinglyconfirms
called upon
not
am
conversation
It is all put
souls.
the
of
soul, and therefore
is
us
our
with
provokinglvsimple way,
the like,and
of
each
was
philosophy for
first of all know
must
something
as
It is not, I think,
the
rightly for himself,he
care
ourselves
and
appropriate form
the
hardly
dialogue which
Socratic
to
Alcibiades.
young
In it Socrates
it is of early date.
it is then
for
sort
is thrown
Socrates
between
of introduction
it
texts
con-
dialogues.
he would
and
refers to
possessed
Academy
it in
uses
Plato's
phrase too,
of the
echoes
many
from
Isocrates
Plato.
Athenian
beginners,and
the
employed
it seems,
derived
be
to
are
Xenophon
literature.
appear
LECTURE
that there
noted
be
Socratic
all the
in
phrase
PHILOSOPHICAL
ANNUAL
SECOND
12
it.
to
why Maier, having safelyreached this point, is content
that Socrates was
not
a
sopher
philoinquire no further,and pronounces
is
That
in
of his
have
to
own.
For
Isocrates
would
ask
we
to
show
For
" 309)
2
that
moral
teacher
left off
he has
the
to
of Pericles.
age
just
meant
in
or
was
the
at
that
much
as
modern
mean
[Plato]Ale.
by
see
or
with
method
he
justwhere
ought
outbreak
the
have
as
little
shall
of the
I. 127 e, 9 sqq.
as
wre
they might
have
to
exhortation
that
assume
is what
Peloponnesian War
to
care
allusion
for
in
mean
ask
find, I believe,that, so
Maier, p. 333, n. 3. The

{Plato,vol. i,p. 341).
Grote
rightto
no
Socrates
that
to remember
We
What
sermon.
question, we
references
noted
important
that it becomes
appearing commonplace,
1
only
begun.
his words
if
hope
it is here
belonged
they
but
strict sense,
the
and,
far from
his
in Isocrates
soul
{Antid.
that
under
second
and
f
which
which
'
so,
roam
at
dead,
belief in the
feels and
wills
feelings,but
he
Ovfiosand
the
the midriff
or
In
it
can
doubt,
the
them
to
appear
Departed
souls
that
shades
of
anything
life when
it
it
in
was
lot
really die
not
their
from
at
all.
They
which
is well noted
(mcvols,
rots
are
they
it is
be
in
It is
only
with
the
have
as
mirror.1
is the
robbed
has
tion
excepthe
when
returns
the
yjrv^rj
conscious
any
of heaven
sciousness
con-
escape
Blest, but these do
the Isles of the
would
ghost,
consciousness
favourites
away
it.
substance,
Tiresias
do
to
in
death, since
dream.
therefore
few
carried
that
say about
hardly even
body
death
cannot
us
still
livingand
incapable
retain
of bliss.
This
by Apollodorus.2
Apollodorus nep\ 6ea"v (Stob.
to'iseldaiXois rols iv
to
sent
the
that
nothing
it.
the
yjrv^rj.The
more
Nekyia
blood
and
body,
by being
bodies,without
point,too,
the
worldwide
to
after
in
no
of
because
not
it had
detached
when
this dismal
had
ever
is
at
generallysupposed
the
than
things.
the
drink
to
That
while.
feeble
in
is
it is
in Homer
otherwise
rule, and
allowed
been
for
them
to
the
proves
have
witless and
are
body
it is in
exist
to
reflection
the
Apollodorus put it, than
of the
bodily man,
great deal
(tiSaXov),with
image
("r/aa)or
another
to
the
can
their seat
have
perceive,
the body and
perish with
to
'
y\rvyrj.
That
^rv\ficontinues
the survivors,but
it cannot
shadow
they belong
heart
to
appear
since
a
the
real
feeling to
any
that
leaves the
whatever
has
feel and
do
which
voos,
no
sense,
attributes
never
ghost
dream
can
explain
of the
life.
Homer
thing
appear
we
Greek
the
waking
our
'
double
'
breath.
not
since
identified with
is not
during
and
blood
be
to
double
this
'
of
genius, and
Italian
the
Egyptian ka,
even
considerations
sort
the
That
(\L7ro\lsv)(ia).
just what
be
must
us
These
as
asleep,and
is
place, the
also the
was
Moreover,
to
it
presence
between
quit the body temporarily,
swooning
suppose
body
appears
soul
to
the
of death.
moment
of
life*,the
first
the
also
it may
in his dream.
then
what
Now
natural
when
large
is, in
It
phenomenon
it seemed
sleepingperson
the
fall
which
word
distinction
obvious
most
death, but
at
the
explains
being
is the
of
breath
is the
^v\rj
inanimate.
the
gives up
man
of
meaning
of
absence
animate
a
of the
all instances
this head.
The
or
eliminate
must
we
name,
LECTURE
PHILOSOPHICAL
ANNUAL
SECOND
14
KaTonrpois
Eel.
i, p. 420, Wachsm.)
(paivopevois 6p.oi.as
KaOaira^rjpiv e^fiVaorat kcii
kcu
ras
kivt](T"LS
imoTiBeTai
to"is t)iatu"v
ras
vbdrav
de
(rTcpepv"dr)
^.ip-elrai,
yjrvxas
avvuTTa-
virooracriv
ovdepinv eêi
2
cKprjv.
6is
kcu
avriXrjylnv
Apollodorus, ib. (Stob.Eel. i, p. 422)
tovtois
p.h oZv
kcu
tIi o-co/iara
napelvcu.
THE
DOCTRINE
SOCRATIC
THE
OF
15
SOUL
VII
generallyagreed that
It is
that
the
find
practisedat
supposed
supported by
(xoai)poured
the
burnt
the
^X7?
early
Athenian
thing as the
the offeringsat
a
and
his
is
There
ancestor-worship.
*
Homeric
shade',
offeringsof
That
quiet.
It is
nothing
that
went
about
of
become
so
the
them
orators
it
were
had
the
the
imagery
of the
wings
"
weeping
on
the
while
Charon
sits in
their
passage
by rowing.
the
pottery, obviously intended

a
scene
1
had
evidentlyno
of
cases
by
and
for
Malerei
in
piece
to be
taken
black
aboard,
for work
room
piece
cult,with
continued
fur
exactly
of
littlecreatures
decorated
(Archiv
know
faithfully
duces
repro-
mortuary
the
We
own.
all he has
the
they
moreover,
miserable
who
inheritance,
it agrees
; for
praying
living belief
Furtwangler, Charon, eine altattische

schaft, viii (1905),pp. 191 sqq.).
"
makes
in
their
discovered
people
use
c.
b.
to
wholly inconsistent
his boat
and
the souls
The
the
place of
century
and
and
homicide
next
observances
mortuary
side with
to
bank
stern
the
survivals
know
and,
seriously,
them
see
we
the
recently
than
mere
were
should
We
c.
Charon
sixth
representationon
beliefs
that
all went
picture of
figuredpottery.1 There
with
side
that.
dependent on the
these offerings,
partly,no
mainly,to keep the ghost
make
b.
not
treat
to
called
is
ghost
that these
in
time
once
be
can
',
worship.
fifth century
departed souls
Lucian's
that
called
homes
formidable,
piety,but
hand,
other
quite comfortably
on
with
be
hardly to
legal importance
the
belief that
now
is
of the
Athens
in the
they
natural
of
primitivethan
more
more
early Athenian
the
feelingsof
plain,on
much
therefore
that
here
anything
something
survivors, and
the
doubt, from
It is
helpless,and
less
Though
of
trace
no
to
if
or
walk
could
memory
their
old
revisit
is
helpless
unavenged,
went
do
rate,
any
preserved the
believed
to
body
and
neglected, his ghost
Anthesteria
were
murder
man's
were
grave
departed souls
year.
If
the
that
At
feeble
so
be
libations
the
this life.
in
means
no
When
far
to
deal
good
for burial.
by
was
Homeric.
feast of the
the
when
a
ghost
had
we
'v/ft'X7?
it had
fairlyinferred
ghosts
foothold
l"nger a
no
nas
the
where
grave,
been
from
of cremation
substitution
the
It has
world
Homeric
time
one
survivors, especiallyby
the
tomb.
the
over
of the
immunity
with
offeringsof
the
at
in the
body
the
that
show
They
with
dwell
to
which
{ra vofiigofieva),
elsewhere, reallybear witness to a
and
Athens
hardly be primitive,and
can
cult
mortuary
of belief.
earlier stratum
was
of the
observances
views
these
of
such
existence
Religionswissen-
16
SECOND
of
the
soul
ANNUAL
within
the
Egypt,
but
were
business-like
there
We
grave.
both
beliefs
the
soul
take
we
way
cheerless
were
sort
to
this
was
the
the ritual alone, and
to
the future
the
chorus
of
sort
that
no
that
case
that
viewr of the
new
we
should
of
fact,he
mentions
it.
that
case,
inconsistent
Charon
by
over
that
being visited
the
with
his
the
state
he
such
the
about
of
the
his
round
to
as
it
As
all there
is,
was
feasting
"
Aeschylus.
thought
contemporaries,
that
heart,and
place in
no
preoccupied with
so
As
soul,and hardly ever
the
has
the
on
beliefs
boat, and
children.
ceases
of
his scheme
the
Justice
of
problem
be done
must
as
fact that
part of the
Eleusinia
the
I should
but
cult
as
had
been
once
more
he
how
mean
thought
brought
were
are
taken
I do not
suppose
Athenians
all,the
quite as
are
mortuary
ordinaryAthenian.
them,
After
them.
the
publicreligionshows
the
on
Mysteries
in the
out
implied by
the
beliefs had
very little about
it.
and
of it in
trace
some
held
promises
activelydisbelieved
Homer,
definite
more
all.
at
and
littlehold
not
may be quite sure, namely,

revealed in the Mysteries; for in
come
he is
justwhy
some
thing we
most
life to
larity
popu-
better lot of
vision of meadows
was
to
the
at
something
does
nothing
as
The
is
not
or
In any
beliefs about
wonder
promiseda
them.
upon
Athenian
cannot
the sort.
hear
it is the blood
body ;
the fathers' sins

earth
lost its hold
were
The
one
soul
tells us
him,
at death.
things,and
on
to
find
certainly
To
the
belongs to
think
only amounts
glorified
picnic. Of
matter
to
should
we
anything of
if the Mysterieshad been explicitabout

life,
in the Frogs of Aristophanes probablytell us
tell,and
to
for
devices
appear, howTever,that
obligationof secrecy referred
It
conceived.
clearly
while the other
Similar
dead.
had
Egyptians
difficulty
by assuming
in the tomb
it,the traditional
initiated after death.
at all
seriously. The
need
in
contradiction
same
of the
enough, and we
Mysteries,which
of the Eleusinian
the
taken
were
(the ba) departs to the place of the

adoptedelsewhere,but the Greeks felt no
We
safelyinfer that the old belief
may
Whichever
LECTURE
find
people,and got out

which
(theka) remains
of
souls,one
two
PHILOSOPHICAL
up
on
derived from
that
everydayworking beliefs were
source.
was
Besides, Homer
alreadybeginning to be interpreted
of Socrates
and the prevailing
notion in the time
tainly
cerallegorically,
and
that the souls of the dead
was
just as
gives us
their bodies
Eur.
his own.1
Suppl. 533
by
were
the formula
heresy of
1
their
Earth
It
was
absorbed
were
In
the earth.
to
earth and
so
much
to
acofia
8'
es
yrjv.
air to
matter
7rvevfia
"
the
pev
by
the upper
air,
Suppliants Euripides
air
of
and
course
npbs aWepa,
that
that
is
no
it had
SOCRATIC
THE
embodied
been
Potidaea
of
There
was
no
just the
dead; and
human
indeed, some
into
and
gods
The
now.
motive,
political
immortal,
are
dead
the
can
17
SOUL
who
be
and
fallen
had
it would
at
attained
such
things
be shocking
The
too.
so
deathless ?
be
beings had
dead
In the heroic
immortality by being
expected
not
were
were
are
age,
turned
happen
to
at
paid to Brasidas
Amphipolis
hardly taken seriously.
honours
and
THE
those
on
beings might
heroes, but
heroic
epitaph
alone
human
how
OF
(432 B.C.).1 There is nothing remarkable

in the public religionfor any doctrine
room
gods
that
suggest
official
earlier
years
immortality.The
to
in the
some
in that.
DOCTRINE
had
VIII
So far I have
and
with
find
to
There
the
the
religionof Athens,
held
who
of
members
since
whole, the Orphics would
classes,and
the
should
be bound
and
tested
which
movements
wish
we
earlier in
The
denial of what
we
have
religion,
namely,that
gods and
soul is a fallen
for antenatal
sin.
of
(\vo-is)
observances
directed
Those
(KctOapfAoi).
to
more
That
such
1
is
as
we
A.
The
the
aim
the
souls
and
which
took
its
their old
Hindus
and,
lightened
en-
remarkable
if
his
time
own
we
was
first.
cardinal
almost
the
it is based
doctrine
on
the
of Greek
impassable,gulf
contrary, that every
the
bondage by
were
the
testimony we
body
as
was
as practised
religion
primitive belief
the
humbler
generation,and
own
prisonhouseof
from
On
religiousmovement
impassable,or
of their
fairly
become
most
belief is that
cleansing and
to
certainlynot
The
Orphics held,on
soul
the
gods
find among
to be
in the
up
The
in his
two
surroundings of
Orphic
an
first place,and
interested in everything
was
the
by
attention
our
of
there is
god, shut
pass
Athens
just seen
men.
the release
once
claims
soul.
of direct
absence
of these.
account
date,and
not
the
among
strikingfeature
most
between
placeat
replacehim
to
certainlytake
must
the
took
the
it to the Athenians.
Socrates,who
everything,did
about
the
chieflyamong
science chiefly
among
in the
that
to assume
easy
found
be
aristocracy. Even
been
had
science, who
of Ionian
adherents
views
have
societies in the
Orphic
first introduced
Anaxagoras
ordinarycitizen
it would
but
different
very
also the votaries of Ionian
were
numerous
the
there
people
were
there
official
the beliefs of the
dealing with
been
means
penalty
to secure
of certain
purging it of original sin

sufficiently
purged returned
them.
place among
but theologicalspeculation,
in
cruder
form,
i. 442"
aidqp p.ev yjsvxas

t"7refie"aro,
crco/xara
Se
x6"v.
among
the
ANNUAL
SECOND
18
Egyptians. The
for
room
it,and
Herodotus
up
from
speculationwithin
the
On
we
mysticaltheology. If,however,
of
doctrines
that
which
have
nothing
for
grounds
similar
in
later
Mantinea,
the
home
regarded as
be
to
the
in
later
in
If that
have
borrowing
any
However
that
the
borrowed
sixth
Orphics
to
is
need
by
was
avoid
an
primitivespiritismin
the
as
might
soul
be
but, even
of its
unique
was
no
the
supposed
of Pindar's
Archiv
On
account
clear
they
fur
The
time
reveal its
that
true
soul
was
origins.
flourished
influence
'
may
on
they
it is certain
which
went
much
went
of its
ecstasy \
dancing, that
found
it is called
in
in
so
far
which
;
traces
literature
of the
fragment
of
an
the
is obvious
still bears
doctrine
far
beyond
In
nature.
in
the
must,
privatereligionof
earliest statement
be
power
if there
for,while
c
with
Delta
the
doctrines
nature
or
is
theological
for remote
their
the
to
gave
do
negligible. We
means
public or
originof the soul is to

there
Dirges,3but even
divine
that
higher manifestations,the
primitiveorigin.
so
which
of the
versa,
such
that
produced by drugs
artificially
in its
of
period
look
to
importance
the
strong
really to
vice
as
exaggerationhere
means
to
no
places
became
Cyprus,
just the
century B.C., and
attached
states, it is by
no
find
prophecies was
priestsof Heliopolisin
Crete
shall
especiallyin
certainlynot
is
of
of
the
was
from
gift for
mysticalelements
have
that
assume
beyond anything recognized in

Greek
and
come
geographicaldistribution
we
it is certain
of Greece
careful
be
There
be,
may
the
higher thought
to
is so, the
all.
at
that
exceedingly in
however,
bound
The
that
who
were
dialect
the
the Arcadian.2
Aegean Age,
seem
well
quite as
with
the
speculationwe
of Cnossus.
in
in
shown
and
book
and
closely
we
bas
Arcadia,
of
have
theology, which
Zeus, and
strongly suggests
from
survival
Hermetic
lead
in many
Zielinski
prophetess Diotima,
Cretan
the
view,
found
be
to
are
Thrace.
days composed
doctrine
wider
',
with
no
history
was
to
seems
fictitious personage.1 There
identical
practically
of the
take
we
the
of the
barbarians
Thracians
the
days, originated in
of
worship
extant
with
believing that
important
credit
character
do
to
the
be
to
the
hand, Orphicism
other
hardly
can
followed
(
Dionysus,which
of
seemed
limits of Greek
have
from
came
the
worship
and
Thrace,
it
there
the
scholars
modern
many
Egypt.
with
LECTURE
till recentlythat
was
holding that
in
particularfrom
bound
trouble
age of such
an
knew
we
as
PHILOSOPHICAL
image
one
of life '
ix (1906), p. 43.
Religionswissenschaft,
Euklos
in Kuhns
M.
Schmidt
the Cyprian see
Zeitschrift,ix (1860),
The
and
Cypriote dialects is the most
identityof the Arcadian
pp. 361 sqq.
certain
and
fact with regard to the Aegean Age.
fundamental
3
Pindar, fr. 131 Bergk.
SOCRATIC
THE
DOCTRINE
OF
THE
el8"o\ov)
surviving after death, much
(alcovos
and
we
expresslytold
are
(evSei8e
'
and
/leXecou)
irpacra-ovTOiv
dreams.
self5 in modern
the subliminal
the
normal
but
it is
reallyno
of death.
of
concern
is
It may
limbs
what
way,
in
called
been
divine and
call
we
only
from
quite dissociated
be
'
active
are
has
except in sleep and
ours
identified with
It is not
Homeric
like what
and
times,
the
19
propheticnature
is rather
consciousness.1
waking
its
showrs
said, it
fact,as Adam
In
it
that
in the
sleepswhen
SOUL
immortal,
the moment
at
I \
IX
yfrv^V had also been used by

the popular and
than
quite another
word
The
Ionia in
originatedin
have
to
appears
was
the
body.
That
the primary substance,

(arip),
breath
Athens
life of the
the
was
who
is
The
emphasis
representedas
lies
portion of
There
is
is identified
\jrv)(rj
and
for the
with
not
speciallyemphasized
the
preciselyon
death.2
and
The
It,too,
you
for
to
us
employing
existence
soul is in
of
as
is of
from
term
a
in
out
of
Adam,
The
Adam
heading
of
See
my
in
our
even
he
used
accidental
a
much
is that
(dvpadev),as
in
body
far
the
as
waking
sciousness,
con-
point
based
wras
sleeping,life
fire burns
much
; there
is
and
bright
the
as
is
On
body.
nothing
Anaxagoras preferredto
postulateôvs, instead of
meant
theories
doors5
temporary and
step twice
this \
that
total extinction.
just as
obligedto
was
elsewhere
and
is
the
our
same
thing.
conscious
Aristotle
life
puts it,
describing respiration. Its

character, depending solely
portion of
the
primary
substance
is
Doctrine
of the Celestial Origin of the Soul (Cambridge Praelections,
pointed out (p.32) that Myers chose the Pindaric fragment as the
his chapter on Sleep (Human Personality,vol. i, p. 121).
Part
Greek Philosophy,
I, Thales to Plato, " 41.
1906).
2
just
This
the elemental
cannot
all these
the fact that for the moment
on
wraking
of flux
state
you
he
is
so
normal
to its partial
or
due
'
or
There
system of Heraclitus,which
present purpose
our
feature
common
comes
are
the
the
as
consciousness.
in
here
'
Aristophanes.
up
life and
our
with
soul is that in which

death
be shut
dream-consciousness.
the
the
of motion
source
^rvxVi Dut
first time
river into which
speak
can
call the
The
waking
hand, the
is
for
oppositionbetween
dry ; sleepand
the other
in
to
primitiveviews
on
of
soul, which
happens
air
being taught at
of Socrates,
was
side,however.
human
accounts
that
world, just
earlymanhood
cosmical
air which
great advance
the
which
doctrine
the
in the individual
being,and
life of the
of
This
sense.
Anaximenes,
of it in the Clouds
adherent
an
boundless
the
for the time
Apollonia in
entirelyon
specialinterest
no
of
by Diogenes
scientific schools
traditional
of
doctrine
the
the
SECOND
enclosed
in
enough
with
the view
the formula
shocked
Earth
to
failing
I do
could
nobly
doctrine
Orphic
far
was
doctrine
of the soul; for
Orpines
and
'
Democritus
body,
went
i
more
as
'
divine
but, since he held the soul

of
degree.2 On
philosophyin
What
the
whole, we
by
As
Ionians.
led them
that
the normal
it
name
The
of the
happened,
it
regard
to
which
personality,
the
or
body;
((tktjvos)
only
was
difference
religionor
of
anything
Soul.
the
sociated
dis-
and
extrinsic
something
was
as
which
function.1
that neither
knew
B.C.
'
tabernacle
conclude
must
there
adequate
more
religiousinterest
the
of
prejudices.
current
corporeal,that
fifth century
the
called
they
from
on
the
to be
and
distinguishthe pleasuresof
to
those of the
than
blamed
are
doctrine
no
was
was
of almost
they
which, therefore,it is merely
far,indeed,as
so
one
(apfiovia)of the elements
attunement
of
no
accused
were
developeda
studies
'
why
sophists taught.
offend
shared
medical
and
or
(Kpa"ri$)
the
compose
soul
the
scientific interests of the
the
however, their musical

blend
they
expressedin
talking about,
Pythagoreans might, perhaps, have
The
what
likelyto
more
is
There
worth
in
and
place where
soul \
none
impiety
no
sophists
any
of the
or
religion,
be
therefore
Athens
'
'
remember
not
in the received
soul
The
this fits in well
that
seen
air to air '. That
earth and
to
think
be
commonly accepted at
the scientific view.
by
but
everything,
for
It will
particularbody.
LECTURE
PHILOSOPHICAL
ANNUAL
altogetherdependent
was
body.
X
In
the
Athenian
is stillmore
We
unknown.
not
the scientific
not
happen.
In
might
of this kind
matter
useless,and
the observations
I believe
be
to
complete
trace, but
enumeration
to make
other
In
the
spirit or
first
place, as
certain
life ', and
that does
courage,
number
of passages
In
that
is where
ib.
See
" 75.
said
I have
but
often mentioned.
f
much
was
not
it
before, it
e
means
largernumber
us
concern
of
often
including
surprised
to
the
word
means
but
ghosts
places it may
ib.
"
155.
are
high
In
not
be translated
possiblemisunderstandings begin.
See
very
in any
for the present.
ghost \
what
on
of the word
fifth century,
that, down
inquiry,which showed
instance of the
of the century, there is hardlyan
than a purelytraditional sense.
'
based
are
the result of this
close
that did
even
of all instances
in the extant
Athenian
literature of the
\jrv\ri
Herodotus, who wrote
mainly for Athenians.
by
Orphic,if
generalimpressionsare
vague
about
am
the
expected that
have
have left some
theory,would
of soul
fifth century the idea
of the
literature
It has
SECOND
"
ANNUAL
familiar, that
y\rv\rjas
explains further
touched
the
that
We
'
reaches
are
y\rvyrj
has
of
speak
the
dormant
find
we
those which
of
feelings
which
that
belong to
call
we
lowr
love
Twice
of
'
reach
appeal
an
primitive
gloom
which
part of
obscure
Such
is
as
we
say.
accompaniesthe
which
spoken
which
all strange
are
for words
the
to
us
of
as
of
weight
tyvyrj. Anxiety and depression what

and so have all untheir seat in the y\rvyrj,
reasoning
dreads.
Strange, overmastering passion,like
lightenour
spirits have
'
"
and
terrors
the
oppressionand
despair,and
seek to
we
(
horror and
said to
feelingsreferred
the
that
of
by being
forgottenthe
with the dream-consciousness.

affinity
yearningsand forebodingsand grief too great
sense
smart
spectacleor
most
Such, too, is the
'
based.
phrases are
this clue
to
'
have
we
griefsare
touching
That
memories.1
made
be
certain
why
heart,though
which
always
also
LECTURE
awaken
to
y\rvyjjmay
and
the
follow up
we
is,
the
still
psychologyon
If
how
the raw,
on
sjrv
^rj.
e
PHILOSOPHICAL
Phaedra,
is
"
once
said
twice
or
\lrvxy.2
the
attack
to
in
Sophocles it is the seat of kindly feeling(euWa), but that

rather
goes
beyond its ordinary range.3 It is safe to say that the
is never
yjsvxrj
regarded as having anything to do with clear perception
or
with articulate emotion.
It remains something
knowledge,or even
mysterious and
The
to
the
gift of prophecy and

it,but never
thought or
e
'
double
of
of course,
at first.
dissuade
the
by
became
The
him
We
shall
of the
wrord
us
soul
'
'
able
^rvxrj.
to
That
guiltyconscience.
in Antipho,4 where
passage
an
come
to
exhausted
lurch/
homicide
body, but
It is from
demands
the
is
is
1
3
5
guiltyone
the
same
Cf.
with
will
leave
point
of the
of view
guilty
the
Eur.
De
even
of
use
'
the
1.
law
of
(77Bpaaacra
yfrv
\rt
Herodis, "
Plato,Laws, 873a,
guilt.
itself and
as
Hipp. 504, 526.
caede
he
vigorous body
that
soul
of
that
argue
both
preserve
says,
of
seat
remarkable
conscious
been
i
phrase in which
Soph. El 902.
Soph. 0. C. 498, fr. 98.
Antipho, Tetr. V. a, 7.
client
his
the
as
clearlyby
out
making
he
tries to
Merchant.
Shakespeare's
bearings of some
specialuses
if he had
Athens
so
in
brought
he
not
was
kindred
claim
can
spoken of, for instance,
forfeiture
ftovXevo-acra
yjrv
X7?)/a
Creon,
the
see
guiltlessy\rvyrjwill often/
in the
or
have
never
Gobbo
it
us
That,
us.
Antigone, which
in the
his report to
It is
would
figureof speech,but
or
address
can
distinct from
something
were
of Launcelot
therefore,essentially
still,
is justwhy it
that
referred
twice
or
once
are
It is
of the Watchman
making
be
now
if it
as
consciousness.
normal
our
skill
character.
mannerism
from
conscience
magical
and
primitivebelief,
be addressed
or
from
quite apart
uncanny,
93.
the
seat
THE
SOCRATIC
of conscience
lost.
is combined
Several
lightof
be
to
out.1
breaks
is wakened
sin
some
againstgods
la voix
in
du sang.
The
soul
one
the
which
The
is
y\rvyjj
especiallyof
and
food
and
and
uncontrolled
who
has
drink
disdain
Romans
said
souls
ka
had
the
the
merely
I have
the
to
exceptions
When
belief in
1
Republic
have
subconscious
the
French
of blood
call
in this
Electra
as
of
spoken
nexion,
con-
of
born
having
as
instructive
particularly
have
of
derived
been
longings
The
and
the
Even
advise
kinds
Euripides,
he will do
Aeschylus
the
of
irrational
in
long, says
so
appetites,
more
Cyclops
use
popular
for certain
from
ever
from
moods
wayward
of Darius
of
us
are
'
Persian
Just
his
does
elders
so
the
now
Looked
at
I have
our
sense,
fringe at
noted
in
the
then.
The
this way,
Egyptian
the
is
"tyvyji
of the word
uses
is the
Even
instance
only one
more
in
the
Socratic
all of
the
kind
in
"tyvyji
Lysias,who
of the word
remarkable
of
least
are
and
fifth century.
is
strictly
not
are
you
nature.
practicallyall
which
which
strange yearnings for good living
subject
of
element
',for
double
of those
in
he
as
any
had
circle.
The
few
proves
the
rule.
that
discussingthe supposed Egyptian originof the

in the Orphic sense.5
immortality,he naturallyuses yjrv)(rj
See
is
Headlam, Agamemnon,
"
the
pleasure day by day'.4
fourth,there
the
Herodotus
and
nature.
literature of the
traditional
belonged
with
are
emerge
ghost
make
covered
the
to
seat
our
tendencies.
animal
Athenian
belongs
but
best
now
Plato's
of
sore
or
source
similar
*
the
some
to
responsible,the
which
the
genio indulgere,and spoke of acting animi

tainly
quaint piece of primitivepsychology,and it is cer-
convenient
to
to
flesh for
the
that
to the
the fear that he may
by eating Odysseus up.3
animo
It is
causa.
know
sometimes
make
to
kinsmen
curious
part of
turn
in the
it
referring
kinship,what
unaccountable
those
which
their
cgive
to
of
tasted human
not
a
good
y\rv\rj
not
one
we
reside
blood \
notice
must
word,
language.
the
thing
his conscience.
on
occasionallynear
instead
Finally,we
of
sleepby
his
Greeks, too, usuallyspoke
of
in
interpreted
season5
night
Clytemnestrain Sophoclesaddresses
',2and
y\rvyri
'
men
be
placid Cephalus of
life is the sentiment
our
but
my
the
in
emphatic
23
to
as
conscience
mysteriousfeelingcloselyassociated
Another
element
Even
or
to be
the
is
the
in
again from
and
once
It is
"
makes
SOUL
of life
meaning
he
expected, but
dream-consciousness.
THE
OF
tragediansare
Aeschylus, indeed,
was
remorse
its
with
of the
passages
this.
heart,as
DOCTRINE
Eur.
p. 186.
Cycl. 340.
5
Herod,
ii, 123.
Soph.
Aesch.
El.
775.
Pers. 840.
PHILOSOPHICAL
ANNUAL
SECOND
Orphic figure.1 Otherwise

traditional
rather
is
he
of
one
the
which
%3
instances
belong
of the
usage
that
suggested
fsoul5
ignorance, goodness
if
Now,
to
to
'
his soul
to
have
of
his
skin
care
to
Aristophanes,
the
his
The
ghost5.
wanting
to
Socrates
is
have
is
words
play on
which
y\rvyâi)}
We
of
tell
do
Eur.
Hipp.
Soph.
Phil.
Arist.
Clouds
it is
even
knowledge
with
that
the
was
or
most
be
may
urged
strictly.When
he
might suppose
Athens
to
had
double
If
time \
him
that
Pisander
how
us
he
that
even
good
suggest
that
to
was
mind
still alive
while
and
courage
'
Socrates
to
'
trust
can
we
came
him
deserted
meaning
he
being
was
',
ghost \
'
of
'wise
hear
so
the
yjrvx^9
of
Philoctetes
that
in
craftysouls5 (86\ica
but the speaker is an
exception that proves
is another
produce,if we
which
spirit5 and
\
spiritual
'
'
ghost
There
the
uncomfortable
of the
think
by the English words
Clouds.5
the
think, realize the bewilderment
wrould
limits, we
calls spirits
authorityon tyvyai,who
of his thought-factory
deep.4 The inmates
us
these
or
say,
altogetherreassuring in the phrase
anticipate
where
the
Oreos,
aroused
sense
we
Aristophanes we
may,
feelingoften
old
as
reminds
teaching of Socrates
place
to
at
derisivelycalled
oracle-monger from
rule.6
as
the
the
in
once
of character.
century and
would
recognized
that
with
prudent regard for his personalsafety,
\jrv
yjj
are
((ppouTLcrrrjpLou)
It is true
tells
knowledge, and
seat
Socrates
man
is called
Birds
from
{y\rv\aycoyel)
in their
anything
plain
what
the
see
there
where
the
', the
being advised
take
both
they
Philoctetes
of
the
the
recommended
iti
to
where
it.
about
even
for
care
was
has
expected,
Odysseus peering through
other
no
badness, and
or
of
it very
Odysseus
seat
higher poetry observed

more
popular language did so even
that
sure
is
purely
passages
of
x*7
close of the
very
There
next.
the
important thing
the
to
^f
it is the
that
imply
to
seems
two
Philoctetes.
soul
mean
in
indicated, and
the
that
reallyan
be
might
than
have
entrap
imply
to
seems
'
to
speaks of fthe
Philoctetes
These
is
is
he
by Euripides
more
plays, the
latest
he
that
',2which
crannies
his
find
limits
but
Aeschylus employs
Bacchae.
cannot
the
beyond
Neoptolemus
words
but
subtler,
in
is used
quite simply. Sophocles, as
then
reallygoes
occur
In the
virgin soul \
word
the
even
manner,
and
seldom,
of
Euripides speaks
in
Hippolytus
LECTURE
is
and
ghostly
something
ghostly admonition5.
1006.
Soph.
Phil.
1013.
Arist.
Birds
1555
94.
Arist.
Peace
1068.
55.
sqq.
not
'
THE
DOCTRINE
SOCRATIC
OF
THE
SOUL
25
is
y\rvyrj
cated
also indi-
XI
The
by
ignorance,goodness
or
should
'the
explain
heart
soul
or
historical touches
Alcibiades
this.
of
mysterioussecond
consciousness
it seemed
be, and
No
to
of
doubt
Orpheus
bade
it is open
to
of
purification
the
the
as
who
other
to
one
He
only
hesitation
the word
use
like
any
our
ordinary
it to be
the
fallen
the
within
the
them.
so, Socrates
Orphic
the scientific view

favourite
that
care
god
sort
than
more
'
that, even
combined
of
was
maintain
is
fine
franklywith
the
to
Such
the soul
require all
That
consciousness.
waking
to
fallen soul with
the
first to
ledge
know-
principle
Symposium to
the
hand, he held
give
men
any
and
to
same
call it\2
way,
identified it
therefore
reallyoriginal.
not
was
the
on
the
in the
to
the
was
made
that has
us
On
mistaken, that
not
am
self,and
but,
Plato's
if Socrates
denied, if I
\x
ought
we
in
much
are
is natural
He
votaries
whatever
or
is sometimes
of Alcibiades
reference
the
he
it is in
badness
or
word
phrases
Whatever
'
for it,phrases like
of the
use
curiously tentative
the
substitute
this Socratic
noveltyof
doctrine
of
of the soul
device
of
those
the originality
of great men.
depreciate
the apparently
Againstit it maybe urged that the power of transfusing
disparateis exactlywhat is meant
by originality.The
religious
and the scientific view might have gone on indefinitely
side by side,
find them
in fact simplyjuxtaposedin Empedocles. It took
as
we
Socrates to see that they were
a
complementary,and by unitingthem
the idea best rendered in English by the old word
to reach
spirit'.
In that sense
he was
the founder of philosophy.
and to that extent
make
it their business
to
From
the
Socrates
from
this
he
the
the
not
for
Crito
both
If, for
3
of Socrates
It does not
of his discourse.
the soul
r
Cf.
was
Crito
that
47 e, 8
which
seem,
What
he
started
I may
it is not
notice is that
that
nor
beyond
go
corollary
necessary
upon
the
that
then,
he
did
this formed
Symp. 218 a,
Plato, Phaed.
3 rrjv
that,
preach
the
as
strive after wisdom
7tot' eorl
tcov
rjperepav,
nep\
y^vx^vrj on
Set
the
one
and
r\T"
ordinarytheme
thingneedful for
goodness.
dSiKia Kal
f)diKaiocrvvr)
eoTiv.
2
Apology
littleremarkable
which
the
it should
on
that to
Republic4,Plato represents the closest

of belief in immorstartled by his profession
tality.
and
as
as
inferred
be
important thing to
moment,
negativeargument,
in the Phaedo
intimates
from
point
I feel sure,
the soul followed
of its nature, but the
chieflydwelt.
and
it may,
immortalityof
this view
was
alone
Apology
Kaphiavyap
70 a, 1 sqq.
r)
avro
ktA.
6vop.d(rai
Plato, Rep. 608 d, 3.
S6
SECOND
Of
Maier
course,
to
recognizethat
he
holds
that
philosophy
that
is doubtless
true
the
wisdom
Apology
and
Crito
Maier
that
merely
that
say
makes
distinction
the
at
is
in
It is not
is made
by importing the
has
terms, and
At
Plato.
promiscuously by
the soul is to aim
dXrjOeLa)that
the
rather
whole
bad
doctrine
it is
truth
Goodness
ultimate
words
waste
to
is
this
on
knowledge
distinction
cleverness
'
our
between
used
amounts
to
quite
kcli
("j"p6vrja-Ls
duce
to intro-
the
It is
(ppovrjais
latter had
hardly worth
for
point ;
that
were
cro0t'a
If the word
point
doubt
anachronism
an
practicaltruth
like
associations,
that
at, and
and
to
the
distinction
be
preferredto o-o^ta,it is only because
while, however,
is any
idea of
Aristotelian
the
It is wisdom
in
this
Aristotelian
continued
they
either to
speak
to
No
voty'iainto the discussion.
and
value, but at this date (fypovqcris
its
philosophy
correct
merely practicalwisdom.
mistake
says
If he
of lectures,
course
of times,
worst
Socrates
he
why
of the word.
sense
Greeks.
the
of which
completely synonymous
on
That
system
valid
as
applicationof
the
and
(ppovrjcris
between
is
solelyin
strict
the
admits
he
in life 'philosophy',but
exhortation.
even
to
was
bad
but,
evidence
his work
expound
not
LECTURE
the
consisted
moral
to
that he did
means
meant
called
philosopher in
no
only
never
Socrates
method
was
compelled by
is
this
tht' dialectical
Socrates
PHILOSOPHICAL
ANNUAL
the
Socratic
denial that there
theory and practice.
XII
The
evidence,and
able
now
be
is to
be
trusted
of
admitted
implies
had
insisted
was
not
world
the
that
in
certainlyidentified
too
this
came
The
to
doctrine
dissociation
reason,
I do not
us
of
of
believe
that,if
Socrates
for their
ccare
that
view
of Socrates.
for
time.
souls \
an
of the
outside.
our
As
Ionian
The
'
soul
'
from
that Socrates
the
the
Apology
in the habit
was
such
The
That
Diogenes
rest
accepted it
of
in
the
in that
of
souPs
nature
Orphics, indeed,
them
the soul
from
another
cosmologists had
that
Apollonia put it,
its usual
form, implies
personality.
sense.
is
exhortation
waking consciousness,but
or
transmigration,
TraXiyyeveaia
the
importance, which
of
soul with
the
from
us
kind,
further
seen
time
the
found
have
much
Nevertheless,
purging the soul, but for

,
it was
a
stranger
personality
;
normal
dwelt
to
first
admit
to
us
unpromising.
and
yjrv^rj
word
need
the
on
have
We
of before
quite unheard
We
of the
fellow-citizens
of the
use
matter
allow
not
result of the
precisely.
Maier.
by
a
in
his
exhorting
at first rather
reach
to
stated
must
experiment did
our
seemed
that
been
have
we
of
conditions
For
this
THE
it was
cair'
normal
the
care
far
as
consciousness
bestowed
who
man
takes
the
was
the
on
us
there
be
can
to
it
We
Socrates.
which
being
to
the
him
before
soul
was
Alcibiades
by
b.
all
religious.
known
was
as
and
this
old, so
that
c,
of the view
the
say that
to
the
I think, that
and
our
it deserved
five years
not
the author
as
first
423
the
animate
that
Socrates
that
fairlyconclude,
may
impressed the boy
so
was
27
portion of
meant
self,and
plain
Plato
when
question of
no
SOUL
body's mysterious tenant
time
THE
he
see,
true
strangely of the
spoke
back
which
could
we
jestsof Aristophanes made
The
OF
happens for the time
which
Socrates, so
bodies.
the
to
DOCTRINE
fragment of god \l by
small
cosmical
SOCRATIC
he ascribes
the
'
wisdom
'
impulsiveChaerepho,
just this.
was
promised
to
therefore
I must
and
not
stop
of
death
the
of
method
half
bringing thoughts
of
can
we
dialogue written
birth
to
prove
The
in
by Maier,
philosophy.
which
on
further
thirtyyears after
him
describe
his
language derived from his

genuinelySocratic from
this to be
Aristophanes who
century before.2
of the Socratic
Socrates, the Theaetetus,Plato makes
evidence
the
allowed
suggesting the lines
proceed. In
calling,and
mother's
evidence
the threshold
on
I cannot, however, refrain from

would
investigation
the
beyond
go
had
maieutic
made
fun
method
in
of it
than
more
involves
turn
the
scence.
theory of knowledge mythicallyexpressed in the doctrine of Reminiof Love, which
doctrine
The
Socrates
in the Symposium
professesto have learnt from Diotima, is only an extension of the
of
line
same
thought, and it may
be
added
it furnishes
that
the
If Socrates
explanationof his mission.
really held that
driven
itself
in the manner
to go
was
irresistibly
beyond
there
of
need
from
oracle
no
was
described,
an
Delphi to make
natural
the
soul
there
him
is
take
task of
the
up
converting the Athenians.
transgressingthe limits
wish
reached.
That
whether
consequence
sense
not
or
'
now.'
That
out
another
600
admissions.
alreadyby
1
for
all who
words,
throw
itself is
in
A. 19.
pages
at
of
to
we
show
least to
us
in
will
on
be
to
the
show
a
myself,and
I do
solid
we
that
to
him
out
that
to
Maier
exhaust
the
preferto
think
have
the
proper
that,in Julian's
being saved
philosophy are
set
result
solve.
would
only
have
even
wished
to
implicationsof his
it has
been
popiov
tov
8cov.
Arist.
to
write
own
better done
Plato.
Diels,fiiKpov
not
it is of very little
philosopherin
it is due
how
see
problem
hints
to
enough
salvation
few
Some
imposed
call Socrates
now
find
is the
a
we
we
had
I believe
prejudicewhat
to
That, however,
Clouds
137.
THE
INSTITUTE
IO
OF
MEDIAEVAL'
ELMSLEY
TORONTO
PLAGC
",
2494
CAJMAOA,
STL
Oxford
Press
Printed by Frederick Hall,at the University

The Socratic Doctrine of The Soul - John Burnet 1916

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SECOND

Academy, Vol. FII]

for the British

By Humphrey Milford, Oxford

question of genuine philosophicalinterest.

subject,they were, of course, aware

begin by statingthe problem

of Plato, the fortitude of Antisthenes, the

bring the personalityof

just the impression left on

bulky volume, though

reflect the fashions

still true, and

Cebes, Simmias, Phaedo

not, properly speaking, a philosopher,which

respects, all agreed in regarding Socrates

Each of these thinkers had

philosophy was nothing

'. In other words, his

will lead us,

for the last time.

eighteenthirtyyears after the

also disallows the evidence of

then,with Maier* s estimate of the value

these will be allthe

himself has failed to draw, and

and to apply the

discuss the Socratic

like that ! '

accept his conclusion

evidence, though they

speech of Alcibiades, and

report of the speech actually

for instance, that

Aeschylus brought out the

later time, "c.'

old story, but at

the year before the

poverty for going barefoot.

Aristophanes and Amipsias representedhim on the comic

serving before Potidaea,which

of his life till

It will be best, then,

thought for twenty-fourhours.1

infer,I think, that

Symp. 220 c, 3 sqq.

(p. 301 n.)

of his life to the exposure

says Maier,1 to appeal to the

infer that he cannot

suspicion at Athens, and,

afraid of the State, as

charge is just that

evils of old age

strongly his right not

his sole business

of this part of the

Apol. 1 co Kai di]\ovon ro"

deatli rather than

held that the conviction

indeed,that Socrates thought it worth while

he did indicate its nature.