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Conduction
Heat Transfer

HANNA ILYANI ZULHAIMI

OUTLINE
u CONDUCTION: PLANE WALL
u CONDUCTION: MULTI

LAYER PLANE WALL (SERIES)

u CONDUCTION: MULTI

LAYER PLANE WALL (SERIES AND

PARALLEL)
u MULTIPLE

LAYERS WITH CONDUCTION AND CONVECTION

u CONDUCTION: CYLINDER
u CONDUCTION: SHPERE
u CRITICAL

RADIUS OF INSULATION

Conduction: Plane Wall

First consider the plane wall where a
direct application of Fouriers law may
be made. Integration yields:

kA
Q = (T2 T1 )
x

T1
Q

Q = heat rate in direction normal to surface

T2

x = Wall thickness
T1, T2 = the wall face temperature
A = surface area

A plane wall

k = thermal conductivity

Conduction: Plane Wall

u If k varies with T according linear rela3on :

Heat flow through multilayer plane

walls
The temperature gradients in the three
materials are shown, and the heat flow
may be written:

Q = k A A

composite wall

Solving these three equations

simultaneously, the heat flow is written

Q=

Note: the heat flow must

be the same through all
sections.

T T
T T
T2 T1
= k B A 3 2 = kc A 4 3
x A
xB
xc

T1 T4
x A / k A A + xB / k B A + xc / kc A

Heat flow through multilayer plane

walls

Rcond

x
= n
kn A

Q=

T1 T4
RA + RB + RC

A relation quite like Ohms law in

electric-circuit theory

composite wall
Q=
Note: the heat flow must
be the same through all
sections.

Toverall
Rth

Rth = the thermal resistances of the

various materials

EXAMPLE 1

EXAMPLE 1

QUIZ 1
A composite wall is formed of a 2.5-cm copper
plate, a 3.2-mm layer of asbestos, and a 5-cm
layer of glass wool. The wall is subjected to an
overall temperature difference of 560C.
Calculate the heat flux through the composite
structure.
kcopper

= 385 W/m.C

kasbestos = 0.166 W/m.C

Kglass wool = 2.22 W/m.C

THERMAL RESISTANCE
NETWORKS
uTHE

GENERALIZED
FORM FOR THE
THERMAL
RESISTANCE
NETWORK IS BASED
ON THE ELECTRICAL
ANALOGY

uFOR

PARALLEL
PATHS, THE DRIVING
FORCES ARE THE
SAME FOR THE SAME
TERMINAL
TEMPERATURES, AS
PER FIGURE (3-19)

THERMAL RESISTANCE
NETWORKS
uTOTAL

HEAT
TRANSFER

uRESISTANCE

THROUGH EACH
LAYER

uOVERALL

EQUATION

uOVERALL

RESISTANCE FOR
PARALLEL FLOWS:

HEAT FLOW THROUGH PLANE

WALL
q=?

B
A

D
C

Construct the electrical analog

1.1 Heat flow through plane wall

Q=
B
A

D
C

T1 T4
R R
RA + B c + RD
RB + RC

Rcond =

Q=

xn
kn A

T1 T4
xC
xB

x A k B A / 2 kC A / 2 xD
+
+

x
k A A
C
B
k D A
+
k B A / 2 kC A / 2

+ NEWTONS LAW OF COOLING FOR

CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER
RATE

Q conv = hAS (TS T )

(W)

Convection heat transfer

coefficient

Q conv

Rconv

TS T
=
Rconv
1
=
hAS

(0C / W)

Rconv Convection resistance of

surface
Dr. aziye Balku

14

MULTIPLE LAYERS WITH

CONDUCTION AND CONVECTION
uFOR

A SERIES OF LAYERS WHERE

SYSTEM THE FLUX THROUGH EACH
LAYER IS CONSTANT

MULTIPLE LAYERS WITH

CONDUCTION AND CONVECTION
uTHE

FLUX THROUGH EACH LAYER IS THE

SAME, SO:

uIN

TERMS OF RESISTANCE THIS

RELATIONSHIP BECOMES:

MULTIPLE LAYERS WITH

CONDUCTION AND CONVECTION
uIN

OVERALL TERMS, CONSIDER THE

DRIVING FORCE TO BE T1 - T2 AND
THEN EXPRESS THE OVERALL
RESISTANCE AS

uSO

THE OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER CAN

THEN BE EXPRESSED AS

18

HEAT CONDUCTION IN
CYLINDERS
Steady-state heat
conduction

Heat is lost from a hotwater pipe to the air

outside in the radial
direction.
Heat transfer from a long
pipe is one dimensional

Dr. aziye Balku

19

A LONG CYLINDERICAL PIPE

STEADY STATE OPERATION

Q cond ,cyl =

constant

Fouriers law of conduction

Q cond ,cyl

dT
= kA
dr

r2

Q cond ,cyl

r = r1

Q cond ,cyl
Dr. aziye Balku

T1 T2
= 2Lk
ln(r2 / r1 )

T2

dr = kdT
T =T1

A = 2rL

Q cond ,cyl

T1 T2
=
Rcyl

Rcyl

ln(r2 / r1 )
=
2Lk

Heat flow through radial system

Q=

Multilayer cylinder

2 L(T1 T4 )
ln(r2 / r1 ) ln(r3 / r2 ) ln(r4 / r3 )
+
+
kA
kB
kC

Note: the heat flow, q must be

the same through all layers!

EXAMPLE: Combination
Conduction and Convection
A thickwalled tube of stainless steel (A) having k= 21.63 W/m.K with
dimension of 0.0254 m ID and 0.0508 m OD is covered with a 0.0254m thick layer of insulation (B), k= 0.2423 W/m.K . The inside wall
temperature of the pipe is 811 K and outside surface of the insulation
is at 310.8 K. For a 0.305 m length of pipe, calculate the heat loss and
also the temperature at the interface between metal and insulation.

ANSWER

ANSWER

24

CONDUCTION IN SPHERES
FOR A SPHERICAL SYSTEM (HOLLOW
BALL) THE SAME METHOD IS USED:

Q cond , sph

T1 T2
=
Rsph

r2 r1
Rsph =
4 r1r2 k

A = 4r

25

CRITICAL RADIUS OF
INSULATION
CYLINDER

Q=

T1 T
T1 T
=
1
Rins + Rconv ln(r2 / r1 )
+
2Lk
h(2r2 L)

d Q/ dr2 = 0
show

rcr ,cylinder

k
=
h

Thermal conductivity
External convection heat
transfer coefficient
Dr. aziye Balku

26

CHOSING INSULATION
THICKNESS

r2 < rcr
r2 = rcr

max

r2 > rcr
Before insulation check
for critical radius

rcr , sphere
Dr. aziye Balku

2k
=
h

EXAMPLE
An electric wire having diameter of 1.5 mm and covered with
a plastic insulation (thickness = 2.5 mm) is exposed to air at
300 K and ho= 20 W/m2. K. The insulation has a k of 0.4 W/m.
K. It is assumed that the wire surface temperature is constant
at 400 K and it is not affected by the recovering.
a)

Calculate the value of the critical radius

b)

Calculate the heat loss per m of wire length with no

insulation

c)

Repeat (b) for insulation being present

ANSWER

SUMMARY
u Specify
u Solve

appropriate form of the heat equation.

for the temperature distribution.

u Apply

Fouriers Law to determine the heat flux.

Simplest Case: One-Dimensional, Steady-State Conduction with

u Common

Geometries:

The

Plane Wall: Described in rectangular (x) coordinate. Area

perpendicular to direction of heat transfer is constant (independent
of x).

The Tube Wall:

The

Radial conduction through tube wall.

Spherical Shell: Radial conduction through shell wall

Thank you J