Wireless Communications

Dr. R P. Yadav Professor,

Electronics and Communication Department
MNIT, Jaipur
Former Vice Chancellor
Rajasthan Technical University Kota
Former Chairman
North Western Regional Council Chandigarh
AICTE

Outline
Communication Systems
Wireless Communications
Current Wireless Systems
Deteriorating factors
Advantages/Drawbacks
Design challenges
Future of Wireless

Communication Systems
Carrier
Transmitted
signal
Transmitter

Information to
be transmitted
(Baseband signal)

Received
signal
Channel

Receiver

Recovery of
information

Wireless Communications
Transfer of information without electrical conductor/optical fiber
Radio
Free space optical
Sonic
Electromagnetic induction
There are many devices used for wireless communication
mobiles.
Cordless telephones,
satellite television
wireless computer parts.
Current wireless phones include
3G and 4G networks
Bluetooth
Wi-Fi technologies.

Wireless Comes of Age

Guglielmo Marconi invented the wireless telegraph in 1896
Communication by encoding alphanumeric characters in analog
signal
Sent telegraphic signals across the Atlantic Ocean
Communications satellites launched in 1960s
Advances in wireless technology
Radio, television, mobile telephone, communication satellites
More recently
Satellite communications, wireless networking, cellular
technology
5

Current Wireless Systems

Cellular systems
Wireless LANs
Satellite Systems
Paging Systems
Bluetooth
Infrared Communication
Ultra wideband Radios
Zigbee Radios

Wireless Systems: Range Comparison

1m

10 m

100 m

Blueooth

1 Km

WLANs

10 Km

Mobile
Telephony

100 Km

1,000 Km

MW SW
FM
Satellite
Radio Radio Radio Links

Cellular Systems:
Reuse channels to maximize capacity
Geographic region divided into cells
Frequencies/timeslots/codes reused at spatially-separated
locations.
Co-channel interference between same color cells.
Base stations/MTSOs coordinate handoff and control functions
Shrinking cell size increases capacity, as well as networking
burden

BASE
STATIO
N

MTSO

Type of Cells
Global
Satellite
Suburban

Macrocell

Urban

Microcell

In-Building

Picocell

Basic Terminal
PDA Terminal
Audio/Visual Terminal
9

Contd..
Cell radii can vary from 10s of meters in buildings to 100s of
meters in the cities, up to several kms in the countryside.
Macrocells, provide overall area coverage.
Microcells focuses on slow moving subscribers moving
between buildings.
Picocells focuses on the foyer of a theater, or exhibition centre.

10

Cellular Phone Networks

Jaipur

BS

BS

Internet

Mumbai
MTSO

MTSO
PSTN

BS

11

The Wireless Revolution

Cellular is the fastest growing sector of communication industry
(exponential growth since 1982, with over 2 billion users worldwide
today)

Three generations of wireless

First Generation (1G): Analog 25 or 30 KHz FM, voice only, mostly vehicular
communication
Second Generation (2G): Narrowband TDMA and CDMA, voice and low bit-rate
data, portable units.
2.5G increased data transmission capabilities
Third Generation (3G): Wideband TDMA and CDMA, voice and high bit-rate
data, portable units
Fourth Generation (4G): Broadband, all-IP packet switched network , dynamic
sharing of resourcing, IEEE 802.6m standard plus LTE Advanced.

12

Migration from 2G to 3G
Continues to Accelerate

13

Global Handset Demand Remains Strong

Across Multiple Segments

14

How Did We Get This Far in Just 25

Years?
Relentless progress in silicon technology
Higher integration, lower costs ($20 phones readily
available in emerging markets), more capabilities.

Technical advances in air interfaces

Higher efficiency for voice and data services, lower
infrastructure capital costs.

15

An Example: CDMA Network Modems

16

Mobile Processing Power

Changing the Mobile Device

17

Challenge: Battery Technology

is Falling Behind

18

Spectral Efficiency: Significant gains so far,

but reaching theoretical Limits

19

Interference Cancellation in
Action

20

Asynchronous Transmissions
& Frame Staggering

21

SIC Had Been Sitting on the

Bookshelf
Until the perfect storm arrived about 3 years ago
Realization that sum rate capacity could be achieved
without the need of synchronous transmissions and
exponential power distribution
Process technology node transitions
Development of embedded memory technology allowed
large amounts of on-chip memory
Thus we had the ingredients and the recipe, all that was
left was a lot of hard work

22

Two Directions
A. Continue improvements in spectral efficiency
with tighter coordination amongst base stations
B. Change the metrics: Focus on increasing
density of deployment to optimize spectral
efficiency/area.

23

Summary
Continued growth in cell-phone penetration.
Emergence of new class of data-centric
wireless devices.
Battery technology not keeping pace, but
innovative solutions are emerging.
Traditional optimization in wireless technology
reaching its theoretical limits.
Topology, not technology, will provide the next
leap in air interface capacity.
24

Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)

01011011

0101

1011
Internet
Access
Point

WLANs connect local computers (100m range)

Breaks data into packets
Channel access is shared (random access)
Backbone Internet provides best-effort service
Poor performance in some apps (e.g. video)
25

Wireless LAN Standards

802.11b (Current Generation)
Standard for 2.4GHz ISM band (80 MHz)
Frequency hopped spread spectrum
1.6-10 Mbps, 500 ft range
802.11a (Emerging Generation)
Standard for 5GHz NII band (300 MHz)
OFDM with time division
20-70 Mbps, variable range
Similar to HiperLAN in Europe
802.11g (New Standard)
Standard in 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands
OFDM
Speeds up to 54 Mbps

26

Satellite Systems
Cover very large areas
Different orbit heights
GEOs (39000 Km) versus LEOs (2000 Km)
Optimized for one-way transmission
Radio (XM, DAB) and movie (SatTV) broadcasting
Most two-way systems are struggling or bankrupt
Expensive alternative to terrestrial system
A few ambitious systems on the horizon

27

Ad-hoc Networks
Ad Hoc Network is a multi-hop relaying network
In 1994, Bluetooth proposed by Ericsson to develop a
short-range, low-power, low complexity, and inexpensive
radio interface
WLAN 802.11 spec. is proposed in 1997

28

Difference Between Cellular and

Ad-hoc Networks

29

Cont

30

Applications of Ad-hoc Networks

Military Applications
Establishing communication among a group of soldiers for
tactical operations
Coordination of military object moving at high speeds such as
fleets of airplanes or ships
Requirements: reliability, efficiency, secure communication,
Requirements: reliability, efficiency, secure communication, and
multicasting routing,

Collaborative and Distributed Computing

Conference, distributed files sharing

Emergency Operations
Search, rescue, crowd control, and commando operations
Support real-time and fault-tolerant communication paths
31

Issues in Ad Hoc Wireless

Networks

Medium access scheme

Routing, Multicasting, TPC protocol
Pricing scheme, QoS, Self-organization
Security, Energy management Security,
Energy management
Addressing and service discovery
Deployment considerations

32

Medium Access Scheme

Distributed operation
fully distributed involving minimum control overhead

Synchronization

Mandatory for TDMA-based systems

Hidden terminals

Can significantly reduce the throughput of a MAC protocol

Exposed terminals

To improve the efficiency of the MAC protocol, the exposed

nodes should be allowed to transmit in a controlled fashion
without causing collision to the on-going data transfer

Access delay
33

The Major Issues of MAC

Scheme
Throughput and access delay

To minimize the occurrence of collision, maximize channel

utilization, and minimize control overhead

Fairness

Equal share or weighted share of the bandwidth to all

competing nodes

Real-time traffic support

Resource reservation

Such as BW, buffer space, and processing power

Capability for power control

Adaptive rate control
Use of directional antennas

34

The Major Challenge of Routing

Protocol
Mobility result in frequent path break, packet collision,
and difficulty in resource reservation
Bandwidth constraint: BW is shared by every node
Error-prone and share channel: high bit error rate
Location-dependent contention: distributing the network
load uniformly across the network
Other resource constraint: computing power, battery
power, and buffer storage

35

The Major Requirement of

Routing Protocol

Minimum route acquisition delay

Quick route reconfiguration: to handle path breaks
Loop-free routing
Distributed routing approach
Minimum control overhead Minimum control overhead
Scalability
Provisioning of QoS:

supporting differentiated classes of services

Support for time-sensitive traffic

Security and privacy
36

Quality of Service Provisioning

QoS often requires negotiation between the host and the
network, resource reservation schemes, priority
scheduling and call admission control
QoS in Ad hoc wireless networks can be on a per flow,
per link, or per node
Qos Parameters: different applications have different
requirements

Multimedia: bandwidth and delay are the key parameters

Military: BW, delay, security and reliability
Emergency search and-rescue: availability is the key
parameters, multiple link disjoint paths
WSN: battery life, minimum energy consumption
37

Self-Organization
An important property that an ad hoc wireless network
should exhibit is organizing and maintaining the network
by itself
Major activities: neighbour discovery, topology
organization, and topology reorganization
Ad hoc wireless networks should be able to perform selforganization quickly and efficiently

38

Scalability
The latency of path-finding involved with an on-demand
routing protocol in a large ad hoc wireless network may
be unacceptably high
A hierarchical topology-based system and addressing
may be more suitable for large ad-hoc wireless networks

39

Deteriorating factors
Channel_
Medium through which communication is being held
and as we are talking about wireless this is the radio
propagation channel

Channel provides the connectivity between

transmitter and receiver but the same time it exhibits many
different forms of channel impairment

40

Deteriorating factors
Additive Channel Impairment
o
o
o
o

Thermal Noise
AWGN
Reduces signal detect ability at the receiver side
Can be compensated with high SNR

Multiplicative Channel Impairment

o
o

Multipath propagation
Reduction in usable frequency spectrum

41

Multiplicative impairment
Frequency dispersion

Fading
Received signal strength fluctuations
Long term Fading
Shadowing and variation in the distances
Slow rate and can be compensated with Power
control
Short term fading
Multipath propogation
Diversity and Error correction coding are used
to compensate

Multiplicative impairment
Time dispersion

Inter Symbol Interference (ISI)

Overlapping in adjacent symbol time

Can be compensated with use of Equalisers in case of

FDMA/TDMA systems and Rake receivers in case of CDMA
systems

43

Types of Small-Scale Fading

44

Physical Factors Influencing Fading in Mobile Radio

Channel
(MRC)
1) Multipath Propagation
And strength of multipath signals
time delay of signal arrival
large path length differences large differences in delay between
signals
urban area with many buildings distributed over large spatial scale
large # of strong multipath signals with only a few having a large
time delay
suburb with nearby office park or shopping mall
moderate # of strong multipath signals with small to moderate
delay times
rural few multipath signals (LOS + ground reflection)

45

Physical Factors Influencing Fading in Mobile Radio

Channel
(MRC)
2) Speed of Mobile
relative motion between base station & mobile causes
random frequency modulation due to Doppler shift (fd)
Different multipath components may have different
frequency shifts.
3) Speed of Surrounding Objects
also influence Doppler shifts on multipath signals
dominates small-scale fading if speed of objects > mobile
speed
otherwise ignored
46

Physical Factors Influencing Fading in Mobile Radio

Channel
(MRC)
4)Tx signal bandwidth (Bs)
The mobile radio channel (MRC) is modeled as filter with
specific bandwidth (BW)
The relationship between the signal BW & the MRC BW
will affect fading rates and distortion, and so will determine:
a) if small-scale fading is significant
b) if time distortion of signal leads to inter-symbol
interference (ISI)
An MRC can cause distortion/ISI or small-scale fading, or
both.
But typically one or the other
47

48

Path Loss

49

Channel Fading

50

Short term fading Solutions

DIVERSITY More than one independently faded version of the transmitted
signal so that if one multipath undergoes a deep fade another
path signal may provide a strong input
Frequency Diversity
Time Diversity
Space Diversity

These independently faded signal components at the output of

demodulator are combined with techniques
Maximal Ratio Combining
Equal gain combining
Selective combining

Short term fading Solutions

ERROR CORRECTION CODE
For independent symbol error

Block length codes

Get the coding gain with Controlled redundancy

For Bursty error enviornment

Correlated (Fading) channel

Negative effect over coding gain
Coding scheme with interleaving
Delay
Hardware memory units

Advantages of Wireless Communication

Any data or information can be transmitted faster and with a high
speed
Maintenance and installation is less cost for these networks.
The internet can be accessed from anywhere wirelessly
It is very helpful for workers, doctors working in remote areas as
they can be in touch with medical centers.

53

Disadvantages of Wireless Communication

An unauthorized person can easily capture the wireless signals
which spread through the air.
It is very important to secure the wireless network so that the
information cannot be misused by unauthorized users
Lack of compatibility makes it cumbersome to design and upgrade
the existing systems.

54

Design Challenges
Hardware Design
Precise components
Small, lightweight, low power
Cheap
High frequency operations
System Design
Converting and transferring information
High data rates
Robust to noise and interference
Supports many users
Network Design
Connectivity and high speed
Energy and delay constrains
55

Future of wireless
Satellite and Space communication
Internet of things
Communication for the smart grid
Access system and netwok
Wireless sensor network
Green Wireless Communication Design
Wireless optical broadband access network (WOBAN)
Next Generation Mobile Networks
In Medical
Implanted devices
Remote surgery
56

Top Technology Trends in

2015
1. 5G
2. FIBER EVERYWHERE
3. VIRTUALIZATION, SDN & NFV
4. EVERYWHERE CONNECTIVITY FOR IoT & IoE
5. COGNITIVE NETWORKS, BIG DATA
6. CYBERSECURITY
7. GREEN COMMUNICATIONS
8. SMARTER SMARTPHONES, CONNECTED SENSORS
9. NETWORK NEUTRALITY, INTERNET GOVERNANCE
10. MOLECULAR COMMUNICATIONS

Thank You

58