Personality The unique way in which each individual thinks, acts, and feels

throughout life
Freud, psychoanalysis, the importance of unconscious processes, three levels
of awareness (conscious, preconscious, unconscious)
o Psychoanalytic perspective Sigmund Freud
o Levels of awareness
Conscious mind Contact with the outside world
Preconscious mind Material just underneath the surface of
awareness (what day of the week it is)
Unconscious mind Difficult to retrieve material; well below the
surface of awareness
Freud believed that the unconscious mind was the most
important determining factor in human behavior and
personality
Id From birth on Immediate gratification (Remember Id = It)
o Pleasure principle If it feels good, do it (no matter the consquences)
Ego Forms in first 6-8 months
o Reality principle What is real and what is not (Lets the Id get what it
wants as long as there are no negative consequences)
o Mediates between id and superego (finding compromises that will
satisfy both), looks for safe and realistic ways to fill ids needs,
responsible for defense mechanisms
Superego 3rd-5th year Sense of right and wrong
o Conscience Guilt punish yourself
o Ego ideal Pride reward yourself
Erogenous zones Pleasure zones of the body
Sublimation Taking the base drive and turning it into something useful
Psychosexual stages of development (know the order in which the stages
occur, the erogenous zones that are linked to the first 3 stages, and signs of
fixation at the different stages)
o 1. Oral stage (birth-18mo.) Sucking, biting, chewing (problems arise
from weaning)
o 2. Anal stage (18-36mo.) Defecation, urination (problems arise from
toilet training)
Anal retentive personality Uptight, neat, stingy, OCD
Anal expulsive personality Messy, temper tantrums
o 3. Phallic stage (3-6years) Masturbation, lusting after opposite parent
(Oedipus complex),
Castration anxiety Fear of having their penis chopped off (most
traumatic experience of your life)
Penis envy The belief that girls are jealous of not having a
penis
o 4. Latency stage (6 years-adolescence) Ego steps forwards (starts
school)
o 5. Genital stage (adult) erogenous zones work together for pleasure

Defense mechanisms Controlled by the ego

Used to reduce the anxiety caused by unresolved conflicts, they
distort reality, they are unconscious processes
o Denial DENYING that there is a problem
o Repression Motivated forgetting; You REPRESS your memories
o Regression Grownup coping strategies not working so you REGRESS
back to childish actions
o Reaction formation When you think the ID will do something so bad
you REACT and become the exact opposite (hurt children overly
protective)
o Projection PROJECTING bad feeling you have in others
o Rationalization When it is the ID vs. the Superego, the Superego will
RATIONALIZE an excuse as to why an action is ok
o Displacement DISPLACING anger or sexual desires on another object
Jung He believed there was not only a personal unconscious, there was also
a collective unconscious
Adler Believed that people developed feelings of inferiority when compared
to more powerful people
Horney Believed that men had womb envy
Humanistic theory Something that is blocking your growth, third force in
personality theory, focus on freedom of choice, self-actualization,
unconditional positive regard, problems arise when there is a discrepancy
between the real self and the ideal self, people associated with this approach
include Maslow and Rogers
Bandura, reciprocal determinism, self efficacy, 3 factors that influence
personality
Trait approach, this approach describes rather than explains
Allport He believed that some traits are more enduring and general than
others
o Cardinal traits Not many people have. It affects your entire life all the
time
o Central traits Everyone has (shy, happy, love of popcorn,)
o Secondary traits Least enduring and general (Origami, collections,
movies)
Cattell He used factor analysis (made up of surface traits and source traits)
The big five personality factors, know the five factors and be able to
recognize a description of someone who ranks high (or low) on each factor
o Openness (inventive/curious vs. consistent/cautious)
o Conscientiousness (efficient/organized vs. easy-going/careless)
o Extraversion (outgoing/energetic vs. solitary/reserved)
o Agreeableness (friendly/compassionate vs. cold/unkind)
o Neuroticism (sensitive/nervous vs. secure/confident)

The books definition of psychological disorder Any patterned behavior that

causes people significant distress, causes them to harm themselves or
others, or harms their ability to function in daily life
Biological model Physical issue in the body causing the fear
Psychodynamic model Issues in the mind
Behavioral approach All behavior you do is because you were
reinforced
o Cognitive perspective Flaws in your thinking
Anxiety disorders Excessive or unrealistic anxiety
o Generalized anxiety disorder Anxious, worries all the time, lasts days
or weeks, hypercritical to criticism, loses interest in life
o Panic disorder Has reoccurring panic attacks
Panic attack Elevated heart rate
o Post-traumatic stress disorder Anxiousness after a traumatic event
Phobic disorder
o Agoraphobia Fear of leaving your home or room
o Specific phobia Fear of a SPECIFIC object or situation
o Social phobia Fear of SOCIAL situations, intense shyness
Obsessive compulsive disorder
o Obsession Thoughts (Repetitive, worrisome, intrusive)
o Compulsion Behaviors (Counting, hand washing)
Somatoform disorders The belief that you are physically ill
o Hypochondriasis Constant worrying about health
o Somatization disorder Imagining being sick for the drama
o Conversion disorder Using sickness almost as an excuse
Dissociative disorders Motivated forgetting
o Dissociative amnesia Highly emotional forgetting
o Dissociative fugue Going to a new place and starting a new life
without being able to remember your old life
o Dissociative identity disorder Multiple personalities disorder
Mood disorders A disturbance in emotion
o Major depression More than just being sad; unbearably miserable, no
joy in life
o Bipolar disorder Either having major depression or extreme mania/joy
Symptoms of schizophrenia A person who has lost touch with reality
Negative symptoms Losing something that normal people have
Positive symptoms Gaining something that normal people
dont have
o Delusions Believing something that is not true
o Hallucinations Seeing, hearing, feeling something that is not there
o Inappropriate emotional responses
Dopamine Drugs can block this from being produced which can help stop
hallucinations
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Psychotherapy Therapy for mental disorders that in which a person with a

problem talks with a psychological professional

Psychoanalysis Bring repressed memories or conflict back to your memory

o Free association Telling your therapist everything that comes into
your mind
o Resistance When your therapist gets near a repressed memory you
start to RESIST
o Transference TRANSFERRING feelings you have for other onto your
therapist
o Dream interpretation Trying to interpret dreams
Manifest content What happened during dream
Latent content Hidden meaning of your dream
Carl Rogers, person-centered therapy, nondirective, active listening,
unconditional positive regard, empathy, authenticity
Behavior therapy focuses on removing the symptom (not on insights)
Systematic desensitization (anxiety hierarchy, relaxation training), aversion
therapy, flooding
Behavior modification, token economy
Modeling
Cognitive therapy, it is not the event but our interpretation of the event that
leads to negative emotions, change the thoughts to change the emotions,
often used to treat depression, Ellis rational-emotive therapy
What is the goal of family therapy?
Book s definition of biomedical therapy
What are antipsychotic drugs used for?
What is lithium used for?
Electroconvulsive therapy - What is it? What is it used to treat?
Prefrontal lobotomy, invented by Moniz