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lndian Standard
( Reaffirmed 1998 )
(,
Second Revision)
r
Second Reprint MAY 1993
l.
UDC
62415911 : 6219-12
0 Copydghf 1982
BUREAU
OF
INDIAN
MANAK BHAVAN,
9 BAHADUR
STANDARDS
SHAH
NEW DELHI 110002
Gr 6
ZAPAR
MAIt0
December 1982
Indian Standard
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
MACHINE FOUNDATIONS
PART I
OF
FOUNDATION
FOR RECIPROCATING
TYPE MACHINES
( Second Revision )
Foundation
Engineering
Sectional
Chairman
PROS DINESH MOHAN
Committee,
BDC 43
Representing
Central
Building
Roorkee
Research
Central
Building
Roorkee
Research
Institute
( CSIR ),
MWLhS
Dg R. K. BHANDA~I
Institute
( CSIR ),
Gqyri~ht 1982
Members
( Continuedon puge 22 )
Indian Seandard
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTlON
MACHINE FOUNDATIONS
PART
OF
FOUNDATION
FOR RECIPROCATING
TYPE MACHINES
( Second Revision )
0.
0.1
the
by
by
FOREWORD
0.2 Installation
of heavy machinery has assumed increased importance
in the wake of the vast programme
of industrial
development
in the
Foundations
for these machines have to be specially designed
country.
taking into consideration
the impact and vibration characteristics
of the
load and the properties of soil under dynamic conditions.
While many
of the special features relating to ;he design and construction of such
machines foundations will have to be as advised by the manufacturers
of these machines, still a large part of the details will have to be according to certain general principles of design covering machine foundations.
This standard
is intended
to lay down these general
principles.
This part, which is the first of a series of standards
relating
to
machine
foundations,
deals with machines of the reciprocating
type for
which rigid-block
type foundations are generally used. This standard was
first published in 1964 and revised in 1969. In this revision, the principal
modifications
made are in respect to providing additional information of
pile foundation, grouting and inclusion of guidelines
for installation
of
anti-vibration
mountings and testing and measurement of vibration.
0.3 For
standard
pressing
with IS
rounded
standard.
( reoised
).
2. TERMINOLOGY
2.0 For the purpose of this standard,
shall apply ( see Fig. 1 ).
Lateral
p.
Longitudinal
Vertical
PV
p,
Pitching
Ma
Rocking
MU
M.
Yawing
FIG. 1
the definitions
of the following
term
of the
ground
direct
carrying
load
contact
with,
at machine
operation
or both, acting in the
couple at machine
frequency, or both,
operation
acting
in
2.4 Torque
2.4.1 Harmonic Torque Reaction - Turning
moment
X<, the frequencies
of which depend on number
configuration
of the machine.
in plane of axes
of cylinders
and
2.5 Periodic
Motion - The motion which
repeats itself in all its
particulars at regular intervals of time is called the periodic motion.
2.5.1
regular
not repeat
itself at
of proportionality
Constant ( C ) - Constant
with instantaneous velocity of motion.
Damping
damping
at which the
system
2.7 Amplitude
of Motion - The distance
position of rest when subjected to vibration.
relating
constant
that a body
( C ) to the
moves from
motion
repeats
its
itself
Natural
Pisturbing
Frequency ( fn
Frequency -
)-
the
foundation block
The frequency
The
frequency
The frequency
and soil.
expressed
in radians
of free vibration
of a periodic
per
of a
force.
(f/f ) -
frequency
to
VERTICAL
YAWING
TC HING
Lateral
PZ
Pitching
&!I
Longitudinal
PV
PC
Rocking
WV
%z
Vertical
FIG. 2
2.12
SYSTZM
Mass-Spring
Yawing
to the crank
shaft.
Syste?
by a number
2.12.1 Single Mass Spring System - A rigid body supported
of springs, such a system has six natural frequencies,
three of them being
translational
or three Cartesian, co-ordinate axes and the other three being
rotational on three planes in a Cartesian co-ordinate system.
number of rigid bodies connect2.12.2 Multiple Mass-Spring System -A
ed by a series of relatively flexible springs. The natural freqencies depend
on the number of degrees of freedom being defined as the number of
co-ordinates
required to identify a point on the rigid body.
2.13 Fatigue
Factor or Fatigue Coefficient - The factor of safety
utilized to obtain equivalent static force for a dynamic force so as to take
care of reduction in the strength of the concrete and steel due to repeated
loading.
The factor should be assumed as 3 unless otherwise specified.
given in Appendix
4. NECESSARY
DATA
A shall apply.
should provide
information
as outlined
manu-
General
a) Description
b) Operating
c) Number
of driving
and driven
and arrangement
e) Maximum
of cylinders,
rated
output,
machinery,
4.1.2
- The
in 4.1.1 to 4.1.3.
operating
temperature
and
in the bases of the machine.
4.1.2.2 A detailed drawing showing the position and sire of mounting feet and details of holding down bolts.
4.1.3
forces,
b) External
primary
c) External
secondary
d) Harmonic
couples,
couples,
and
torques.
due to dynamic
b) Loads
due to an abnormal
driven machine
to specific machines,
and
and
as given
f
LL.__.---~____.__
_..
to use anti-vibration
The
mountings,
following
soil data
at different
CRITERIA
5.1 General
5.1.1 The
fou:l(lation
structure
of machine
shai! be iso!a[etl at all
levels from the main bt~i!ling
and frorn other foundations
as far as
possible.
5.1.2 Overhanging
cantilevers
ensure rigid,ity against vibt ation.
where unavoidable
shall he c!esigned
to
c) Limits
and
of structural
of damage
borne vibrations
to building
to
structuics,
to ensure confort
ivear
of ground
of person,
resulting
in
IS : 2974 ( Part
I ) - 1982
5.3 Permissible
Amplitudes
100
75
50
+4
J;
;
20
25
15
&
0
10
7*5
0*25
10
20
DISTURBING
Line ZDD
Line ABB
IIese
FIG.
50
100
160
FREQUENCY
NUTE -
30
to Persons
Comfort to PwsonT
~PLITUDE
IJMITS
11
OF FOUNGATION
I!$LOCK
(Hz 1
Foundation
Design
are
the
to
be
Cellular
foundations
may be used in special cases where it is
necessary to maintain
the rigidity of a block foundation but with mass
saving of concrete.
Wherever
possible provision
shall be made
in
cellular foundations to acid mass by filling the voids to adjust the natural
frequency of foundation block provided this does not result in additional
settlement.
5.4.2 Dimensions of Concrete Foundation Blocks of the concrete foundation blocks, the following
allowed.
5.4.2.1
machine.
Mass
of the
foundation
shall be greater
than
that
of the
The
proportion
of foundation
natural
of foundations
pressure
frequencies
by empirical
of a
and
rules,
load,
The relationship
between
the exciting
frequency of the foundation-soil
system,
e) Calculated
f 1 Influence
amplitudes
in the various
frequency
and natural
modes of vibration,
and
Appendix
B aives the design procedure
for an unlamped
However, damping can also be considered in certain cases.
system.
dynamic
elastic
modulus
of concrete
may
be
Grades of Concrete
kgf/cm
M 15
250 000
M 20
300 000
M 25
340 000
M 30
370 000
5.4.3.3 The
soil stress below the foundations
shall not exceed
in
80 percent of the allowable stress under static loading determined
When seismic force: are considered
accordance
with IS : 6403-1981;.
allowable stress in the soil shall be increased
as specified in IS : 18.+319751.
5.4.4 Supporting
foundation
blocks on end-bearing
or friction piles
shall be considered
in cases where there is need to make a signifi-ant
change in frequency in one or more modes of vibration or dead loads.
Pile caps where used as a foun.-lation block shall be of such a size as
LOmeet all design criteria, and be not less than 60 cm thick.
5.4.4.1 Rrquiremsnt of pilcdfoundations - The
adoption of piled foundation are as follows:
most usual
reasons
for
a) When pressure on the soil under the block exceeds the permissible
bearing pressure;
*Code of practice
13
b)
of a block
foundation
are in
borne
3.4.4.2 Eualuation of pile soil stiffness - Pile soil stiffness factors both
in vertical and horizontal ( see IS : 9716-1581*
) modes of vibration shall
In cases,
Preferably
be determined
by conducting
in situ test on piles.
where it becomes difficult to conduct this test, the values can be taken
The centre of gravity of the system,
from some standard publications.
that is, foundation and machine shall be located within 5 percent of the
length of foundation
to concerned
axis with respect to the centre of
gravity of the pile group.
5.4.4.3
Design considerations
a)
b)
After evaluating
the pile-soil
stiffness,
the design shall be
carried out in the same way as for the block foundation
resting
directly on soil.
b)
while arranging
the
Reinforcement
the height
c>Ifreinforcement
directions,
and
(0 Reinforcemc,it
5.4.6
Anti-Vibration Mountings
Depending
upon
the anti-vibration
a) Between
machinery
b) between
a foundation
and foundation,
block
and
the
and
and a supporting
system.
6. CONSTRUCTION
6.1 Concrete -
Cement
Grout
Grouting
to avoid trapping
air.
Air
6.4.6 Exposed
surfaces of grout and concrete shall
given two coats of an oil and alkali resistant coating.
16
be prepared
and
AND MEASUREMENT
OF VIBRATION
7.1 General
- Testing
of a foundation
block prior
to the initial
be carried out to
running of the machinery
may, where warranted
determine the natural frequencies in various modes of vibration and the
amplitudes
due to dynamic forces likely to occur either during normal
runnin,g or during
emergency
or adverse running
conditions
of the
machine.
The observation
can also be made during the operation of
machines.
7.2 Excitation
- In case where blocks are to be tested prior to the
running of machines,
foundation
blocks may be excited either by an
electromagnetic
or hydraulic
vibrator.
The block shall be excited in
same modes of vibration
as is expected from the operating machinery.
The amplitudes
of motion which can be induced
with a scale down
disturbing
force may be significantly smaller than those expected in the
operation of machine.
Allowance may have to be made for the n-nlinearity of soil response.
7.3
Measurements
piezo
electric
type or geo-
The
with
7.3.4 Transducers
shall preferably
be placed on extremities
of the
upper-most surface of the block and as near as possible to the axis of X
and Y ( see Fig. 1 ).
7.3.5 In order to gain full picture of the behaviour of a block, it shall
be desirable
to use a multiple
channel
recorder
with filter, single
channel recorder can also be used in small installations.
7.3.6 It shall be preferable
to use Vibration
Analyser
measure frequency and amplitude of vibrationsimultaneously.
17
which
can
APPENDIX
( Clause 3.1 )
NOTATIONS
DESCRIPTION
SYMBOL
Area
Aa
to
cm
AZ
Vertical
amplitude
vertical force Pz
subjected
to
cm
A4
Rotational
amplitude of foundation subjected
horizontal force Pa and moment Mi
to
radian
Damping
Critical
of foundation
in contact
UNIT
of
with soil
foundation
cm2
constant
dimensionless
damping
kg-s/cm
Coefficient
of elastic uniform
compression
Coefficient
of elastic uniform
shear of soil
Coefficient
of soil
of elastic
Eccentricity
non-uniform
of eccentric
weight
of Soil
kg/cm3
compression
of rotating
kg/cm3
kg/cm3
parts
cm
Frequency
C/S
fn
Natural
C/S
_fk&2
f,,l,f,,2,f,,3
nz
fnz
frequency
frequency
frequency
18
c/s
c/s
of foundation
c/s
of foundation
c/s
fn4
DESCRIPTION
Rotational
resonance
and soil system
frequency
UNIT
of foundation
CIS
cm
Moment
of inertia of contact area with respect to the axis of rotation passing through
the centroid of the area
cm4
Stiffness
kg/cm
Distance
from mass centre of gravity of the
vibrating system with respect to the axis of
rotation
of spring
moment
cm
Mi
Dynamic
MVS
kg-cm-s2
kg-cm-s2
Mass of vibrating
kg-s2/cm
m.
Mass of eccentric
P,
Oscillating
force applied
gravity of vibrating mass
Weight
Eccentric
distance
from centroid
of contact
area of foundation
with soil to the C G of
mass of machine and foundation
cm
Circular
frequency
radian/s
wn
Circular
natural
radian/s
kg/cm
system
weight of rotating
of foundation
at the
parts
centre
kg -sz/cm
of
and machine
frequency
19
kg
kg
IS : 2974 (Part
I ) - 1982
APPENDIX
( Clause 5.4.3 )
ANALYSIS FOR THE DETERMTNATPOM OF NATURAL
FREQUENCIES
AND AMPLITUDES
OF FOUNDATIONS
ACCOMPANIED
BY SIMULTANEOUS
ROTATPON,
SLIDING AND VERTICAL
DISPLACEMENT
( MASS
SPRING ANOLOGY )
B-l.
Limiting
frequencies
Natural
shall
Frequencies
be calculated
z-
allt,f
n5
B-2. Check
Tllc
limiting
nalural
as follows:
CT4
4x m
on Design
B-2.1 When
the centre
of gravity
of mass of n:achinc
and founration
and centroid
of contact
area of foundation
lie on the same vertical
line,
the vertical
vibralion
of foundaticn
is independent
of vibrations
in
The natural
horizontal
direction
and rotation
about the horizontai
axis.
frequencies
should be calculated
as follows:
where
Y = M,/Mmo.
Amplitudes
Az =
are calculated
as follows:
nzoe oJ2
2/ -( k--_-m
&2 )2
(yz-3
20
$I-,WL+GAL2
Ax =
AdJ -
& ( GA
M,,,d
) Pz f
2 ) (<,f -
CrALMi
f2 )
m w2 ) Mi
16~4mM,(fnl-f2)(~~-f2)
B-2.4 Plot
the
expression
on
the
right
natural
frequencies
of the foundation.
Fig. 2.
913
A typical
plot is sholvn in
B-3. Dynamic
consideration
pwssu!T.
21
calculated
taking into
with the soil bearing
page 2 )
FotIndations
Subject
to Dynamic
Idoads Subcommittee,
BDC 43 : 1
Representing
Engineers
Snnr J. K. BAGCITT ( Allernnl~
Shri T. K. I>. Munsi )
SHRI N. K. EAdl:
SHRI CHANDILA Pit \R.\SH
DIRECWR ( TCD )
DY DIIX ,ZCTOR ( TCI)
Dn M. K. G~JPTA
Srrar A. 2. MIJKHERJFE
to
C(mindia
Company
Limited,
Bombav
Building
Research
Institute
Roorkee
Central Electricity
Authority,
New Delhi
) ( /lI!entni~ \i
University
OT Roorkee,
Roorkee
Metallurgical
8r Engineering
Consultants
Limited,
Ranchi
Central
( CSIR).
( India )
( iilternote )
Development
Consultants
Limited,
Calcutta
A. K. MUTCHEIX~EE
SHRI S. K. M.\~unr,
( .Uernnle )
National
Thermal
Power
Corporation
Limited,
SHRI P. c. r\jlO
New Delhi
SJWI Asrro~ TILER~N ( Alternnte )
Bharat Heavy Electricals
Limited,
Bhopal
SHRI M. V. PANI?IT
S,IRI E. C. Il. C. REDDY ( AZter,zate )
The Fertilizer
( Planning
& Development
) India
SKRI D. H. P!>~EL
Limited,
Dhanbad
SHRT S. P. GARAI ( Alferrznte)
Struc$;;tangincering
Research
Centre ( CSIR ),
Dn !?.ficrNrVxSuLU
SHRI
DIL N.
SRRI
I,AlCSHM.\N.\N
f dternate
Cement
Si~I~:\s~rav.i
Sfcltr S. K. Clr ~TIE~:.TEIC
( /Ilter?rde )
0.
s.
DR V. V. S. R \o
Nacadi
Corporation
Consultants
22
of India,
Private
New Delhi
Limited.
New Delhi
BUREAU
OF
INDIAN
STANDARDS
Headquarters:
Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, NEW DELHI 110002
Talephones : 331 01 31, 331 13 75
Telegrams : Manaksanrtha
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Telephones
Regional Oflces:
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: Manak Bhevan, 9 Behedur Sh8h Zafar Mrrg,
[ 331 01 31
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384955.
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66716
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[ 621 17
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695035
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*Soles Off~cein Calcutta is at 5 Chowrlnghsr Approach, P.O. Prlncsp
Street, Calcutta 700072
39
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AMENDMENT NO. 1
NOVEbiBER 1985
TO
IS:2974(Part l)-1982 CODE OF PRACTICE FOR DESIGN
AND CONSTRUCTION OF MACHINE FOUNDATIONS
PART 1
(SecondRevision)
Corrbendum
----
(Em 43)
Printed at Simco Printing Press
Delhi, India