Swedish College of

Engineering &
Technology Rahim
Yar

Prepaid By:
Engr Muhammad
Imran
Group Members:
Muhammad Awais
Sharif
M.umer Farooq
Sammiullah

[PI MODUL OF
TRANSMISSION LINE]
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Pi Model of Transmission Line

Theoretical Background:
In 1706 a little-known mathematics teacher William Jones first used a symbol to represent the
platonic concept of pi, an ideal that in numerical terms can be approached, but never reached.
Patricia Rothman discusses Joness significance among his contemporaries and the unique
archive

that

forms his

legacy. -

See

more at:

http://www.historytoday.com/patricia-

rothman/william-jones-and-his-circle-man-who-invented-pi#sthash.Nz0W2roi.dpuf
Mathematical analysis of the behavior of electrical transmission lines grew out of the work
of James Clerk Maxwell, Lord Kelvin and Oliver Heaviside. In 1855 Lord Kelvin formulated a
diffusion model of the current in a submarine cable. The model correctly predicted the poor
performance of the 1858 trans-Atlantic submarine telegraph cable. In 1885 Heaviside published
the first papers that described his analysis of propagation in cables and the modern form of
the telegrapher's equations.

Description

For a transmission line, the resistance, inductance, and capacitance are uniformly distributed
along the line. An approximate model of the distributed parameter line is obtained by cascading
several identical PI sections, as shown in the following figure.

Circuit Diagram:

Unlike the Distributed Parameter Line block, which has an infinite number of states, the PI
section linear model has a finite number of states that permit you to compute a linear statespace model. The number of sections to be used depends on the frequency range to be
represented.
An approximation of the maximum frequency range represented by the PI line model is given by
the following equation:

fmax=
Nv8ltot
where
For example, for a 100 km aerial line having a propagation speed of 300,000 km/s, the
maximum frequency range represented with a single PI section is approximately 375 Hz. For
studying interactions between a power system and a control system, this simple model could be
sufficient. However for switching surge studies involving high-frequency transients in the kHz
range, much shorter PI sections should be used. In fact, you can obtain the most accurate
results by using a distributed parameters line model.
Frequency used for rlc specifications
Frequency f, in 50 hertz (Hz), at which per unit length r, l, c parameters are specified.
Hyperbolic correction is applied on RLC elements of each line section using this
frequency.
Resistance per unit length
The resistance per unit length of the line, in ohms/km (/km).
Inductance per unit length
The inductance 1e-3 per unit length of the line, in henries/km (H/km). This parameter
can not be zero, because it would result in an invalid propagation speed computation.
Capacitance per unit length
The capacitance 1e-6 per unit length of the line, in farads/km (F/km). This parameter can
not e zero, because it would result in an invalid propagation speed computation.
Number of pi sections
The number of PI sections. The minimum value is 1.
Measurements
Select Input and output voltages to measure the sending end (input port) and receiving
end (output port) voltages of the line model.

Application Of PI Model:
The user can connect multiple pi section in series to form an equivalent for a long
transmission line.
EMTP will need to compute all of the intermediate node voltage.
Line constants program can be used to create coupled pi data.

Matlab Tools:

Resistor
Capacitor
Voltage Measurement
Current Measurement
Scope
RL Load
Ac voltage source

Powergui
Graphical user interface for the analysis of circuits
and systems
Library:
Powerlib ( in Simulink)
Demonstration

1. Simulation using a continuous solver

Start the simulation and observe line voltage and
load current transients during load switching and
note that the simulation starts in steady-state.
Use the zoom buttons of the oscilloscope to observe
the transient voltage.
2. Using the Powergui to obtain steady-state
phasors and set initial states
Open the Powergui block and select "Steady State
Voltage and Currents" to measure the steady-state
voltage and current phasors..
Using the Powergui select now Initial States
Setting to obtain the initial state values (voltage
across capacitors and current in inductances).
Now, reset all the initial states to zero by clicking the
to zero" button and then "Apply" to confirm
changes. Restart the simulation and observe
transients at simulation starting.
Fig. 6 Powergui Block

3. Discretizing your circuit and simulating at fixed steps

The Powergui block can also be used to discretize your circuit and simulate it at fixed
steps.
Open the Powergui. Select Discretize electrical model" and specify a sample time of
50e-6 s. The state-space model will now be discretized using trapezoidal fixed step
integration. The precision of results is now imposed by the sample time. Restart the
simulation and compare simultion results

with the continuous integration method. Vary the sample time of the discrete system
and note the impact on precision of fast transients.

4. Using the phasor simulation method

You will now use a third simulation technique. The "phasor simulation" method consists
to replace the circuit state-space model by a set of algebraic equations evaluated at a
fixed frequency and to replace sinusoidal voltage and current sources by phasors
(complex numbers). This method allows a fast computation of voltage and current
phasors at a selected frequency, disregarding fast transients. It is particularly efficient to
study electromechanical transients of generators and motors involving low frequency
oscillation modes.

Procedure:
Open the mat lab software.
Then open the simmulink in mat lab.
Now we have to chose required parameters from simmulink i.e. voltage
measurement, current measurement,ac voltage source,RLC load, resistor,
capacitor& inductor.
Now double click on each parameter to arrange the following value.
Capacitance= 10e6
Frequency=50
Nominal voltage= 100kv
Active Power=10e3
Inductive reactive power=100
Peak amplitude=150
Inductance= 100
Resistance=
Now run the model.

 Matlab Digram:

Graph: