Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Block Diagram
This is a hand held unit, which will act as answer pad for all users. It will
contain a keypad with various keys like option keys A, B, C, D etc to select
the answer, OK, DELET in order to enter or modify the selected answer of a
ny question
in order to view the question number and selected answer this answer pad
will also contain a display unit, also in order to send the result it will use the
Zigbee module
2. Zigbee Module
Zigbee technology is the low power consumption technology,, it can be use
for long range data transfer. We are using Zigbee module in order to transfer
and receive the user data from answer pad
cause the pipeline to be flushed marring its performance. As we shall see later the ARM 7
designers had some clever ideas to solve this problem.
ARM-3-StagePipeline
available.
is done via a set of instructions that allow loading and storing of multiple registers in a single
operation. Thus it is possible to PUSH or POP the entire register set onto the stack in a single
instruction. R14 has special significance and is called the link register. When a call is made to
a procedure, the return address is automatically placed into R14, rather than onto a stack, as
might be expected. A return can then be implemented by moving the contents of R14 into R15,
the PC. For multiple calling trees, the contents of R14 (the link register) must be placed onto the
stack.
.
Fig 3 User Mode Register Model
In addition to the 16 CPU registers, there is a current program status register (CPSR). This
contains a set of condition code flags in the upper four bits that record the result of a previous
instruction, as shown in Fig 4. In addition to the condition code flags, the CPSR contains a
number of user-configurable bits that can be used to change the processor mode, enter Thumb
processing and enable/disable interrupts.
Link register. The CPSR is also common to all modes. However in each of the exception modes,
an additional register - the saved program status register (SPSR), is added. When the processor
changes the current value of the CPSR stored in the SPSR, this can be restored on exiting the
exception-mode.
802.15.4 Standard
802.15.4 is a standard for wireless communication issued by the IEEE
(Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers). The IEEE is a technical
professional association that has written numerous standards to promote
growth and interoperability of existing and emerging technologies. IEEE has
published the standards that define communication in areas such as the
Internet, PC peripherals, industrial communication and wireless technology.
As a few examples, the IEEE 802.11 standard defines communication for
wireless LAN and 802.16 defines communication for broadband wireless
Metropolitan Area Networks. While both of those wireless standards are
concerned with higher bandwidth Internet access applications, 802.15.4 was
developed with lower data rate, simple connectivity and battery application
in mind. The 802.15.4 standard specifies that communication can occur in
the 868-868.8 MHz, the 902-928 MHz or the 2.400-2.4835 GHz Industrial
Scientific and Medical (ISM) bands.
While any of these bands can technically be used by 802.15.4
devices, the 2.4 GHz band is more popular as it is open in most of the
countries worldwide. The 868 MHz band is specified primarily for European
use, whereas the 902-928 MHz band can only be used in the United States,
Canada and a few other countries and territories that accept the FCC
regulations. The 802.15.4 standard specifies that communication should
occur in 5 MHz channels ranging from 2.405 to 2.480 GHz. In the2.4 GHz
band, a maximum over-the-air data rate of 250 kbps is specified, but due to
the overhead of the protocol the actual theoretical maximum data rate is
approximately half of that. While the standard specifies 5 MHz channels, only
approximately 2 MHz of the channel is consumed with the occupied
bandwidth. At 2.4 GHz, 802.15.4 specifies the use of Direct Sequence Spread
Spectrum and uses an Offset Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (O-QPSK) with
half-sine pulse shaping to modulate the RF carrier. The graph below shows
the various channels at the spacing specified by 802.15.4.
Digi's XBee 802.15.4 OEM RF modules can be set up to operate in a pointto-point, point-to-multipoint or a peer-to-peer configuration.While standard
802.15.4 always requires a coordinator, the Digi radios are set up so that a
coordinator is notrequired.
ZigBee
ZigBee is a protocol that uses the 802.15.4 standard as a baseline and adds
additional routing and networking functionality. The ZigBee protocol was
developed by the ZigBee Alliance. The ZigBee Alliance is a group of
companies that worked in cooperation to develop a network protocol that
can be used in a variety of commercial and industrial low data rate
applications. ZigBee is designed to add mesh networking to the underlying
802.15.4 radio. Mesh networking is used in applications where the range
between two points may be beyond the range of the two radios located at
those points, but intermediate radios are in place that could forward on any
messages to and from the desired radios.
As an example, in the figure above suppose you want to transmit data from
point A to point B, but the distance was too great between the points. The
message could be transmitted through point C and a few other radios to
reach the destination. The ZigBee protocol is designed so that if a number of
different radios were deployed as in the figure above, the radios would
automatically form a network without user intervention. The ZigBee protocol
within the radios will take care of retries, acknowledgements and data
message routing. ZigBee also has the ability to self-heal the network. If the
radio at point C was removed for some reason, a new path would be used to
route messages from A to B. Devices in the ZigBee specification can either
be used as End Devices, Routers or Coordinators. Routers can also be used
as End Devices. Since the ZigBee protocol uses the 802.15.4 standard to
define the PHY and MAC layers, the frequency, signal bandwidth and
modulation techniques are identical. Because ZigBee was designed for low
power applications, it fits well into embedded systems and those markets
where reliability and versatility are important but a high bandwidth is not.
The following table offers a comparison of features with several other
popular wireless technologies and their different applications.
ZigBee Frequencies
1. Operates in Unlicensed Bands
2. ISM 2.4 GHz Global Band at 250kbps
3. 868 MHz European Band at 20kbps
4. 915 MHz North American Band at 40kbps
Symbol
Function
Vss
Ground
Vdd
Supply Voltage
Vo
Contrast Setting
RS
Register Select
R/W
Read/Write Select
En
A/Vee
16
When RS is low (0), the data is to be treated as a command. When RS is high (1), the data being
sent is considered as text data which should be displayed on the screen.
When R/W is low (0), the information on the data bus is being written to the LCD. When RW is
high (1), the program is effectively reading from the LCD. Most of the times there is no need to
read from the LCD so this line can directly be connected to Gnd thus saving one controller line.
The ENABLE pin is used to latch the data present on the data pins. A HIGH - LOW signal is
required to latch the data. The LCD interprets and executes our command at the instant the EN
line is brought low. If you never bring EN low, your instruction will never be executed.
RS-232 Protocol
Devices which use serial cables for their communication are split into two categories. Thes DCE
(Data Communications Equipment) and DTE (Data Terminal Equipment.) Data Communication
Equipment are devices such as your modem, TA adapter, plotter etc while Data TermEquipment
is your Computer or Terminal. The electrical specifications of the serial port is contained in the
EIA (Electronics Industry Association) RS232C standard. It states many parameters such as 1.
2.
3.
4.
An open circuit voltage should never exceed 25 volts. (In Reference to GND)
5.
A short circuit current should not exceed 500mA. The driver should be able to hanwithout
damage. (Take note of this one!) Above is no where near a complete list of the EIA standard.
Line Capacitance, Maximum Baud Rates etc are also included. For more information please
consult the EIA RS232-C standard. It is interesting to note however, that the RS232C standard
specifies a maximum baud rate of 20,000 BPS!, which is rather slow by today's standards. A new
standard, RS-232D has been recently released. Serial Ports come in two "sizes", There are the
D-Type 25 pin connector and the D-Type 9 pin connector both of which are male on the back of
the PC, thus you will require a female connector on your device. Below is a table of pin
connections for the 9 pin and 25 pin D-Type connectors.
Serial Pinouts (D25 and D9 Connectors)
________________________________________
D-Type-25 Pin No.
Pin 2 Pin 3 TD
Transmit Data
Pin 3 Pin 2 RD
Receive Data
Request To Send
Clear To Send
Pin 7 Pin 5 SG
Signal Ground
Pin 8 Pin 1 CD
Carrier Detect
Pin 22 Pin 9 RI
Ring Indicator
Pin Functions
________________________________________
Abbreviation Full Name
Function
TD
RD
CTS
Clear to Send This line indicates that the Modem is ready to exchange data.
When the modem detects a "Carrier" from the modem at the other
Data Set Ready This tells the UART that the modem is ready to establish a link.
DTR
Data Terminal Ready This is the opposite to DSR. This tells the Modem that the UART
is ready to link.
RTS
Request To Send
This line informs the Modem that the UART is ready to exchange
data.
Working
It can be classified in following modes
1 Electronic Answer Pad
2. Server System
Flowchart
Advantages
1 It avoid the manual errors in paper correction system
2. Very reliable, secure and accurate
3. It avoids proxy users as validation and user verification is perform by the
system
4. Time saving and user friendly system
Applications
1. For Aptitude Entrance examination
2. as voting meter for internal voting in organizations.
3. In Quiz shoes.
4. For Aptitude questions in companies for interview purpose.
Future Scope
1. With the help of internet we can increase the scope of this system.
2. By the use of face recognition and CCTV we can increase the security of
the system.
3. internet interface can be developed for future use.