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The
Global
The Global
Competitiveness
Report
Competitiveness Report
20152016
20152016
Highlights
Acknowledgements
The World Economic Forums Global Competitiveness and Risks Team is pleased to acknowledge and
thank its network of valued Partner Institutes, without which the realization of The Global Competitiveness
Report 20152016 would not have been possible. Partner Institutes typically consist of leading research or
academic institutes, business organizations, national competitiveness councils or recognized professional
entities, committed to improving the competitiveness of their economy. By being responsible for the
administration of the Executive Opinion Survey in their countries, the Partner Institutes provide the Forum
with a representative sample of data, which allows the research to be carried out.
Switzerland
91-93 route de la Capite,
CH-1223 Cologny/Geneva
T +41 (0) 22 869 1212
F +41 (0) 22 786 2744
gcp@weforum.org
weforum.org/gcr
Economy
Switzerland
5.76
Singapore
5.68
United States
Economy
48
Malta
4.39
49
South Africa
4.39
5.61
50
Panama
Germany
5.53
51
Netherlands
5.50
Japan
5.47
5.46
Finland
5.45
Economy
47
95
El Salvador
3.87
84
56
96
Zambia
3.87
96
4.38
48
97
Seychelles
3.86
92
Turkey
4.37
45
98
Dominican Republic
3.86
101
52
Costa Rica
4.33
51
99
Kenya
3.85
90
53
Romania
4.32
59
100
Nepal
3.85
102
54
Bulgaria
4.32
54
101
Lebanon
3.84
113
55
India
4.31
71
102
Kyrgyz Republic
3.83
108
106
Sweden
5.43
10
56
Vietnam
4.30
68
103
Gabon
3.83
10
United Kingdom
5.43
57
Mexico
4.29
61
104
Mongolia
3.81
98
11
Norway
5.41
11
58
Rwanda
4.29
62
105
Bhutan
3.80
103
12
Denmark
5.33
13
59
Slovenia
4.28
70
106
Argentina
3.79
104
13
Canada
5.31
15
60
Macedonia, FYR
4.28
63
107
Bangladesh
3.76
109
14
Qatar
5.30
16
61
Colombia
4.28
66
108
Nicaragua
3.75
99
15
Taiwan, China
5.28
14
62
Oman
4.25
46
109
Ethiopia
3.75
118
16
New Zealand
5.25
17
63
Hungary
4.25
60
110
Senegal
3.73
112
17
5.24
12
64
Jordan
4.23
64
111
3.71
n/a
18
Malaysia
5.23
20
65
Cyprus
4.23
58
112
Cape Verde
3.70
114
19
Belgium
5.20
18
66
Georgia
4.22
69
113
Lesotho
3.70
107
20
Luxembourg
5.20
19
67
Slovak Republic
4.22
75
114
Cameroon
3.69
116
21
Australia
5.15
22
68
Sri Lanka
4.21
73
115
Uganda
3.66
122
22
France
5.13
23
69
Peru
4.21
65
116
Egypt
3.66
119
23
Austria
5.12
21
70
Montenegro
4.20
67
117
Bolivia
3.60
105
120
24
Ireland
5.11
25
71
Botswana
4.19
74
118
Paraguay
3.60
25
Saudi Arabia
5.07
24
72
Morocco
4.17
72
119
Ghana
3.58
111
26
Korea, Rep.
4.99
26
73
Uruguay
4.09
80
120
Tanzania
3.57
121
27
Israel
4.98
27
74
4.09
83
121
Guyana
3.56
117
28
China
4.89
28
75
Brazil
4.08
57
122
Benin
3.55
n/a
29
Iceland
4.83
30
76
Ecuador
4.07
n/a
123
Gambia, The
3.48
125
30
Estonia
4.74
29
77
Croatia
4.07
77
124
Nigeria
3.46
127
31
Czech Republic
4.69
37
78
Guatemala
4.05
78
125
Zimbabwe
3.45
124
32
Thailand
4.64
31
79
Ukraine
4.03
76
126
Pakistan
3.45
129
33
Spain
4.59
35
80
Tajikistan
4.03
91
127
Mali
3.44
128
34
Kuwait
4.59
40
81
Greece
4.02
81
128
Swaziland
3.40
123
35
Chile
4.58
33
82
Armenia
4.01
85
129
Liberia
3.37
n/a
36
Lithuania
4.55
41
83
Lao PDR
4.00
93
130
Madagascar
3.32
130
37
Indonesia
4.52
34
84
Moldova
4.00
82
131
Myanmar
3.32
134
38
Portugal
4.52
36
85
Namibia
3.99
88
132
Venezuela
3.30
131
39
Bahrain
4.52
44
86
Jamaica
3.97
86
133
Mozambique
3.20
133
40
Azerbaijan
4.50
38
87
Algeria
3.97
79
134
Haiti
3.18
137
41
Poland
4.49
43
88
Honduras
3.95
100
135
Malawi
3.15
132
42
Kazakhstan
4.49
50
89
3.94
89
136
Burundi
3.11
139
43
Italy
4.46
49
90
Cambodia
3.94
95
137
Sierra Leone
3.06
138
44
Latvia
4.45
42
91
Cte dIvoire
3.93
115
138
Mauritania
3.03
141
45
Russian Federation
4.44
53
92
Tunisia
3.93
87
139
Chad
2.96
143
46
Mauritius
4.43
39
93
Albania
3.93
97
140
Guinea
2.84
144
47
Philippines
4.39
52
94
Serbia
3.89
94
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Advanced
Economies
Middle East,
North Africa, and Pakistan
Emerging and
Developing Asia
Latin America
and the Caribbean
Commonwealth of
Independent States
Emerging and
Developing Europe
Sub-Saharan
Africa
Note: The Global Competitiveness Index captures the fundamentals of an economy. Recent developments, including currency (e.g., Switzerland) and commodity price fluctuations (e.g., Azerbaijan, Qatar, Saudi
Arabia), geopolitical uncertainties (e.g., Ukraine), and security issues (e.g., Turkey) must be kept in mind when interpreting the results.
1 Scale ranges from 1 to 7.
2 2014-2015 rank out of 144 economies.
3 Evolution in percentile rank since 2007.
GCI
GCI score
score
4
5
41
RS
Cyprus (55)
Malta (56)
Trinidad & Tobago (84)
-2
-3
7
Commonwealth
ofof
Emerging
and
Developing
Emerging
and Developing Advanced
and
Developing
Middle
East,
North
Emerging
andand
Developing
Middle East,
Middle
North
East,
Emerging
Northand
Africa,
Developing
Middle
East,
North
Africa,
Commonwealth
Commonwealth
of
Commonwealth
ofEconomies
Commonwealth
of
Commonwealth
of
Advanced
Economies
Emerging
and
Developing
EuropeAfrica,
Emerging
and
Developing
Asia
Middle
East,Africa,
North
Africa,
and
Pakistan
Latin
America
and
the
Emerging
Developing
Asia
Economies
Advanced
Emerging and Developing Emerging
Asia
Advanced
Economies
Emerging
Advanced
and
Latin
Developing
America
Economies
and
Asia
the Caribbean
Emerging
and
Developing
Sub-Saharan
Asia
Latin
America
Africa
Latin
and
America
the
Caribbean
and
Emerging
theCaribbean
Caribbean
and Developing Asia
Independent States
Independent
States
Independent
Independent
States
States
Independent
States
Independent
States
Europe
Europe
Europe
and
Pakistan
Europe
and
Pakistan
and
Pakistan
Europe
and
Pakistan
6
1
1
6
51
2
2
7
53
3
3
8
54
4
4
9
60
5
5
10
63
6
611
70
7
7
12
77
8
8
13
93
Argentina (85)
Serbia (91)
Venezuela (98)
Upper-middle income
(24)
gionalRegional
Rankings
Rankings
9
10 11
7
7
6
6
8
8
9
9
10
10 11
14 17
12 13
14 17
14
14 17
14 17
AVG.
15 16
12 AVG.
AVG.9 10 11 12 13
AVG.15 16 19 1420 1721
16 19 20
18
1819 20 21 22
18
18
13 15 16 18
17 25AVG.
15 16 11
21 22
22 23
23 24
24 1826
19 12
20 13
21 15
21
22 23 19
23 24 26
24 20
2522 23 24 26
25
25
25
25
27
26 27
26 27
27
27
28
28
28
28
28
28
29 30
30 31
29 30 31
29
29
29
30
30
32 37
31 33
31 33 40
31 33 36
33 36
35
36 38
32 38 37
32 37
32
32 37
32 37
34 39
33
39
38
35
35
35
35
35
36
36
34
34
34
34
34 39
39
39
39
38
38
37
42
41
43
AVG.
44 48
46 49
40 42 45
40 42 45
40 42 AVG.
40 42AVG.
40 AVG.
45
AVG.
42 5045 52
AVG.50AVG.
41 51 AVG.
43 47 44 48
43 44
43AVG.
AVG.
AVG.
44
46 49
46
51 53
48 59
54 60AVG.
53 54
45
4543 44 48
AVG.
AVG.
AVG. 46 49 4158 51 53 54
AVG.
47 55 56
AVG.
AVG.
AVG.
AVG.
AVG.
50 52 47574155 5156 53 54 47
50 52
50
49 58
53 54 60 41 51
4760 55 56
47 55 56
AVG.
AVG.
AVG.
61 69
63 6270
55 56 59 65
55 56 68
58 69
52 57 61 69 50 5266 57
66 48 59 65
69 73
62 64
57 61
57
59 65
59 64
64 72
60 63
60 63
61 69 68
61
63 70
63 70 68
70 64 72
65 67
66
66
66
66
AVG.58 71
62
62
62 64 72
64 72
65 72
AVG.
AVG.
AVG.68
AVG.
71
68
68 83
76 62
73 75 76
73 75 76 7870 77
7384 75
67
67 81
67 81
67 74
77
7172 8574
71 73
74
75 76
81
78 86 88
76 78
82 84
79 80
80 82
84
77
77 83
77
85 75
74
74
74
81
78
78
82
82
82
79 80 82 84
79
79
79
79
80
80
80
84
84
85
85
83 90 81
83
83
83
87
93
92
90
91
96 97
86 88 89
86 88 89
89 95
87 92
87 98
94 87 92
93 94
93 94
93 9094 100
92
90 100 10486 8893 8994
90 100
90 100 104
9187 9692 97
91 96 97 99 103 91 96
88 89 9587 92
97 86
100 98
99
94
103
104
100 104 105
105
101
99
99
103
103
104
104
106
95
95
95
98
98
98
AVG.
109
105
105
105
105
107
111
101
101108
101
101
101 108
108 117 118
108
110 112
106 108
106 108
106
109 110 111
109 110 112 113 114 109
107
107
107
107 115
107
111
111
111
111
112 106
113
114 117
108
108
108
108
108
115 118
112 113 114
114
116
115 110
119
117 118 121
117 118 121
120
116
116
116
116 117 118 121
116 115
121
119 120 122 123
119 120 113
119 121
120 122 123
122 123
123 124 125
126
124 125 127 128
124
126
126
126
126
126 125 127 122
125
128 129 124
131
132
129 130 133
131
131
131
131
131
132
132
132
132
130 133
134
134
134
134
134
138
135
136
138
138
138
138
138
137 139
140
GCI score
-1
GCI score
1
United States (1)
Switzerland (2)
Denmark (3)
Paraguay (121)
Lesotho (124)
Guyana (126)
0
Zimbabwe (129)
Burundi (130)
Chad (131)
Italy (46)
Hungary (47)
Greece (65)
Lower-middle income
(30)
Low income
(21)
Regional Rankings
90100%
Most
8090%
competitive
7080%
6070%
5060%
3040%
4050%
2030%
1020%
010%
Least
competitive
Not covered
There is a wide
competitiveness divide
among economies in Latin
America and the Caribbean.
Once again, Chile (35th)
leads the regional rankings
and Brazil continues its
downward trend, dropping
18 places to 75th. The region
must build resilience against
external economic shocks
and infrastructure, skills
and innovation areas in
which the region performs
relatively poorly are among
the fundamentals to be
strengthened.
South Africa
Stark differences in
competitiveness characterize
the Middle East and North
Africa region. While many GCC
countries are fairly competitive,
the Levant and North Africa
lag significantly behind. Recent
progress in many countries
could be undone by spreading
geopolitical conflicts, the
recent drop in energy prices
and terrorism. Generating the
right conditions for the private
sector to grow will be crucial for
creating sufficient employment
opportunities for the regions
youthful populations.
MiddleSub-Saharan
East,
Africa,
Sub-SaharanAfrica
Africa
Latin America
and North
the Caribbean
Sub-Saharan
Africa
and Pakistan
Business sophistication
Regional Rankings
7
46 49
52 57 5861
127
127 128
128 129
129 130
130 133
133 135
135 136
135 136 137
136 137
137 139
139 140
139 140
140
69
71 8573 75 76 78
86 88 89
AVG.
103 109
AVG. 91 96 97 99AVG.
46 49
58
AVG.
71 85
91 96
95
98
106114
108115
110 112 113
117 119
118120
121122
123 124 125 127 128
129 130 133
132
134
135 136
Technological readiness
2
2
1
1
INNOVATION
SOPHISTICAT AND
ION
Latin America
MAURITANIA
Global Competitiveness
Index Percentile Rank
Institutions
Market size
H
E F FIC IE N C Y E N
97
AN
Efficiency
Trustworthiness and confidence
2
Malaysia (21)
Chile (26)
Lithuania (38)
Colombia
http://wef.ch/facebook
4
Singapore (7)
Korea, Rep. (11)
Hong Kong SAR (12)
Vietnam (68)
Pakistan (92)
Nigeria (95)
Vietnam
Partner Institutes
81
3
Infrastructure
99 103 109
AVG.
110 112 113 114 115
119 120 122 123
124
Financial market
development
137 139
140
Downloads
5
Thailand (28)
China (34)
India (48)
United States
VG.
2
http://wef.ch/twitter
Average growth rates of the most and least competitive economies, by income group
Average growth rate, 200714
Report library
Southern Europe
Stable at 28th, well ahead of the
other BRICS economies, China faces
new challenges. After years of rapid
growth, quick and easy productivity
gains are dwindling. Building on
its strong foundations, China must
pursue market-oriented reforms,
promote entrepreneurship and
nurture talent to continue to move up
the value chain.
News releases
China
Rankings
Despite substantive efforts to re-ignite recovery, global economic growth remains low
and unemployment persistently high. The Global Competitiveness Report 2015-2016
calls for productivity-enhancing reforms to break with this pattern.
Switzerland tops the ranking for
the seventh consecutive year.
The very strong fundamentals
explain the countrys remarkable
resilience throughout the crisis. In
particular, the country excels at
nurturing and attracting talent, which
powers a remarkable innovation
ecosystem (1st). In the face of
increased competition and rising
costs, Switzerland must retain its
innovation edge. It must address
the challenges of skills shortage and
unfavourable demographics, while
avoiding the pitfalls of populism and
complacency.
Switzerland
Videos
Country scorecards
Since 2005, the World Economic Forum has based its competitiveness analysis on
the Global Competitiveness Index (GCI), a comprehensive framework that measures
the microeconomic and macroeconomic foundations of national competitiveness,
grouped into 12 categories.
The Survey captures invaluable information on a broad range of economic and social factors, for which data sources are non-existent,
too scarce, unreliable, or outdated. In 2015, the Survey captured the
opinions of over 14,000 business executives.
Transport infrastructure
Electricity & telephony infrastructure
Public institutions
Private institutions
Innovation
BASIC REQUIREM
EN
TS
Health
Primary education
CE
Sub-Saharan Africa
Factors that drive the intensity of domestic and
foreign competition, and demand conditions
Competition
Quality of demand conditions
AVG.
Labour market efficiency and flexibility, meritocracy and gender parity in the workplace
Flexibility
Efficient use of talent