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ABSTRACT
In this paper, we establish some sufficient conditions for the oscillation of solutions of third order
linear neutral delay difference equations of the form
I.
INTRODUCTION
In this paper, we consider the third order linear neutral delay difference equations from
where
(1)
1
as n
s n0 a ( s )
n n0
s n0
n0
H2
q(t ) .
a( s) t n
KM ( ( s))2 a 2 ( s 1)
q( s)(1 p( ( s)))
.
2
s n0
4sa( s)
We set z(n) x(n) p(n) x( (n)) .
n 1
H3 limsupn
The oscillation theory of difference equations and their applications have received more attention in the last few
decades, see [[1]-[4]], and the references cited therein. Especially the study of oscillatory behavior of second
order equations of various types occupied a great deal of interest. However the study of third order difference
equations have received considerably less attention even though such equations have wide applications. In [[5][10]] the authors investigated the oscillatory properties of solutions of third order delay difference equations and
in [[11]-[15]]. Motivated by the above observations, in this paper, we investigate the oscillatory behavior of
solutions of equation (1).
Let
x 0
is neither eventually positive or eventually negative; otherwise, it is nonoscillatory. Equation (1) is said to be
oscillatory if all its solutions are oscillatory.
II.
MAIN RESULTS
Lemma 2.1. Let x(n) be a positive solution of equation (1) for all
2 x(n) 0 on [n1 , ) for some n1 n0 . Then for each k with 0 < k < 1, there exists n2 n1 such that
x(n )
n
k
, n n2 .
(2)
x ( n)
n
Proof. From the Lagranges Mean value theorem, we have for n n1 , for some k
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x(n ) x( (n))
; for some k
(3)
n (n)
2
such that (n) k n. x(n) 0 and x(n) is non-increasing, which implies that x(k ) x( (n))
x(k )
K ( n) K ( n)
n
K ( n )
Hence,
x( (n)) K (n)
x ( n)
n
(6)
Lemma 2.2 Let x(n) be a positive solution of equation (1), then the corresponding sequence z(n) satisfies the
following condition z(n) > 0,
z (n) Mn
n2 n1 such that
M (n n2 )2
z (n)
2
M (n n2 )2 2
H (n) z (n) (n n2 )z (n)
z (n)
2
H (n) (n n2 ) z (n)
(7)
(8)
By Taylors Theorem,
(n n2 )2 2
z ( n)
2
From (8)
(n n2 )2 2
M (n n2 )2 2
z (n) (n n2 )z (n)
z ( n)
2
2
which implies H (n) 0 and H (n 1) H (n) H (n2 ) 0 for every n n2 from (7)
H (n) z (n2 ) (n n2 )z (n2 )
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M (n n2 )2
z (n) 0
2
(n n2 ) z (n)
z (n) Mn
for n n2 .
z (n)
2
Theorem 2.3. Assume that ( H1 ) to ( H 2 ) hold, then equation (1) is oscillatory.
which implies
Proof: Suppose, if possible that the equation (1) has a nonoscillatory solution. Without loss of generality
suppose that x(n) is a positive solution of equation (1). We shall discuss the following cases for z(n).
(i)
(ii)
Case 1.
k (1 p)
, we have
p
k p(k )
. Now from the equation (1) we have
(k )
a(n)2 x(n) p(n) x( (n) q(n) x( (n)) a(n) 2 z (n) q(n)mz ( (s))
Summing the above inequality from n to we get,
a(t ) 2 z (t ) m q( s) z ( ( s))
t n
s n
2 ( z (n)) mk
q( s) . Summing from n to we have,
a ( n) s n
z
(
s
)
mk
q(t )
s n
s n a( s) t s
z (n) mk
q(t )
s n a( s) t s
q(t )
n n1 s n a ( s ) t s
This contradicts H 2 . Thus k = 0. Moreover, the inequality, 0 x(n) z (n) implies lim x(n) 0 .
z (n1 ) mk
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(1 p( (n))) z( (n)) .
From equation (1) we have,
w(n) n
a ( n) 2 z ( n)
, n n1
z (n)
(9)
a(n) 2 z (n)
a(n 1) 2 z (n 1)
w(n)
n
z (n 1)
z (n)
n 1
z (n)z (n 1)
z (n 1)
(a(n) 2 z (n))
w(n 1)
( 2 z (n 1)) 2
n
a ( n)
n 1
z (n)
(z (n 1)) 2
w2 (n 1)
2 2
n 1
z (n)
(n 1) a (n 1)
Also from Lemma (2.1) with x(n) = z (n)
x( (n)) K (n)
, ( n) n
x ( n)
n
z ( (n)) K (n)
(11)
z (n)
n
1
K ( n )
1
for (n) n1 n2 .
z (n)
n z ( (n))
By Lemma (2.2)
z (n)
n z ( (n))
K ( n) M ( n)
n
2
2
z ( (n)) KM ( (n))
z (n)
2
n
(10)
(12)
KM 2 (n) w(n 1)
na(n)
w(n) q(n)(1 p( (n)))
w2 (n 1)
2 2
2
n
1
(
n
1)
a
(
n
1)
(13)
Vx Ux 2
And put
x w(n 1),V
1V2
,U 0
4U
1
na(n)
,U
, we have
n 1
(n 1)2 a 2 (n 1)
w(n 1)
na(n)
a 2 (n 1)
2
w
(
n
1)
(n 1) (n 1)2 a 2 (n 1)
4na(n)
(14)
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KM ( (n)) 2 a 2 (n 1)
w(n) nq(n)(1 p( (n)))
n 4na(n)
2
Summing the last inequality from n2 to n 1 we obtain
n 1
(15)
KM ( ( s))2 a 2 ( s 1)
w(n2 )
4sa( s)
q(s)(1 p( (s)))
n n2
H3 .
REFERENCES
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[14]
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