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lines,
GPS
I. INTRODUCTION
Reliable algorithms for the analysis of faults on overhead
transmission lines have become an essential part of modern
transmission line protection schemes. An integral part of such
algorithms is the fault locator, which determines the distance
to the fault from the local line terminal. Various methods of
fault location have been developed in the past, some of which
use data from one line terminal and some of which use data
from two or more line terminals [1]-[10]. Further publications
on this important subject can be found in [11]. One common
factor between all of the various methods is the requirement of
the line parameters and the line length to determine the fault
distance. However, the parameters of lines are not always
available and they can vary with differing loading and weather
conditions. In [12], Liao and Elangovan proposed an
algorithm for locating faults on transmission lines which does
not require the parameters of the line in question. Because the
algorithm assumes asynchronous data sampling, it requires the
use of iterative techniques to locate line-line faults and it
cannot be used to locate balanced three-phase faults.
In contrast, the algorithm proposed in this paper can be
used to locate all asymmetrical fault types without recourse to
G. Preston and V. Terzija are with The University of Manchester, UK, (e-mail:
g.preston@student.manchester.ac.uk, terzija@ieee.org).
Z.M.Radojevi and Borko upi are with The University of Belgrade, Faculty
of Electrical Engineering, Serbia, (e-mail: radojevic@ieee.org, ).
a)
satelite
S
R
CT 1
CT 2
CB 2
CB 1
VT 1
VT 2
SMU 1
SMU 2
DC
I Sa , b, c
c
b
a
I aR, b, c
V Sp zl I Sp = V Rp z ( D l) I Rp
(1)
V Sn zl I Sn = V nR z ( D l) I nR
(2)
where:
V Sa , b, c
V aR, b, c
are equal.
In (1) and (2), just two terms ( zl and z ( D l) ) are
unknown and they can easily be determined by solving the
equations. The two solutions are given in following two
formulas:
p
S IS
z l
z ( D l)
I Rp
zl =
(V Sp V Rp ) I Rn (V Sn V Rn ) I Rp
I Sp I Rn I Sn I Rp
z ( D l) =
(V Sp V Rp ) I Sn (V Sn V Rn ) I Sp
I Sp I Rn I Sn I Rp
(3)
(4)
V Sp
V Rp
l% =
l
100
D
(5)
n
S IS
V Sn
z l
z ( D l)
I nR
l% =
zl
100
zl + z ( D l)
(6)
R
V nR
Fig. 3b. Equivalent negative sequence circuit of the faulted line from Fig. 2.
(V Sp V Rp ) I nR (V Sn V nR ) I Rp
(V Sp V Rp )( I Sn + I Rn ) (V Sn V Rn )( I Sp + I Rp )
(7)
(8)
I Sa
I Ra
(9)
Faulted line
Network A
Network B
TABLE I
PARAMETERS OF NETWORKS A AND B.
Networks
A
416
0
1.0185892
0.0509295
2.0371785
0.1018589
Parameters
ULL,RMS [kV]
1 [ 0 ]
R []
L [H]
R0, []
L0, [H]
B
400
-20
0.6366183
0.0318309
1.2732366
0.0636618
TABLE II
LINE PARAMETERS.
Parameter
p- and n-sequence
0-sequence
resistance, /km
0.065
0.195
inductance mH/km
0.95493
2.86479
30
20
10
0
-10
-20
400
20
40
60
80
100 120
time (ms)
200
0
-200
-400
45
20
40
60
80
100 120
time (ms)
Fig. 5. Faulted phase voltages at the line sending end (S).
40
35 km fault
35
30
400
25
200
20
40
60
80
100
120
time (ms)
Fig. 9. Estimated fault location (the exact value used by EMTP was 35 km).
-200
-400
0
20
40
60
80
100 120
time (ms)
100
30
20
10
75km
80
70
60km
60
50
35km
40
30
15km
20
10
10km
-10
-20
90
20
40
60
80
100
120
time (ms)
0
20
40
60
80
100 120
time (ms)
Fig. 7. Faulted phase currents at the line sending end (S).
Fig. 10. Calculated fault locations (in %) for different fault locations.
65
60 km fault
50
60
55
Synchronisation angle = 45
50
45
45
40
55
20
40
60
80
100
Synchronisation Angle ()
70
40
120
time (ms)
Fig. 11. Estimated fault location (60 km) and synchronisation angle (45 ).
VII. REFERENCES
[1]
error (%) =
calc 45
45
100%
(10)
10
25
50
calc ()
45.09
45.13
45.18
error (%)
0.002
0.003
0.004
75
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
100
200
300
45.18
45.12
43.66 39.018
0.004
0.003
-0.03 -0.133
[9]
[10]
[11]
VI. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper a new efficient settings-free numerical
algorithm for fault location on overhead transmission lines is
presented.
The
algorithm
is
based
on
synchronized/asynchronized measured voltages and currents,
sampled at both line terminals, and the use of fast
communication channels between two synchronized
measurement units (SMUs) installed at the line terminals.
[12]
[13]
[14]