ode Division Multiple Acces

Eng. Mshari Alabdulkarim

Code Division Multiple Acce

tline:

ntroduction.
pread Spectrum Methods.
chnologies based on CDMA.
erformance analysis of IEEE 802.11 protocol.
ajor Development in CDMA.

Code Division Multiple Acce

Introduction:
Code division multiple access (CDMA) is a fixed
assignment access technique that uses spread
spectrum and a special kind of coding scheme to allow
the transmitters to share the media at the same time.
Why it is considered as a form of spread
spectrum technique?
It is considered as a form of the spread-spectrum
techniques, because the modulated coded signal has a
higher bandwidth than the data being transmitted.

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Introduction (Cont.):
How does it support more than one group in the
same channel?
It allows multiple groups to share the same channel at
the same time by assigning each group to different
code.
CDMA Modulation Steps:
1. Generate a local pseudo-random code with a higher
rate than the data to be transmitted.
2. XOR the data which need to be transmitted with the
generated code.

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troduction (Cont.):

Tb
Data Signal

Pseudorandom
Code
Transmitted
Signal

Tc

Time

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ntroduction (Cont.):
Input
data

Chann
el
Encod
er

Modulat
or

Pseudonoise
Generator

Chann
el

Demodula
tor

Chann Output
data
el
Decod
er

Pseudonoise
Generator

General Model of Spread Spectrum Digital Communication System

Code Division Multiple Acce

Introduction (Cont.):
What can we gain from the spreading of the
spectrum?

The immunity from the various types of noise.

The immunity from the multipath distortion.
It can be used as an encrypting technique.
Several users can use the same channel with little
interference.

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Introduction (Cont.):
Generating Pseudo-Random Codes:
The base station generates a unique pseudo-random
code for every connection and these codes should have
the following properties:

It should be deterministic.
It must appear random to a listener who does not have

a prior knowledge of the code.

The cross-correlation between any two codes must be
small.
The code should have a long period.

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Introduction (Cont.):
Code Correlation:

Each user uses different code to modulate his signal.

The

best performance will be when the users signals

are separated as much as possible.

The separation can be done by correlating the received

signal with the local generated code.

If

the correlation was high, then we exclude this code

and we search for another code with less correlation.

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Introduction (Cont.):
Correlation Functions:

1. Cross-Correlation:

The correlation of two different

codes. Used to separate the transmitters signals
from each other.

2. Auto-Correlation:

The correlation of a code with a

time-delayed version of itself. Used to reject
multipath interference.

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Spread Spectrum Methods:
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS):

Each

bit from the data which need to be sent is

represented by multiple bits in the transmitted data, by
using the spreading code.

The

original data is spread out across a wider

frequency band by using the spreading code.

The

spreading proportion depends on the number of

bits used in the code.

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Tb
0

0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0

0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1

Tc

Original
Data
Pseudorandom
Bit
Transmit
ted
Data

Time
Example of Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum

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Spread Spectrum Methods (Cont.):
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS):

At

the transmitter, the original signal is broadcasted

over a series of radio frequencies, hopping from
different frequencies in a fixed pattern.

The

receiver should use the same hopping pattern

simultaneously with the transmitter in order to receive
the data correctly.

The spreading code specifies the sequence of channels

and the receiver should use the same code to tune into

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Energy

Frequen
cy

5 8 3 7 14 6 2

f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f6 f7 f8

(a) Channel assignment

Frequen
cy

f8
f7
f6
f5
f4
f3
f2
f1

3
5

(b) Channel use

Example of Frequency Hoping Spread Spectrum

8
Tim
e

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Spread Spectrum Methods (Cont.):
Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS):

It is the first and simplest application of Multi Dimensional Multiple

Access (MDMA) technology.

It

encodes the information by using wideband linear frequency

modulated chirp.

It

uses the entire allocated bandwidth to broadcast the signal,

which helps making it robust to channel noise.

Also, it is immunized from the multi-path fading, because it utilizes

the spectrum broadband.

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Spread Spectrum Methods (Cont.):
Time Hopped Spread Spectrum (THSS):

The

period and duty cycle of a pulsed radio frequency

carrier are varied pseudo-randomly under the control of
coded sequence similar to FHSS.

It consumes low power due to the very low duty cycles.

In

THSS, the pseudo random number determines the

sequence of how the burst will be transmitted.

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Transmitted time slots (k bits)
Frame

Time

Tf

2T

3T

Time-Hopping Spread Spectrum

4T

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Technologies based on CDMA:
WiFi (IEEE 802.11):
802.11b and 802.11g working in the 2.4 frequency band
(Industry, Science and Medicine band or ISM).
DSSS and FHSS physical layer options have been
designed specifically to overcome the interfering with
other devices in this band.

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22 MHz

2.4000
GHz

Channel 1
2.4120

Channel 6
2.4370

Channel 11
2.4620

2.4835
GHz

hree Non-Overlapping DSSS Channels in the ISM Band

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Technologies based on CDMA (Cont.):
Bluetooth:

It

operates in the unlicensed ISM band and it can

connect up to eight devices in the same time.

It

uses Frequency Hoping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) to

make it rare for more than one device to transmit on
the same time using the same frequency and to avoid
any interference.

Each

device will use 79 individual, randomly chosen

frequencies within a designated range, changing from

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Technologies based on CDMA (Cont.):
Bluetooth (Cont.):

Bluetooth channel is divided into time slots each has

a length of 625 micro second and each channel has a
wide of 1MHz.

The

devices hop through the timeslots making 1600

hops per second.

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Technologies based on CDMA (Cont.):
Global Positioning System (GPS):

All GPS satellites broadcast at two frequencies, 1.57542

GHz (L1 signal) and 1.2276 GHz (L2 signal).

The receiver can distinguish the source of the signal by

using direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS)
modulation technique where the low-bit rate message
data is encoded with a high-rate pseudo-random noise
(PRN) sequence.

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Technologies based on CDMA (Cont.):
Global Positioning System (GPS) (Cont.):

DSSS

provides the structure for the transmission of

ranging signal and essential data such as satellite coordinates and health.

The

satellite carrier frequencies are modulated using

the ranging signal which is PRN code which is different
between satellites.

The

receiver uses the satellite PRN code to reconstruct

the actual message data.

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Technologies based on CDMA (Cont.):
Global Positioning System (GPS) (Cont.):
There are two types of PRN ranging distinct codes
used:
1. The short coarse/acquisition (C/A) code (also called
Gold code) at 1.023 million chips per second.
2. The long precise (P) code at 10.23 million chips per
second.

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Performance analysis of IEEE 802.11
protocol:
There are several assumptions have been
considered in presenting this analytical
framework:
1. The effect of bit errors introduced by channel noise
has been ignored. The only considered errors are the
one which caused by collisions due to other
simultaneous transmissions.
2. There are no hidden stations.

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Performance analysis of IEEE 802.11
protocol (Cont.):
5. Every station always has a packet to send (saturated
conditions).
6. The collision probability of a transmitted frame is
constant and independent of the number of
retransmissions that this frame has experienced in
the past.
7. RTS/CTS access mechanism.

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Performance analysis of IEEE 802.11
The sequence(Cont.):
of events in a successful frame transmission using
protocol
the RTS/CTS access method will be like the following:

RTS: Request To Send.

SIFS: Short Inter-Frame Space.
CTS: Clear To Send.
DIFS: Distributed Coordination Function.

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Source

Destination

Other

t
0

RT
S

DAT
A
SIF
S

CT
S

SIF
S

SIF
S

AC
K

NAV (RTS)
NAV (CTS)

DI
FS

NAV (DATA)
Defer Access

S: Request To Send.
FS: Short Inter-Frame Space.
S: Clear To Send.
FS: Distributed Coordination Function.

Back-of

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Performance analysis of IEEE 802.11
protocol (Cont.):
Abbreviations:

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Performance analysis of IEEE 802.11
protocol (Cont.):
For simplicity, I assumed that the value of will be
known and we will start by calculating the value of p:
Because we have n stationsPtrand all of them will transmit
with a probability of , then the value of
will be:

Code Division Multiple Acce

Performance analysis of IEEE 802.11
protocol (Cont.):
The probability of successful transmission will be equal
to the probability that one station is transmitting while
the remaining stations stay silent:
If
average time delays
for RTS/CTS will be:

is the frame header, the

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Performance analysis of IEEE 802.11
protocol (Cont.):
The throughput will be equal to the time needed to
transmit the payload information divided by the average
length of slot time:

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Major Development in CDMA:
Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA):

It has a radio channel of 5 MHz wide and a chip rate of

3.84 Mcps.
It supports frequency division (FDD) and inter-cell
asynchronous operation.
It employs coherent detection on both the uplink and
downlink.
It has a Variable mission on a 10 ms frame basis.
It supports Multi-code transmission.
It uses a direct sequence CDMA transmission

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Major Development in CDMA (Cont.):
Time-division CDMA (TD-CDMA):

It

uses a combined time division and code division

multiple access scheme.
The signals from different users are separated in both
time and code domain.
It has a frame length of 10 ms and it is divided into 15
time slots.
Each slot has duration of 666 micro second and length
of 2560 chips.
It uses Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) to
modulate the data.

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Major Development in CDMA (Cont.):
Time Division Synchronous Code Division Multiple
Access (TD-SCDMA):

It

is an alternative to W-CDMA in the mobile

telecommunications networks.
It is better suited for densely populated areas.
It uses time-division duplexing (TDD).
It can accommodate asymmetric traffic with different
data rates on downlink and uplink.
It uses both TDMA and CDMA.

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Thank you for listening