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Sight

distance available from a point is the


actual distance along the road surface, over
which a driver from a specified height above
the carriage way has visibility of stationary
or moving objects.

Stopping

sight distance (SSD) or the absolute


minimum sight distance.
Overtaking sight distance (OSD) for safe
overtaking operation.
Safe sight distance to enter into an
intersection.
Apart from the three situations mentioned
above the following sight distances are also
considered:
Intermediate sight distance.
Head light sight distance.

Reaction time of the driver


Reaction time of a driver is the time taken
from the instant the object is visible to the
driver to the instant when the brakes are
applied.
IRC suggests a reaction time of 2.5 secs.

Speed of the vehicle


Higher the speed, more time will be required
to stop the vehicle.
Efficiency of brakes
The efficiency of the brakes depends upon
the age of the vehicle, vehicle
characteristics etc.

Frictional resistance between the tyre and


the road
The frictional resistance between the tyre
and road plays an important role to bring the
vehicle to stop.
No separate provision for brake efficiency is
provided while computing the sight distance.
This is taken into account along with the
factor of longitudinal friction.

Gradient of the road.


While climbing up a gradient, the vehicle can
stop immediately and vice versa.

SSD

is the minimum sight distance available


on a highway at any spot having sufficient
length to enable the driver to stop a vehicle
traveling at design speed, safely without
collision with any other obstruction.

The

stopping sight distance is the sum of

Lag distance.
Braking distance.

Braking distance
The distance travelled by the vehicle after
the application of brakes.

Stopping

sight distance = lag distance +


braking distance.
Lag distance
It is the distance travelled by the vehicle
during the reaction time.
If v is the design speed in m/sec and t is
the total reaction time of the driver in
seconds then lag distance will be v.t metres

Braking distance
The distance travelled by the vehicle after
the application of brakes.
For a level road this is obtained by equating
the work done in stopping the vehicle and
the kinetic energy of the vehicle.
If F is the maximum frictional force
developed and the braking distance is l, then
work done against friction in stopping the
vehicle is Fl = fWl.
10

Where

f= frictional coefficient
W= the total weight of vehicle.
l = braking distance.
The kinetic energy at design speed is
1
1 2
2
mv =
v
2
2

Hence fWl=

Wv2
2

v2

l = 2gf
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Here

l= braking distance, m
v= speed of vehicle , m/sec
f= design coefficient of friction = .4 to .35
depending upon the design speed.
g= acceleration due to gravity = 9.8 m/sec2
Therefore stopping sight distance= lag distance
+ braking distance.

ie SD , m = vt +

v2
2
12

Speed in kmph 20 to30


40 50 60 65 80 100
longitudinal
coefficient of
friction
0.4 0.38 0.37 0.36 0.36 0.35 0.35

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Ascending gradient
When there is an ascending gradient of say, +
n% the component of gravity adds to the
braking action.
The component of gravity acting parallel to
the surface which adds to the braking force
is equal to wsin = wtan = wn/100
Equating the kinetic energy to work done:
[fw

Wn
]
100

l=

1 Wv2
2 g

14

2(+ )
100

15

Descending gradient
For descending gradient of n% the braking
distance increseases
Hence

[fw -

Wn
]
100

l=

1 Wv2
2 g

2( )
100

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Stopping

SD,m=

sight distance for gradient of n%

[vt+

2( )
100

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