GROUP ASSIGNMENT-2

MAE-510 Wind Turbine Modeling

Harshit Goyal
Sunayana Jayaram

Problem Formulation for Multi-Objective Optimization of Wind Turbine:

1. Problem Description
To design the tower and rotor for a 100kW fixed-speed, stall-regulated, wind turbine system. The
design should have minimum cost and maximum energy production. The tower should have a
factor of safety of 1.25.
2. Data and Information Collection
The necessary data to solve the above problem involves, properties of the material used, efficient
output power of the turbine. To evaluate the structural stability of the tower we need to evaluate
buckling failure of the tower. In order to prevent failure of the wind turbine system due to
resonance the natural frequency of the tower and rotor should never be the same. The load on the
tower should be less than the critical loading.
a. Mass of the Wind turbine

= 2 ( 2 ) + 2 ( ) [kg]
b. Output Power of the Turbine

(152 )
) 3
+(15

8 )

= 8 2 3 [1 (
c.

7 15

6 ] +(158 ) [kW]

Stress of the Tower

= [

+ ( )( )(2)
0.04(+0.5)
+ ( )( )(2)
2
sec (( ) [ ()(2)
] [1 +
])]
2

d. Loading on the Tower

= (4

( 2 ) (3 )
2

)[ + ( )( )(2)]

[N]

e. Deformation of the Tower

+ ( )( )(2)
]
()(2)

= 0.02 sec ( [
f.

1) [m]

Yield Strength

0.375

(...)

[N/2 ]

g. Natural Frequency
= 3.181

3
3 [0.23( )( )(2)+ + 2 ]
2

[]

[N/2 ]

Notation Data
m
n

D
ka
C

t
P

-
GR

g
R
E
Pcr

FOS

Mass of the turbine

Number of blades, 3
Density of rotor blade, 1850
Rotor diameter, 18.5
Airfoil constant, 0.6
Chord length, 1.38
Thickness ratio, 0.21
Density of tower, 7895
Hub height
Nacelle height
Thickness of tower
Output power of turbine
Density of air, 1.225
Wind speed
Power coefficient constants
Gear ratio, 21.58
Generator speed, 1800
Pitch angle, 2.2
Allowable stress for tower
Load acting on tower
Acceleration due to gravity, 9.8
Mean Radius of Tower
Youngs Modulus Steel, 2.1*1011
Critical loading on Tower
Deformation of Tower
Yield Strength
Factor of Safety, 1.25
Natural Frequency

kg
kg/m3
M
M
kg/m3
m
m
m
kW
kg/m3
m/s
rpm
degrees
N/
N
m/s2
m
N/m2
N
m
N/m2
Hz

3. Definition of Design Variables

The following design variables are defined for the design of the wind turbine system.
1 = Hub Height [m]
2 = Mean Diameter of the tower [m]
3 =Thickness of the Tower [m]
4 =Rotor Diameter [m]
5 = Wind Speed m/s [m]

4. Optimization Criterion
The merit of the design for the given problem is measured in its material weight and the efficiency
of the design is measured from the output power generated by the turbine. Hence the total weight
of the tower and energy produced serves as the cost function.
Minimize Mass,
=

4
( 2 ) + 2 (1 )2 3
2

Maximize Power,
7 154
2 2
(15 4 2 )
+(158 4 )
= 4 5 [1 (
) 3 6 ]
8
+ (15 8 4 )

5. Formulation of Constraints
Allowable stress Constraint
The stress of the tower should be less than the allowable stress of the
material used, so that the structure doesnt fail.
0
+ ( )( )(22 3 )
0.04(2 + 0.52 )
+ ( )(1 )(22 3 )
2
[
] [1 +
sec ((
])] 0
) [
()(22 3 )
22 3
2

Critical Loading
The loading on the tower should not exceed the critical loading to avoid buckling.
0
[ + ( )(1 )(22 3 )]

(2 ) (23 3 )
0
(41 2 )

Deformation Constraint
0
+ ( )( )(2)
0.02 sec ( [
] 1) 0
()(2)

Strength Constraint
0

0.375

0
(. . . )

Natural Frequency Constraint

The natural frequency of the rotor and tower shouldnt be same to
prevent resonance.
0

3.181

3
3
2

3 [0.23( )( )(2)+ + 2 ]

Appendix
Function to input Objective functions
function f=mass(x)
%%%%%% Objective Functions%%%%
%%%%%%Design Variablea%%%%%%%%
%%%% x(1)= Hub Height(m) %%%%
%%%% x(2)= Mean Radius of the Thin Walled Tower (m) %%%%
%%%% x(3)= Thickness of the Tower (m) %%%%
%%%% x(4)= Rotor Diameter (m) %%%%
rho_r=1850;
%%%%%% Density of Rotor Blade- Fibre Reinforced Polymer (kg/m^3)%%%%%
rho_t=7895;
%%%%%% Density of Rotor Blade- Mild Steel (kg/m^3)%%%%%
l=1.38;
%%%%%% Chord Length of the Airfoil used -S806A %%%%%
Ka=0.6;
%%%%%% Constant For the calculation of area of the Airfoil %%%%%%%
rho=1.255;
%%%%%% Density of Rotor Blade- Fibre Reinforced Material (kg/m^3)%%%%%
tau=0.21;
%%%%%% Thickness to chord ratio fot the Airfoil S806A %%%%%%
C= [0.5 116 .4 0 0 6 21 .08 .035]; %%%%%% Constants for the calculation of Cp %%%%%
wgen=1800;
%%%%%% Rotor speed (rpm) %%%%%%
n=3;
%%%%%% Number of Blades %%%%%%
beta=0;
%%%%%% Pitch Angle (Degree) %%%%
GR=21.58;
%%%%%% Gear Ratio of the rotor %%%%%
hn=4;
%%%%%% Nacelle Height (m) %%%%%%
%%%%%%%% Objective Function to Minimize the weight of the Turbine%%%%%%%%%%
f1=((3*rho_r/2)*x(4)*(Ka*l^2*tau))+((rho_t*2*pi)*(x(1)-hn)*x(2)*x(3));
f(1)=(f1-fmin(1))/(fmax(1)-fmin(1)); %%%%%%% Weighted Sum Method %%%%%%%
%%%%%%%% Onjective Function to Maximize the Power of the Rotor %%%%%%%
f2=(1*pi*rho/8)*x(4)^2*x(5)^3*(C(1)*((C(2)*15*n*GR*x(4))/(wgen*pi+15*C(8)*n*GR*beta*x(4)))C(3)*beta-C(6)) ...
*exp((-1*C(8)*15*n*GR*x(4))/(wgen*pi+15*C(8)*n*GR*beta*x(4)));
f(2)=(f2-fmin(2))/(fmax(2)-fmin(2));
end

Function to input Constraints

function[g]=con_1(x)
%%%%%% COnstraints%%%%
%%%%%%Design Variablea%%%%%%%%
%%%% x(1)= Hub Height(m) %%%%
%%%% x(2)= Mean Radius of the Thin Walled Tower (m) %%%%
%%%% x(3)= Thickness of the Tower (m) %%%%
%%%% x(4)= Rotor Diameter (m) %%%%
E=2.1*1e11;
%%%%% Modulus of Rigidity (N/m^2)
fy=506*1e6;
%%%%% Yield Strength (N/m^2)
Sa= 2.5*1e8;
%%%%% Allowable Stress (N/m^2)
rho_r=1850;
%%%%%% Density of Rotor Blade- Fibre Reinforced Polymer (kg/m^3)%%%%%
rho_t=7895;
%%%%%% Density of Rotor Blade- Mild Steel (kg/m^3)%%%%%
l=1.38;
%%%%%% Chord Length of the Airfoil used -S806A %%%%%
Ka=0.6;
%%%%%% Constant For the calculation of area of the Airfoil %%%%%%%

tau=0.21;
%%%%%% Thickness to chord ratio fot the Airfoil S806A %%%%%%
hn=4;
%%%%%% Nacelle Height (m) %%%%%%
Pn=1094.422* 1e3;%%%%%% Load Due to the wieght of the Nacelle %%%%%%
delta= 0.25;
%%%%%% Allowable Lateral DEformation (m) %%%%%%%
FOS=1.25;
%%%%%% Factor of Safety%%%%%%
wgen=1800;
%%%%%% Rotor speed (rpm) %%%%%%
%%%%%%% Normalized Constraints to prevent Buckling of the Tower %%%%%%%
%%%%%%% Stress Constraint %%%%%%
%g(1)= ((Pn+rho_t*2*pi*x(2)*x(3)*(x(1)-hn))/(2*pi*x(2)*x(3))*(1+((0.02*(x(2)+0.5*x(3)))/x(1))...
%*sec((sqrt(2)*x(1)/x(2))*sqrt((Pn+rho_t*2*pi*x(2)*x(3)*(x(1)-hn))/(E*pi*x(2)*x(3))))))-Sa;
%%%%%% Buckling Load Constraint %%%%%%
g(2)=1-((pi^2*(E*pi*x(2)^3*x(1)))/(4*x(1)^2*(Pn+rho_t*2*pi*x(2)*x(3)*(x(1)-hn))));
%%%%%% Deflection Consraint %%%%%%%
g(3)=(0.02*x(1))*sec(x(1)*sqrt((Pn+rho_t*2*pi*x(2)*x(3)*(x(1)-hn))/(E*pi*x(2)*x(3)))-1)-delta;
%%%%%% Radius to THickness Constriant %%%%%%
g(4)=x(1)-((0.375*x(3))*sqrt(E/fy));
%%%%%% Natural Frequncy%%%%%%
%g(5)=(((3.181)/wgen)*sqrt((E*pi*(0.5*x(2))^3*((x(2)x(3))/2))/((1.5*x(4))^3*((3/2)*rho_r*x(4)*(Ka*l^2*tau)+0.23*rho_t*(x(1)-hn)*(pi/4)*(x(2)^2x(3)^2)))))...
% -wgen;
geq=[];
end

Program to Plot Pareto Frontier

clc
clear all
cla
x0=[11 2 0.3 7 6];
lb=[10 0.4 0.005 5 3.6];
ub=[19 3.5 0.2 10 8.7];
fmin=[10000 90];
for k=1:5
fmax=[90+k*0.9 10000-k*1000];
options=optimset('Maxiter',1500,'Tolx',1e-10,'Tolcon',1e-8)
%options.MaxFunEvals=1000;
[xopt,fopt]=fminimax(@mass,x0,[],[],[],[],lb,ub,@con_1,options,fmin,fmax);
for m=1:2
ff(m)=fopt(m)*(fmax(m)-fmin(m))+fmin(m);
end
f1(k)=ff(1);
f2(k)=ff(2);
end
[f2sort,ind2]=sort(f2)
f1sort=f1(ind2)
plot(f1sort,f2sort,'ko-')
xlabel('Power')
ylabel('Cost Function')