ELEMENTARY SURVEYING

INSTRUMENTS USED BY ANCESTOR FOR MEASURING ANGLES

Early instruments used for the measurement of angles of any size include the
astrolabe, planisphere, and quadrant. These instruments are all variations of a
protractor and are similar to the modern sextant. A sextant is an instrument used
to measure the angle of inclination of celestial bodies in order to determine the
latitude of the observer. Given the great interest in astronomy of ancient
civilizations, it is not surprising that their instruments for the measurement of
angles were such that they could be easily used to take astronomical readings.
REFERENCE: Edwards, Thomas G.. "Angles, Measurement of." Mathematics.
2002. Encyclopedia.com. 11 Oct. 2015<http://www.encyclopedia.com>.

ASTROLABE
The astrolabe is a very ancient astronomical
computer for solving problems relating to time and
the position of the Sun and stars in the sky. Several
types of astrolabes have been made. By far the most
popular type is the planispheric astrolabe, on which
the celestial sphere is projected onto the plane of the
equator. A typical old astrolabe was made of brass
and was about 6 inches (15 cm) in diameter, although
much larger and smaller ones were made.
REF:http://www.astrolabes.org/

PLANISPHERE
A planisphere is a star chart analog
computing instrument in the form of two
adjustable disks that rotate on a common
pivot. It can be adjusted to display the
visible stars for any time and date. It is an
instrument to assist in learning how to
recognize stars and constellations.The
main disadvantage of this tool is a
dependence on the latitude. If it is
designed for the particular one, it works
properly only in the small range of
latitudes around. The planisphere can be
bought at most bookstores, but very often
just for the local latitude. If you are from
north or central Europe and plan to spend
holidays in southern Europe, this one
SUBMITTED BY: MARK JEFF V. CALLANTA, BS ARCHITECTURE , Mon-Tues, 8:0012:00

ELEMENTARY SURVEYING
cannot be simply used there.
REF:http://drifted.in/planisphere/

INSTRUMENT NOWADAYS FOR MEASURING ANGLES

THEODOLITES
A Theodolite is a instrument for measuring both
horizontal and vertical angles, as used in
triangulation networks, and geo-location work. It
IMAGE REFERENCE:
is a tool used in the land surveying and
http://www.christopherfowler.co.uk/blog/w
engineering industry, but theodolites have been
padapted for other specialized purposes as well.
content/uploads/2012/09/Planisphere.jpg
Other specialized purposes make Theodolites
ideal for shop and factory floor layout of tools
and fixtures. They also work well for layout for
the construction of concrete slabs, swimming
pools, golf courses, landscaping, and road
design.
REF:http://www.engineersupply.com/theodolites.aspx

GYRO-THEODOLITE

IMAGE REFERENCE:
http://www.getsurveying.com/289259-thickbox/south-theodolite-et02.jpg

It basically consists of a gyroscope attached to the

bottom of a Hilger & Watts micrometer theodolite. The
gyroscope enables the direction of true north to be
determined with a standard error of about 15" within a
very short time. The instrument shown on the bottom is
a 'meridian indicator' (also known as a Precision
Indicator of the Meridian) which is connected to the
gyroscope and includes external connection to the
power supply. It is basically a meter graduated directly
in angular units, and the reading is thus a maximum
when the gyro is pointing north and a minimum when it
is pointing east or west.REF:

http://www.sage.unsw.edu.au/currentstudents/ug/projects/f_pall/html/t2
2.html

SUBMITTED BY: MARK JEFF V. CALLANTA, BS ARCHITECTURE , Mon-Tues, 8:0012:00

ELEMENTARY SURVEYING
PHOTO-THEODOLITE
This Photo-theodolite consists basically of an
ordinary theodolite which is modified by the
attachment of a camera in such a way that both
theodolite and camera rotate about a common
vertical axis. The top half of the instrument is a
standard Wild T2 one-second theodolite which
rests on a solid casting housing the camera.
The instrument was used for terrestrial
photogrammetry.

REF:http://www.sage.unsw.edu.au/currentstudents/ug/projects/f_p
all/html/t13.html

SUBMITTED BY: MARK JEFF V. CALLANTA, BS ARCHITECTURE , Mon-Tues, 8:0012:00