ALIMARINA

(Crab Shell Flour)

JAMAICA MARIE M. TUMULAK

Holy Trinity School
RESEARCHER
Requirement in Chemistry
A.Y. 2012 2013

SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

The span of time in this study lasted for about one week including the preparation
and experimentation.
It covers only the deacetylation and application of crab shell flour as an effective
substitute for commercial flour. It cannot affect anyone who will consume this because of
its non-toxic and non-allergic properties.

DEFINITION OF TERMS
CHITIN main component of crab shell.
CHITOSAN a derivative of chitin and used in water waste treatment.
CRAB SHELL major material used in this experiment. It is the hard part of the crab
which is known as the carapace.
DEACETYLATION process of removing the shells from crabs and the shells are then
grounded into a pulverous powder.
FLOUR it is the finely grounded bolted of meat and wheat, as that used in baking.
POLYMER a compound of high molecular weight derived either by the addition of
many smaller molecules, as polyethylene, or by the condensation
of many

smaller molecules with the elimination of water, alcohol, or

the like, as

nylon.

POLYSACCHARIDE a polymeric carbohydrate contained by flour and crab shell.

PULVERIZED - to reduce to dust or powder, as by pounding or grinding.

STARCH - a white, tasteless, solid carbohydrate, (C6H1 0O5)n, occurring in the form
of minute granules in the seeds, tubers, and other parts of plants.
GRINDER - use to grind solid materials.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

CRABS
Crabs are decapods crustaceans of

the

infraorder Brachyura, which typically have a

very short projecting "tail", or where the
reduced abdomen is

entirely

hidden

under

the thorax. They are generally covered with a

thick exoskeleton, composed primarily of calcium carbonate,and armed with a single pair
of chelae (claws). There are about (The infraorder Brachyura) 6,793 species known.
Crabs are found in all of the world's oceans, while many crabs live in fresh water and
on land, particularly in tropical regions. Crabs vary in size from the pea crab, a few
millimetres wide, to the Japanese spider crab, with a leg span of up to 4 metres (13 ft).

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CHAPTER III
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to test the effectiveness of chitin on crab shells as an
alternative source of flour. Flour is known to be a good substitute for rice. The global
economic crisis became the major cause of price hike of flour in the world market. Thus,
there is a need to find an alternative source of flour which is affordable and safe for
human consumption.
Crab shells which were collected from the different households in Batangas City,
were pulverized. I had only encountered one problem while performing this project. I had
the difficulty in pulverizing the crab shells using the mortar and pestle but by the aid of
my father, the crab shells were pulverized easily.
It was found out that the crab shells which were grounded into pulverous powder
or deacetylated powder could be a good substitute for flour by using this flour from crab
shells in making hot pancake.

Efficacy of Guava
Leaves Extract in
Preserving Bananas
RYAN DERICK P. ESQUIVEL
Holy Trinity School
RESEARCHER

Requirement in Chemistry
A.Y. 2012-2013

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study sought to answer the following problems:
1. What are the components of guava leaves extract which have uses and abilities similar
to commercial preservatives?
2. How effective is the guava leaves extract in preserving bananas?
3. Is guava leaves extract feasible as a substitute for commercial preservatives?

OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this study are:
1. To make a natural preservative to lengthen the shelf-life of fruit like bananas.
2. To lessen the burden of some consumers who undergo financial difficulties in buying
commercialized preservatives.
3. To produce an alternative preservative from guava leaves which is more affordable,
more available and safer to use.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study aims to benefit the following populations:
To the researcher, this may help her to have the ability to buy bigger mass of
bananas without the need to worry of its shelf-life.
9

To the small farmers and vendors of bananas, this may be a help for them in
maintaining the texture of bananas until these were delivered and consumed. To the
families without refrigerators and cannot afford commercial preservatives, this may cause
them not to buy retail bananas or that which will be consumed for a short span of time
anymore. Instead, they can buy more bananas which can stay in shelves for longer time.
To the entire population, this may be the answer in its search for available, affordable and
safer-to-use preservative.

SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

Basically, the study was limited to families and individuals consuming bananas
but do not have refrigerators and cannot afford to buy commercial preservative, thus
cannot consume bigger mass of bananas. However, it may also be applicable to vendors
of bananas who are in the need of a preservative but cannot afford any.

DEFINITION OF TERMS
Carotenoids- are tetraterpenoid organic pigments that are naturally occurring in the
chloroplasts and chromoplasts of plants and some other
photosynthetic

organisms like algae, some bacteria and some type of

fungus.
Cineol (eucalyptol) - C10H18O, is very widely distributed. It is the principal
constituent of the oil of Eucalyptus Globulus, of cajeput
oil,

niaouli oil and of the oil of wormseed.

10
Ethanol- also called ethyl alcohol, pure alcohol, grain alcohol or drinking alcohol, is a
volatile, flammable, colorless liquid. It is a psychoactive drug and one
of the

oldest recreational drugs.

Guava- is a tropical fruit, cultivated mainly in the Asian countries. It is quite similar in
shape to pear and has a rind that is green in color and changes to yellow
when it

becomes over-ripe.

Isoflavonoids- are a class of flavonoid phenolic compounds. They are biologically

active compounds, such as phytoestrogens, produced by pea
family

plants.

Myrtaceae Family- are a family of dicotyledon plants, placed within the order
Myrtales. Myrtle, clove, guava, feijoa, allspice, and
eucalyptus

belong here.

Phytonutrients- are nutrients derived from plant material that have been shown to be
necessary for sustaining human life.
Polyphenols- are a structural class of mainly natural, but also synthetic or semi
synthetic, organic chemicals characterized by the presence of large
multiples of phenol structural units.
Saponins- are a class of chemical compounds, one of many secondary metabolites
found in natural resources, with saponins found in particular
abundance in

various plant species.

11
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. Title Page ........ i
II. Table of Contents ...... ii
III. Abstract ........ 1
IV. Research Plan
Materials ........ 2
General Procedures ........ 2
Research Plan ..... 3-7
V. Introduction ....... 8
Background of the Study ....... 8
Statement of the Problem ...... 9
Objectives ...... 9
Significance of the Study ...... 9-10
Scope and Limitations ..... 10
Definition of Terms .... 10-11
Review of Related Literature ..... 12-17
VI. Results and Discussions ... 18-21
VII. Conclusions ...... 22
VIII. Recommendations ....... 23
IX. Bibliography . 24-25
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ....... 26

ii

CHAPTER IX
BIBLIOGRAPHY

http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/phytochemicals/carotenoids/
http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB03852
http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/ethanol.shtml
http://www.plantphysiol.org/content/154/2/453.full
http://www.theplantlist.org/browse/A/Myrtaceae/
http://www.webmd.com/diet/phytonutrients-faq
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioxidant_effect_of_polyphenols_and_natural_phenols
http://www.phytochemicals.info/phytochemicals/saponins.php
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308814609006955
http://www.imm.ac.cn/journal/ccl/1602/160222-223-04-0047-p2.pdf
http://www.aferp.univ-rennes1.fr/aferpnouveau/athens/poster/PA163-Nancy.PDF
http://www.organicfacts.net/health-benefits/fruit/health-benefits-of-guava.html
http://www.nutrition-and-you.com/guava.html
http://www.lifeplusvitamins.com/guava-fruit-nutrition.html
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21167812
http://www.raysahelian.com/saponin.html
http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/toxicagents/saponin.html

24

http://www.cineol.net/
http://www.livestrong.com/article/541967-eucalyptus-cineol-for-pain-relief/
http://www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels/ethanol_fuel_basics.html
http://www.ethanol.org/
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-carotenoids.htm

25

D. Bibliography

http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/phytochemicals/carotenoids/
http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB03852
http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/ethanol.shtml
http://www.plantphysiol.org/content/154/2/453.full
http://www.theplantlist.org/browse/A/Myrtaceae/
http://www.webmd.com/diet/phytonutrients-faq
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioxidant_effect_of_polyphenols_and_natural_phenols
http://www.phytochemicals.info/phytochemicals/saponins.php
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308814609006955
http://www.imm.ac.cn/journal/ccl/1602/160222-223-04-0047-p2.pdf
http://www.aferp.univ-rennes1.fr/aferpnouveau/athens/poster/PA163-Nancy.PDF
http://www.organicfacts.net/health-benefits/fruit/health-benefits-of-guava.html
http://www.nutrition-and-you.com/guava.html
http://www.lifeplusvitamins.com/guava-fruit-nutrition.html
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21167812
http://www.raysahelian.com/saponin.html
http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/toxicagents/saponin.html

http://www.cineol.net/
http://www.livestrong.com/article/541967-eucalyptus-cineol-for-pain-relief/
http://www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels/ethanol_fuel_basics.html
http://www.ethanol.org/
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-carotenoids.htm