TimelineofHistoryofMedicine

Antiquity
2600BCImhotepthepriestphysicianwhowaslaterdeifiedastheEgyptiangodof
medicine.[1]ancientEgyptianmedicine
2500BCIryEgyptianinscriptionspeaksofIryas[eyedoctorofthepalace,][palace
physicianofthebelly,][guardianoftheroyalbowels,]and[hewhopreparestheimportant
medicine(namecannotbetranslated)andknowstheinnerjuicesofthebody.][2]
1900BC1600BCAkkadianclaytabletsonmedicinesurviveprimarilyascopiesfrom
Ashurbanipal'slibraryatNineveh.[3]
1800BCCodeofHammurabisetsoutfeesforsurgeonsandpunishmentsfor
malpractice[2]
1800BCKahunGynecologicalPapyrus
1600BCHearstpapyrusCoprotherapyandmagic[4]
1551BCEbersPapyrusCoprotherapyandmagic[5]
1500BCSaffronusedasamedicineontheAegeanislandofTherainancientGreece
1500BCEdwinSmithPapyrusanEgyptianmedicaltextandtheoldestknownsurgical
treatise(notruesurgery)nomagic[2]
1300BCBrugschPapyrusandLondonMedicalPapyrus
1250BCAsklepios[2]
9thcenturyHesiodreportsanontologicalconceptionofdiseaseviathePandoramyth.
Diseasehasa"life"ofitsownbutisofdivineorigin.[4]
8thcenturyHomertellsthatPolydamnasuppliedtheGreekforcesbesiegingTroywith
healingdrugsHomeralsotellsaboutbattlefieldsurgeryIdomeneustellsNestorafter
Machaonhadfallen:Asurgeonwhocancutoutanarrowandhealthewoundwithhis
ointmentsiswortharegiment.[2]
700BCCnidosmedicalschoolalsooneatCos
500BCDariusIorderstherestorationoftheHouseofLife(Firstrecordofa(mucholder)
medicalschool)[2]:47
500BCBianQuebecomestheearliestphysicianknowntouseacupunctureandpulse
diagnosis
500BCtheSushrutaSamhitaispublished,layingtheframeworkforAyurvedicmedicine
c490c430Empedoclesfourelements[5]
510430BCAlcmaeonofCrotonscientificanatomicdissections.Hestudiedtheoptic
nervesandthebrain,arguingthatthebrainwastheseatofthesensesandintelligence.He
distinguishedveinsfromthearteriesandhadatleastvagueunderstandingofthecirculation
oftheblood.[2]VariouslydescribedbymodernscholarsasFatherofAnatomyFatherof
PhysiologyFatherofEmbryologyFatherofPsychologyCreatorofPsychiatryFounderof
GynecologyandastheFatherofMedicineitself.[6]Thereislittleevidencetosupportthe
claimsbutheis,nonetheless,important.[5][7]
fl.425BCDiogenesofApollonia[5]
c.484425BCHerodotustellsusEgyptiandoctorswerespecialists:Medicineispracticed
amongthemonaplanofseparationeachphysiciantreatsasingledisorder,andnomore.
Thusthecountryswarmswithmedicalpractitioners,someundertakingtocurediseasesof
theeye,othersofthehead,othersagainoftheteeth,othersoftheintestines,andsome

thosewhicharenotlocal.[2]
496405BCSophoclesItisnotalearnedphysicianwhosingsincantationsoverpains
whichshouldbecuredbycutting.[8]
420BCHippocratesofCosmaintainsthatdiseaseshavenaturalcausesandputsforth
theHippocraticOath.Originofrationalmedicine.
MedicineafterHippocrates
c.400BC1BCTheHuangdiNeijing(YellowEmperor'sClassicofInternalMedicine)is
published,layingtheframeworkfortraditionalChinesemedicine
4thcenturyBCPhilistionofLocri[5]Praxagorasdistinguishesveinsandarteriesand
determinesonlyarteriespulse[9]
375295BCDioclesofCarystus[1][5][10]
354BCCritobulus,extractsanarrowfromPhillipII'seye,treatingthelossoftheeyeball
withoutcausingfacialdisfigurement
3rdcenturyBCPhilinusofCosfounderoftheEmpiricistschool.Herophilosand
Erasistratuspracticeandrotomy.(Dissectingliveanddeadhumanbeings)
280BCHerophilusDissection[7]studiesthenervoussystemanddistinguishesbetween
sensorynervesandmotornervesandthebrain.alsotheanatomyoftheeyeandmedical
terminologysuchas(inLatintranslation"netlike"becomesretiform/retina.[5]
270HuangfuMiwritestheZhenjiuJiayijing(TheABCCompendiumofAcupuncture),the
firsttextbookfocusingsolelyonacupuncture
250BCErasistratusstudiesthebrainanddistinguishesbetweenthecerebrumand
cerebellumphysiologyofthebrain,heartandeyes,andinthevascular,nervous,
respiratoryandreproductivesystems.
219ZhangZhongjingpublishesShangHanLun(OnColdDiseaseDamage).
200BCtheCharakaSamhitausesarationalapproachtothecausesandcureofdisease
andusesobjectivemethodsofclinicalexamination
12444BCAsclepiadesofBithynia[7]
11627B.CMarcusTerentiusVarroGermtheoryofdiseaseNoonepaidanyattentionto
it.[11]
1stcenturyADRufusofEphesusMarcellinusaphysicianofthefirstcenturyAD[5]
Numisianus[6]
23AD79ADPlinytheElderwritesNaturalHistory
ca25BCca50ADAulusCorneliusCelsusMedicalencyclopedia[12]
5070ADPedaniusDioscorideswritesDeMateriaMedicaaprecursorofmodern
pharmacopoeiasthatwasinuseforalmost1600years
2ndcenturyADAretaeusofCappadocia[7]
98138ADSoranusofEphesus[13]
129216ADGalenClinicalmedicinebasedonobservationandexperience.[10]The
resultingtightlyintegratedandcomprehensivesystem,offeringacompletemedical
philosophydominatedmedicinethroughouttheMiddleAgesanduntilthebeginningofthe
modernera.[14]
AfterGalen200AD
d.260GargiliusMartialis,shortLatinhandbookonMedicinesfromVegetablesand
Fruits[10]

4thcenturyMagnusofNisibis,Alexandriandoctorandprofessorbookonurine[15]
325400Oribasius70volumeencyclopedia[3]
362Julianordersxenonesbuilt,imitatingChristiancharity(protohospitals)[15]
369BasilofCaesareafoundedatCaesareainCappadociaaninstitution(hospital)called
Basilias,withseveralbuildingsforpatients,nurses,physicians,workshops,andschools[13]
375EphremtheSyrianopenedahospitalatEdessa[13]Theyspreadoutansspecialized
nosocomiaforthesick,brephotrophiaforfoundlings,orphanotrophiafororphans,ptochia
forthepoor,xenodochiaforpoororinfirmpilgrims,andgerontochiafortheold.[13]
400ThefirsthospitalinLatinChristendomwasfoundedbyFabiolaatRome[13]
420CaeliusAurelianusadoctorfromSiccaVeneria(ElKef,Tunisia)handbookOnAcute
andChronicDiseasesinLatin.[10]
447CassiusFelixofCirta(Constantine,Ksantina,Algeria),medicalhandbookdrewon
Greeksources,MethodistandGalenistinLatin[10]
480547BenedictofNursiafounderof"monasticmedicine"[16]
fl.511534AnthimusGreek:[17]
536SergiusofReshaina(died536)AChristiantheologianphysicianwhotranslatedthirty
twoofGalensworksintoSyriacandwrotemedicaltreatisesofhisown[18]
525605AlexanderofTralles[15]AlexanderTrallianus
500550AetiusofAmidaEncyclopedia4bookseachdividedinto4sections[3][3][15]
secondhalfof6thcenturybuildingofxenodocheions/bimrestnsbytheNestoriansunder
theSasanians,wouldevolveintothecomplexsecularIslamichospital,whichcombinedlay
practiceandGalenicteaching[18]
550630StephanusofAthens[10][19]
560636IsidoreofSeville
c.620AaronofAlexandriaSyriac.Hewrote30booksonmedicine,the"Pandects".Hewas
thefirstauthorinantiquitywhomentionedthediseasesofsmallpoxandmeasles[20]
translatedbyMsarjawaihaSyrianJewandPhysician,intoArabicaboutA.D.683
c.630PaulofAeginaEncyclopediain7booksverydetailedsurgeryusedbyAlbucasis[10]
[15][21]
790869LeoItrosophistalsoMathematicianorPhilosopherwrote"EpitomeofMedicine"
c.800873AlKindi(Alkindus)DeGradibus
820Benedictinehospitalfounded,SchoolofSalernowouldgrowaroundit[3]
857dMesuetheelder(YannibnMsawayh)SyriacChristian[14]
c.830870HunaynibnIshaq(Johannitius)SyriacspeakingChristianalsoknewGreek
andArabic.Translatorandauthorofseveralmedicaltracts.[14]
c.838870AliibnSahlRabbanalTabari,writesanencyclopediaofmedicineinArabic.
[22]
c.910dIshaqibnHunayn
9thcenturyYahyaibnSarafyunaSyriacphysicianJohannesSerapion,[14]Serapionthe
Elder
c.865925Rhazespediatrics,[3][23]andmakesthefirstcleardistinctionbetween
smallpoxandmeaslesinhisalHawi.
d.955IsaacJudaeusIsqibnSulaymnalIsrlEgyptianbornJewishphysician[14]
913982ShabbethaiDonnoloallegedfoundingfatherofSchoolofSalernowrotein
Hebrew[24]
d.982994'Aliibnal'AbbasalMajusiHalyAbbas[3]

1000Albucasis(9361018)surgeryKitabalTasrif,surgicalinstruments.[14]
d.1075IbnButlanChristianphysicianofBaghdadTacuinumsanitatistheArabicoriginal
andmostoftheLatincopies,areintabularformat[14]
10181087MichaelPsellosorPsellusaByzantinemonk,writer,philosopher,politicianand
historian.severalbooksonmedicine[15]
c.1030AvicennaTheCanonofMedicineTheCanonremainsastandardtextbookin
MuslimandEuropeanuniversitiesuntilthe18thcentury.
c.10711078SimeonSethorSymeonSethan11thcenturyJewishByzantinetranslated
ArabicworksintoGreek[15]
1084FirstdocumentedhospitalinEnglandCanterbury[13]
1087dConstantinetheAfrican[14]
10831153AnnaKomnene,LatinizedasComnena
1095CongregationoftheAntonines,wasfoundedtotreatvictimsof"St.Anthony'sfire"a
skindisease.[13]
late11thearly12thcenturyTrotula[25]
1123StBartholomew'sHospitalfoundedbythecourtjesterRahereAugustinenuns
originallycaredforthepatients.Mentalpatientswereacceptedalongwithothers[26]
1127StephenofAntiochtranslatedtheworkofHalyAbbas
11001161AvenzoarTeacherofAverroes[27]
1170RogeriusSalernitanuscomposedhisChirurgiaalsoknownasTheSurgeryofRoger
11261198Averroes[3]
c.1161dMatthaeusPlatearius

12001500
1204InnocentIIIorganizedthehospitalofSantoSpiritoatRomeinspiringothersallover
Europe
c.12101277WilliamofSalicetoalsoknownasGuilielmusdeSaliceto
12101295TaddeoAlderottiScholasticmedicine[28]
1240BartholomeusAnglicus[4]
1242IbnanNafissuggeststhattherightandleftventriclesoftheheartareseparateand
discoversthepulmonarycirculationandcoronarycirculation[14]
c.1248IbnalBaitarwroteonbotanyandpharmacy,[14]studiedanimalanatomyand
medicineveterinarymedicine.
1249RogerBaconwritesaboutconvexlensspectaclesfortreatinglongsightedness
12571316Pietrod'AbanoalsoknownasPetrusDeAponoorAponensis[28]
1260LouisIXestablished,LesQuinzevingtoriginallyaretreatfortheblind,itbecamea
hospitalforeyediseases,andisnowoneofthemostimportantmedicalcentersinParis[13]
c.12601316HenrideMondeville
1284MansurhospitalofCairo[3]
c.1275c.1328JoannesZachariasActuariusaByzantinephysicianwrotethelastgreat
compendiumofByzantinemedicine[15]
12751326MondinodeLuzzi"Mundinus"carriedoutthefirstsystematichumandissections
sinceHerophilusofChalcedonandErasistratusofCeos1500yearsearlier.[29][30]
1288ThehospitalofSantaMariaNuovafoundedinFlorence,itwasstrictlymedical.[4]
1300concavelensspectaclestotreatmyopiadevelopedinItaly.[31]

1310Pietrod'Abano'sConciliator(c.1310)[4]
d1348GentiledaFoligno[28]
12921350IbnQayyimalJawziya[3]
13061390JohnofArderne[29][32][33]
d.1368GuydeChauliac[29][34]
f.1460HeinrichvonPfolspeundt[29][30][35][36][37]
14431502AntonioBenivieni[29][38]Pathologicalanatomy[39]
14931541Paracelsus[29]Ontherelationshipbetweenmedicineandsurgery[40]surgery
book[41]
15001800
early16thcentury:
Paracelsus,analchemistbytrade,rejectsoccultismandpioneerstheuseofchemicalsand
mineralsinmedicine.BurnsthebooksofAvicenna,GalenandHippocrates.[42]
HieronymusFabricius[29]His"Surgery"ismostlythatofCelsus,PaulofAegina,and
Abulcasisciteingthembyname.[43]
CasparStromayrorStromayerSixteenthCentury[29][44]
1500?1561PierreFranco[29][37][45][46]
AmbroisePare15101590pioneeredthetreatmentofgunshotwounds.[29][47][48]
BartholomeoMaggiatBologna,FelixWurtzofZurich,LonardBotalinParis,andthe
EnglishmanThomasGale(surgeon),(thediversityoftheirgeographicaloriginsatteststo
thewidespreadinterestofsurgeonsintheproblem),allpublishedworksurgingsimilar
treatmenttoPars.ButitwasParswritingswhichwerethemostinfluential.[49]
1518CollegeofPhysiciansfoundednowknownasRoyalCollegeofPhysiciansofLondon
isaBritishprofessionalbodyofdoctorsofgeneralmedicineanditssubspecialties.It
receivedtheroyalcharterin1518[50]
15101590AmbroiseParsurgeon[50]
15401604WilliamClowes(surgeon)[29][36][51]Surgicalchestformilitarysurgeons[51][52]
1543AndreasVesaliuspublishesDeFabricaCorporisHumaniwhichcorrectsGreek
medicalerrorsandrevolutionizesEuropeanmedicine[53][54]
1546GirolamoFracastoroproposesthatepidemicdiseasesarecausedbytransferable
seedlikeentities
15501612PeterLowe[29][52][55]
1553MiguelServetodescribesthecirculationofbloodthroughthelungs.Heisaccused
ofheresyandburnedatthestake
1556AmatoLusitanodescribesvenousvalvesinthezigosvein
1559RealdoColombodescribesthecirculationofbloodthroughthelungsindetail
1563GarciadeOrtafoundstropicalmedicinewithhistreatiseonIndiandiseasesand
treatments
15701643JohnWoodallShipsSurgeonusedlemonjuicetotreatscurvy[52]wrote"The
SurgionsMate"[56]
1596LiShizhenpublishesBncoGngmorCompendiumofMateriaMedica
1603GirolamoFabricistudieslegveinsandnoticesthattheyhavevalveswhichallow
bloodtoflowonlytowardtheheart
16211676RichardWiseman[29][36][52][57][58]
1628WilliamHarveyexplainsthecirculatorysysteminExercitatioAnatomicadeMotu

CordisetSanguinisinAnimalibus
16831758LorenzHeister[29][52][59]
16881752WilliamCheselden[29][52][60][61][62]
1701GiacomoPylarinigivesthefirstsmallpoxinoculationsinEurope.Theywerewidely
practisedintheeastbeforethen.
17141789PercivallPott[29][63][64][65][66]
1720LadyMaryWortleyMontagu
17281793JohnHunter(surgeon)[29][47][67][68]
1736ClaudiusAymandperformsthefirstsuccessfulappendectomy
17441795PierreJosephDesault[29][52][69]Firstsurgicalperiodical[70]
1747JamesLinddiscoversthatcitrusfruitspreventscurvy
17491806BenjaminBellLeadingsurgeonofhistimeandfatherofasurgicaldynasty[29]
systemofsurgery[71]
17521832AntonioScarpa[29][52][72][73]
17631820JohnBell(surgeon)[29][36][74][75]
17661842DominiqueJeanLarreySurgeontoNapoleon[29][36][52][76][77][78][79]
17681843AstleyCoopersergeon[29][52][72]lectures[80]principlesandpractice[81]
17741842CharlesBell,surgeon[29][36][74][82]
1774JosephPriestleydiscoversnitrousoxide,nitricoxide,ammonia,hydrogenchloride
andoxygen
17771835BaronGuillaumeDupuytren[29]HeadsurgeonatHtelDieudeParis,[83]The
ageDupuytren[84][85]
1785WilliamWitheringpublishes"AnAccountoftheFoxglove"thefirstsystematic
descriptionofdigitalisintreatingdropsy
1790SamuelHahnemannragesagainsttheprevalentpracticeofbloodlettingasa
universalcureandfoundshomeopathy
1796EdwardJennerdevelopsasmallpoxvaccinationmethod
1799HumphryDavydiscoverstheanestheticpropertiesofnitrousoxide
18001899
1800HumphryDavyannouncestheanaestheticpropertiesofnitrousoxide
18131883JamesMarionSimsVesicovaganialsurgery[29][86][87]Fatherofsurgical
genocology[36]Biography[88]
1816ReneLaennecinventsthestethoscope
18271912JosephListerAntisepticsurgery[29][52][89]Fatherofmodernsurgery[90]
1818JamesBlundellperformsthefirstsuccessfulhumanbloodtransfusion
1842CrawfordLongperformsthefirstsurgicaloperationusinganesthesiawithether
1846Firstpainlesssurgerywithgeneralanesthetic
1847IgnazSemmelweisdiscovershowtopreventpuerperalfever
1849ElizabethBlackwellisthefirstwomantogainamedicaldegree
1858RudolfCarlVirchow13October18215September1902histheoriesofcellular
pathologyspelledtheendofHumoralmedicine
1867ListerpublishesAntisepticPrincipleofthePracticeofSurgery,basedpartlyon
Pasteur'swork
1870LouisPasteurandRobertKochestablishthegermtheoryofdisease

1878EllisReynoldsShippgraduatesfromWomansMedicalCollegeofPennsylvaniaand
beginspracticeinUtah
1879Firstvaccineforcholera
1881LouisPasteurdevelopsananthraxvaccine
1882LouisPasteurdevelopsarabiesvaccine
1890EmilvonBehringdiscoversantitoxinsandusesthemtodeveloptetanusand
diphtheriavaccines
1895WilhelmConradRntgendiscoversmedicaluseofXraysinmedicalimaging
19001999
1901KarlLandsteinerdiscoverstheexistenceofdifferenthumanbloodtypes
1901AloisAlzheimeridentifiesthefirstcaseofwhatbecomesknownasAlzheimer's
disease
1903WillemEinthovendiscoverselectrocardiography(ECG/EKG)
1906FrederickHopkinssuggeststheexistenceofvitaminsandsuggeststhatalackof
vitaminscausesscurvyandrickets
1907PaulEhrlichdevelopsachemotherapeuticcureforsleepingsickness
1908VictorHorsleyandR.Clarkeinventsthestereotacticmethod
1909FirstIntrauterinedevicedescribedbyRichardRichter.[91]
1910HansChristianJacobaeusperformsthefirstlaparoscopyonhumans
1917JuliusWagnerJaureggdiscoversthemalarialfevershocktherapyforgeneral
paresisoftheinsane
1921EdwardMellanbydiscoversvitaminDandshowsthatitsabsencecausesrickets
1921FrederickBantingandCharlesBestdiscoverinsulinimportantforthetreatmentof
diabetes
1921FidelPagspioneersepiduralanesthesia
1923FirstvaccineforDiphtheria
1926FirstvaccineforPertussis
1927FirstvaccineforTuberculosis
1927FirstvaccineforTetanus
1928AlexanderFlemingdiscoverspenicillin
1929HansBergerdiscovershumanelectroencephalography
1932GerhardDomagkdevelopsachemotherapeuticcureforstreptococcus
1933ManfredSakeldiscoversinsulinshocktherapy
1935LadislasJ.Medunadiscoversmetrazolshocktherapy
1935FirstvaccineforYellowFever
1936EgasMonizdiscoversprefrontallobotomyfortreatingmentaldiseasesEnrique
Finochiettodevelopsthenowubiquitousselfretainingthoracicretractor
1938UgoCerlettiandLucioBinidiscoverelectroconvulsivetherapy
1943WillemJKolffbuildthefirstdialysismachine
1944DisposableCatheterDavidS.Sheridan
1946ChemotherapyAlfredG.GilmanandLouisS.Goodman
1947DefibrillatorClaudeBeck
1948AcetaminophenJuliusAxelrod,BernardBrodie
1949Firstimplantofintraocularlens,bySirHaroldRidley

1949mechanicalassistorforanesthesiaJohnEmerson
1952JonasSalkdevelopsthefirstpoliovaccine(availablein1955)
1952CloningRobertBriggs&ampThomasKing
1953HeartLungMachineDrJohnHeyshamGibbon
1953MedicalUltrasonographyIngeEdler
1954JosephMurrayperformsthefirsthumankidneytransplant(onidenticaltwins)
1954VentouseTageMalmstrom
1955TetracyclineLloydConover
1956MeteredDoseInhaler3M
1957WilliamGreyWalterinventsthebrainEEGtopography(toposcope)
1958PacemakerRuneElmqvist
1959InVitroFertilizationMinChuehChang
1960InventionofCardiopulmonaryresuscitation(CPR)
1960FirstcombinedoralcontraceptiveapprovedbytheFDA[91]
1962HipReplacementJohnCharnley
1962BetaBlockerJamesW.Black
1962FirstOralPolioVaccine(Sabin)
1963ArtificialHeartPaulWinchell
1963ThomasStarzlperformsthefirsthumanlivertransplant
1963JamesHardyperformsthefirsthumanlungtransplant
1963Valium(diazepam)LeoHSternbach
1964FirstvaccineforMeasles
1965FrankPantridgeinstallsthefirstportabledefibrillator
1965Firstcommercialultrasound
1966C.WaltonLilleheiperformsthefirsthumanpancreastransplant
1966RubellaVaccineHarryMartinMeyerandPaulD.Parkman[92]
1967FirstvaccineforMumps
1967ChristiaanBarnardperformsthefirsthumanhearttransplant
1968PoweredProthesisSamuelAlderson
1968ControlledDrugDeliveryAlejandroZaffaron
1969InternetAdvancedResearchProjectAgency(ARPA)
1969BalloonCatheterThomasFogarty
1969CochlearImplantWilliamHouse
1970Cyclosporine,thefirsteffectiveimmunosuppressivedrugisintroducedinorgan
transplantpractice
1971GeneticallyModifiedOrganismsAnandaChakrabart
1971MagneticResonanceImagingRaymondVahanDamadian
1971ComputedTomography(CTorCATScan)GodfreyHounsfield
1971TransdermalPatchesAlejandroZaffaroni
1971SirGodfreyHounsfieldinventsthefirstcommercialCTscanner
1972InsulinPumpDeanKamen
1973LaserEyeSurgery(LASIK)ManiLalBhaumik
1974LiposuctionGiorgioFischer
1976FirstcommercialPETscanner

1978Lastfatalcaseofsmallpox[93]
1979AntiviralDrugsGeorgeHitchings&ampGertrudeElion
1980RaymondDamadianbuildsfirstcommercialMRIscanner
1980LithotripterDornierResearchGroup
1980FirstvaccineforHepatitisBDrBaruchSamuelBlumberg
1981ArtificialSkinJohnF.Burke&ampIoannisVYannas
1981BruceReitzperformsthefirsthumanheartlungcombinedtransplant
1982HumulininsulinEliLilly
InterferonCloningSidneyPestka
1985AutomatedDNASequencerLeroyHood&ampLloydSmith
1985PolymeraseChainReaction(PCR)KaeryMullis
1985SurgicalRobotDrYikSanKwoh
1985DNAFingerprintingAlecJeffreys
1985CapsuleEndoscopyTarunMullick
1986FluoxetineHClEliLillyandCo
1987BenCarson,leadinga70membermedicalteaminGermany,wasthefirstto
separateoccipitalcraniopagustwins.
1987commerciallyavailableStatinsMerck&ampCo.
1987TissueEngineeringJosephVacanti&ampRobertLanger
1988IntravascularStentJulioPalmaz
1988LaserCataractSurgeryDrPatriciaBath
1989PreimplantationGeneticDiagnosis(PGD)AlanHandyside
1989DNAMicroarrayStephenFodor
1990GamowBagDrIgorGamow
1992FirstvaccineforHepatitisAavailable[94]
1992Electroactivepolymers(ArtificialMuscle)SRIInternational
1992IntracytoplasmicSpermInjection(ICSI)AndrevanSteirteghem
1996DollytheSheepcloned
1998StemCellTherapyJamesThomson
2000present
26June2000HumanGenomedraftcompleted
2001TelesurgeryJacquesMarescaux
2003CarloUrbani,ofDoctorswithoutBordersalertedtheWorldHealthOrganizationto
thethreatoftheSARSvirus,triggeringthemosteffectiveresponsetoanepidemicin
history.Urbanisuccumbstothediseasehimselfinlessthanamonth.
2005JeanMichelDubernardperformsthefirstpartialfacetransplant
2006FirstHPVvaccineapproved
2006Secondrotavirusvaccineapproved(firstwaswithdrawn)
2007Visualprosthetic(bioniceye)ArgusII
2008LaurentLantieriperformsthefirstfullfacetransplant
2013FirstkidneygrowninvitrointheU.S.
2013FirsthumanlivergrownfromstemcellsinJapan

2014GreatEbolaOutbreakFirstcasesanddeathsinEuropeandAmerica