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Volume controls
Volume controls are most usefully applied at the
listening position. A DC presence and the ingress of dust
or moisture, particularly with earlier sliders, can present
problems. Electronic versions can interest in that the
switching must present a continuously variable aspect,
subjectively speaking. Analogue approaches used in the
swell pedals of upright organs often used a photo-cell
(LDR) in series with the signal that was then illuminated
by a light bulb. This was then obscured by a vane
attached to the pedal to effect volume change.
Adequate perhaps, but with it's limitations. For example,
to overcome non-linearities evident with some LDR
designs, a DC component was sometimes added to the
signal. Noise could also be problematic with high
attenuations. However, if the current to the bulb could
be varied, remote control was possible.
B&O tried this in their (1976) Beomaster 1900 (type
2903) and Beocomparators using a bulb to illuminate
four LDRs that then grounded the signal. By it's nature
digital switching is stepped. For a smooth transition a
relatively large enough number of steps must be
employed. So, apart from switched resistive elements, a
clock, counter and some means of retaining a default
setting (say, for power up) are required. Unfortunately,
this early B&O attempt used a 4-bit code resulting in 16
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