MAT565 APR2011

The Fourier expansion of an electronic device is function for the current

f ( x )= sinx if x <0
sinx if 0 x
a) Sketch the graph of f(x) for the interval (

b) Show that the first nonzero terms for the Fourier series of f(x) is given by

2 2
2

cos 2 x
cos 4 x
3
15

By sketching the graph of f(x) for two period. It is noticeable that f(x) is symmetrical
about the y axis.
Hence f(x) is an even function.
Note also 2L =2, then L =

n
n
x +b n sin x )
L
L

a0
f ( x ) = +
2 n=1

( n cos

Note: f(x) is an even function.

1
2
2
2
4
a0 = f (x )dx = f (x)dx= sinx dx=
cos x =
L L
L0
0

0
L

1
nx
2
nx
2
nx
an = f ( x ) cos
dx= f ( x ) cos
dx= sinx cos
dx
L L
L
L0
L
0

2
sinx cos nx dx
0

Note: 2sinAcosB = sin(A-B) + sin(A + B)

sin ( ( 1n ) x ) +sin ((1+ n) x)

an =

2 1
2

()

(sin ( xnx ) +sin ( x+ nx))dx=

0

cos ( (1n ) x ) cos ((1+n) x )

1n
1+ n
cos ( x nx ) cos ( x+ nx )
+
1n
1+ n

|
0
1
|0 =

cos ( n ) cos ( + n )
1
1
+

1n
1+ n
1n 1+ n
1

cos ( n ) cos ( + n )
1
1
+
(
+
)
1n
1+ n
1n 1+n
1

(1+n)cos ( n ) + ( 1n ) cos ( + n ) ( 1+n ) + ( 1n )

(
)
( 1n ) (1+n)
( 1n ) (1+n)
1

(1+n) cos

( n ) + ( 1n ) cos ( +n ) ( 1+n ) (1n )

( 1n ) (1+ n)

( n )+ ( 1n ) cos ( +n )2
(1+n) cos
1

( 1n2 )

( 1+n ) ( cos ( ) cos ( n )+ sin ( ) sin ( n ) ) + ( 1n ) ( cos ( ) cos ( n )sin ( ) sin ( n ) )2

2
( 1n )

( 1+n ) ( (1) cos ( n ) +sin ( ) (0) ) + ( 1n ) ( (1) cos ( n )sin ( ) (0) )2

( 1n2 )

( 1+n ) ( cos ( n ) ) + ( 1n ) ( cos ( n ) ) +2

an =

( 1n )

( cos ( n ) ) (( 1+ n ) + ( 1n ))+2
( 1n 2 )

2 cos ( n ) +2

( 1n2 )

Note: cos (A B) = cos A cos B

However an is not define for

sin A sin B

n=1

since the denominator

1n =0

an =

1
(sin ( xnx ) +sin (x+ nx))dx
0

(from the initial definition)

for

n=1

1
1
a1= (sin ( x x )+sin ( x + x)) dx= (sin ( 0 ) +sin ( 2 x))dx
0
0
sin (2 x )
cos ( 2 x )
2
1
|0= ( cos 2 cos 0 )=0

1
1
a1 = dx=
0

Note that f(x) is an even function. Hence

L

1
nx
bn = f (x )sin
dx=0
L L
L
a

n
n
x +b n sin x )
L
L

a
f ( x ) = 0 +
2 n=1

( n cos

n
n
x +(0) sin x )
L
L

a0
f ( x) = +
2 n =1

( n cos

f ( x )=

a0
n
+ a n cos
x
2 n=1
L

f ( x )=

a0
n
+a1 + a n cos
x
2
L
n=2

2 cos ( n ) +2
n

an cos
x= + 0+ (
) cos ( nx)

2
( 1n2 )
n=2

a
f ( x )= 0 +a1 +
2
n=2

2cos ( n ) +2
2
f ( x )= +
cos ( nx )
n=2 ( 1n2 )

2 cos ( 4 ) +2
2 ( 2 cos ( 2 ) +2 ) cos ( 2 x) 2 cos ( 3 )+ 2
f ( x )= +
+
cos ( 3 x ) +
cos ( 4 x )
2
2

( 12 )
( 13 )
( 14 2)

2(1)+2
2 ( 2(1)+2 ) cos ( 2 x ) 2(1)+2
f ( x )=

cos (3 x )
cos ( 4 x )+

3
8
15

2(1)+2
2 ( 2(1)+2 ) cos ( 2 x )
f ( x )=
0
cos ( 4 x ) +..

3
15

2 4 cos ( 2 x)
4
f ( x )=

cos ( 4 x ) +..

3
15

( )

MAT565 DEC2013
Consider the periodic function

x2 if
f ( x )=
2
x if

1 x <0
0 x 1

a) Sketch the graph of f(x) with its periodic extension on the interval (
b) Find the corresponding Fourier series for f(x).

3,3

The graph of f(x) has period of 2 which means that f(x) = f(x +2).
Therefore 2L =2, then L = 1
f(x) is symmetrical about the origin.
Hence f(x) is an odd function.

n
n
x +b n sin x )
L
L

a
f ( x ) = 0 +
2 n=1

( n cos

Note: f(x) is an odd function.

L

1
a0 = f (x )dx =0
L L
L

1
nx
an = f (x )cos
dx =0
L L
L
L

bn =

1
nx
2
nx
2
f (x )sin
dx= f (x) sin
dx= f ( x )sin ( nx )dx

L L
L
L0
1
1 0
1

bn =2 f (x)sin ( nx ) dx=2 x sin ( nx ) dx=2 x 2 sin ( nx ) dx

2

sin (nx)

x2

2x
-

2
+

1
cos( nx)
n
1
(n ) 2
1

( n )3
x

sin( nx)

cos( nx)

( cosn( nx ) )+2 x ( si (nn( nx) ) )+ 2( cos( n( nx) ) )

2

|0
1
2

b n=2 x sin ( nx ) dx=2

0

cos ( n )
sin ( n )
cos ( n )
cos ( 0 )
+2
+2
+002
2
3
3
n
( n )
( n )
( n )

2(

cos ( n )
cos ( n )
0
1
+2
+2
2
)
2
3
n
( n )
( n )
( n )3

2(

cos ( n ) cos ( n )
1
+2
2
)
3
n
( n )
( n )3

( )

cos ( n )
cos ( n )
4
4
+
3
n
( n )
( n )3

( )

( )

))

n
n
x +b n s x )
L
L

a
f ( x )= 0 +
2 n=1

( n cos

f ( x )=0+ (0)cos
n=1

f ( x )= (2
n=1

cos ( n )
cos ( n )
n
4
n
x +(2
4
+
)sin
x
3
3
1
n
1
( n )
( n )

cos ( n )
cos ( n )
4
4
+
) sin n x
3
n
( n )
( n )3

MAT565 JUNE2013
Consider the periodic function

2x
f ( x )=
4

if

0 x<

if

x2

where f(x) = f(x + 2)

a) Sketch the graph of f(x) in the interval (

2 , 4

and determine whether f(x)

is an even, odd or neither even nor odd function.

b) Hence, express f(x) in Fourier series.
The graph of f(x) has period of 2 which means that f(x) = f(x +2).
Therefore 2L = 2, then L =

f(x) is neither symmetrical about the origin nor the y axis.

Hence f(x) is neither even nor odd function.

n
n
x +b n sin x )
L
L

a0
f ( x ) = +
2 n=1

( n cos

1
a0 =
L

c+2 L

1
1
f ( x ) dx= f ( x) dx=
0

[ |

1
an =

c+2 L

2x dx+ 4 dx
0

] [[ ]

2
1 2 x2
1
a0 =
+ 4 x| =
2 0

1
an =
L

2
1
0 + [ 4 (2 )4 ] = [ 5 ] =5

nx
1
nx
1
f ( x )cos
dx= f (x )cos
dx= f (x)cos ( nx )dx
L
0

0
2

2x cos (nx)dx + 4 cos (nx)dx

0

cos nx

2x/
+

1
sin nx
n

2/
-

1
( n) 2

cos nx

|]

4 sin ( nx)
1 2 x sin ( nx ) 2 cos ( nx)
an =
+ (
) +
2

n

n
n

4 sin ( 2n ) 4 sin ( n )
2 sin ( n ) 2 cos ( n )
2 cos (0)
+ (
) 0 (
)+

2
2

n
n
n
n

an =

an =

1 2 0 2 cos ( n )
2 1
0 0
1 2cos ( n)
2
+ (
) ( 2 )+ =
(
) 2
2
2
n
n
n n

n
n
n

an =

2
[ cos ( n )1 ]
2
n

bn =

1
L

bn =

[ ]] [[

()

] ]

c+2 L

f ( x )sin

nx
1
nx
1
dx= f ( x)sin
dx= f ( x )sin ( nx )dx
L
0

0
2

2x sin(nx ) dx+ 4 sin (nx)dx

0

]]

sin nx

2x/
+

2/
-

1
cos nx
n
1
n2

sin nx

4 cos ( nx)
1 2 x cos ( nx ) 2 sin ( nx)
bn =
+ (
)
2

n

n
n
0

|]
2

bn =

2 cos ( n ) 2 sin ( n)
2 sin ( 0) 4 cos ( 2n ) 4 cos ( n)
+ (
) + 0 (
)+
+
2

n
n
n
n2

bn =

2 cos ( n ) 2 (0)
4 ( 1 ) 4 cos ( n )
+ ( 2 ) 00+
+
n
n
n
n

bn =

1 2 cos ( n ) 4 cos ( n ) 4 1 2 cos ( n )4

2
+
=
= [ cos ( n )2 ]

n
n
n
n
n

] [

n
n
x +b n sin x )
L
L

a0
f ( x ) = +
2 n=1

( n cos

]]

]]

2
[ cos ( n )2 ]
n
2
n
n
( 2 2 [ cos ( n )1 ] )cos
x+()sin
x

5
f ( x ) = +
2 n=1
2
[ cos ( n ) 2 ]
n
((

2
[ cos ( n ) 1 ] ) cos n x+() sin n x)
n2

5
f ( x )= +
2 n =1
2

MAT565 JUNE2014

Given that

f ( x )=|sinx|

for

x <

and

f ( x +2 ) =f ( x )

a) Show that f(x) is an even function.

an
b) If
are the coefficients for the Fourier series of the function f(x),
show
4
a0 = ,a 1=0
that

and

an =

2 cos ( n )+ 1

( 1n2 )

Fourier series of f(x).

Given
f ( x )=|sinx|
f (x )=|sin (x)|=|sin ( x )|=|sinx|=f ( x )

for

n 1

. Hence, find the

Hence f(x) is an even function

f ( x )=|sinx|= sinx if
sinx if

x <0
0x

Note also 2L =2, then L =

n
n
x +b n sin x )
L
L

a0
f ( x ) = +
2 n=1

( n cos

Note: f(x) is an even function.

L

a0 =

1
4
cos x =
f (x )dx = 2L f (x)dx= 2 sinx dx= 2
L L

0
0
0

an =

1
2
nx
2
nx
dx= f ( x ) cos
dx= sinx cos
dx
f ( x ) cos nx
L L
L
L0
L
0

2
sinx cos nx dx
0
Note: 2sinAcosB = sin(A-B) + sin(A + B)

sin ( ( 1n ) x ) +sin ((1+ n) x)

2 1
an =
2

1
(sin ( xnx ) +sin ( x+ nx))dx=
0
0

()

cos ( (1n ) x ) cos ((1+n) x )

1n
1+ n
cos ( x nx ) cos ( x+ nx )
+
1n
1+ n

|0
1
|0 =

cos ( n ) cos ( + n )
1
1
+

1n
1+ n
1n 1+ n
1

cos ( n ) cos ( + n )
1
1
+
(
+
)
1n
1+ n
1n 1+n
1

(1+n)cos ( n ) + ( 1n ) cos ( + n ) ( 1+n ) + ( 1n )

(
)
( 1n ) (1+n)
( 1n ) (1+n)
1

(1+n) cos

( n ) + ( 1n ) cos ( +n ) ( 1+n ) (1n )

( 1n ) (1+ n)

( n )+ ( 1n ) cos ( +n )2
(1+n) cos
1

( 1n2 )

( 1+n ) ( cos ( ) cos ( n )+ sin ( ) sin ( n ) ) + ( 1n ) ( cos ( ) cos ( n )sin ( ) sin ( n ) )2

( 1n2 )

( 1+n ) ( (1) cos ( n ) +sin ( ) (0) ) + ( 1n ) ( (1) cos ( n )sin ( ) (0) )2

( 1n2 )

( 1+n ) ( cos ( n ) ) + ( 1n ) ( cos ( n ) ) +2

an =

( 1n2 )
2 cos ( n ) +2
2

( 1n )

2 cos ( n ) +1

( 1n2 )

Note: cos (A B) = cos A cos B

However an is not define for

( cos ( n ) ) (( 1+ n ) + ( 1n ))+2
( 1n 2 )

sin A sin B

n=1

since the denominator

1n 2=0

an =

1
(sin ( xnx ) +sin (x+ nx))dx
0

a1=

1
(sin ( x x )+sin ( x + x)) dx= 1 (sin ( 0 ) +sin (2 x))dx
0
0

(from the initial definition)

sin (2 x )
cos ( 2 x )
2
1
|0= ( cos 2 cos 0 )=0

1
1
a1 = dx=
0

Note that f(x) is an even function. Hence

L

1
nx
bn = f (x )sin
dx=0
L L
L

for

n=1

n
n
x +(0)sin x )
L
L

a
n
n
( n cos
x +b n sin x )= 0 +
L
L
2 n=1

a0
f ( x )= +
2 n=1
( n cos

a0
a0
n
n
f ( x )= + a n cos
x = + a1+ an cos
x
2 n=1
L
2
L
n=2

2 cos ( n )+ 1
an cos
x= + 0+ (
)cos ( nx )

2
( 1n2 )
n=2

a
f ( x )= 0 +a1 +
2
n=2

cos ( n )+ 1
(1) + 1
2 2
cos ( nx )= +
cos ( nx )
2
n=2 ( 1n2 )
( 1n )

2 2
f ( x )= +
n=2

CLONE of EXAM QUESTION

The function f ( x)

f ( x 2) is defined as

x
2 if 1 x 0
2

f ( x)

x
2 if 0 x 1
2
Sketch one period of the graph for f(x). State whether f(x) is odd, even or
neither odd nor even function. Hence, find the Fourier series for f(x).

f(x) is an odd function since the graph is reflective at the origin.

f ( x)

a0
2

n1

n x

an cos

n x

L

bn sin

a0

f ( x) dx
L L

an

n x

f ( x) cos
dx
L
L

bn

1
n x

f ( x) sin
dx
L
L

; 2 L

2 L

2
n x

f ( x) sin
dx
L
L

bn

2
n x

f ( x) sin
dx
1
2

bn

x2

2
2
2

cos n x

cos n x

bn

cos n

cos n

( 1)

sin n

n2 2

cos n

n3 3

sin n x
1
2 2
n 0

( x)

2 ( 1)

bn

2
2 sin n x dx
2

( 1)

n 3 3

cos n

n 3 3
4

n
2

1
0

n33 n3 3

n33

n3 3

( 1) 4
n

=
f ( x)

f ( x)

a0
2

n
2 1 ( 1)

n 3

n1

= n1

bn sin

bn sin

( 1) n 4

n x

( 0) cos

n x

n1

n x

bn sin

f ( x)

n x

L

n1

n x

an cos

n1

bn sin

n x

n
2 1 ( 1)

sin n x
3

n1

bn sin n x