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Forensic Science
Toxicology
Toxicology - Mix of Chemistry and Physiology
that deals with drugs, poisons, and other toxic
substances.
Began in 1775 when Swedish chemist Karl Scheele
discovered a way to prove arsenic was the culprit in
a suspicious death.
Poisons
ANY substance that when taken in sufficient
quantities causes a harmful or deadly reaction.
(Sufficient quantities how much enters the body, over
what period of time)
Effects of Toxins
Effects of toxins do not cause VISIBLE changes in
the body in living people or during an autopsy.
ME will collect fluids and tissues for testing
Toxins are sneaky! Biotransformation can change
one chemical into another within the body due to
metabolism.
The toxicologist may have to look for a
different sign of the toxin.
Ex: Heroin will change into morphine
in the bloodstream so looking for heroin is
fruitless
Sampling Continued
5. Vitreous Humor EYE BALL WATER resists
decaymay be the only fluid left in a decaying body
levels in this fluid lag behind the blood levels by 1 to 2
hours.
6. Hair absorbs heavy metals and provides
timeline of ingestion can determine if a
poisoning was quick (acute) or drawn out
(chromic)
- Arsenic will kill whether given all at once or slowly
administered
2. Immunoassays Antigen-antibody
reaction substance being sought
is the antigen-testing reagent is the
antibody.
-
Testing Procedures
Continued
3. Gas Chromatography Separates compounds according to
size, shapes, and chemical properties will determine class
of compounds but not exact makeup
- can be used to separate a large mixed sample for further
analysis
4. Ultra-Violet Spectroscopy different compounds absorb and
reflect light differently indicates the concentration of a drug
in a sample
5. Mass Spectrometry (MS) high energy bombards the
sample and breaks it into tiny fragments. They are passed
through a magnetic field and separated by MWProduces the
same pattern can be used to ID.
Points of Administration
Toxins will be most concentrated at the point of entry:
a. Ingested Toxins show up more in the stomach, intestines,
and liver
b. Inhaled Toxins show up in the lungs
c. Injected Toxins linger in tissues around point
of injection muscle slows down the transfer
to the bloodstream.
d. Intravenously (IV) will bypass the stomach
and liver going directly into the bloodstream
therefore quickly distributed very little remains in the IV
site.
May find high concentrations in tissues but none in
stomach or intestines.
Testing Continued
Once testing is done, the toxicologist
evaluates what toxins are present, identifying
routes of administration, and determining
whether the concentration is sufficient to play
a role in the subjects death or behavior.
Route of entry is EXTREMELY important
in cases of injection where the person had no
means to inject or no physical capabilities
homicide is a stronger consideration.
Be Aware
Finding a large quantity of toxin in the
stomach does not meant it is the cause of
death!
The toxin may not have entered the
bloodstream yet. Blood concentration is
the MOST important!
Familiar Poisons
Cyanide very lethal
Poisons Continued
Ethylene Glycol antifreeze
Alcoholics sometimes will consume it to satisfy the urge to
drink
Causes deadly breakdown of oxalic acid reacting with
calcium in the blood and crystallizes in the brain and kidneys
ME will find crystals in tubules of kidney
More Poisons
Insulin drops blood sugar level
Robs brain of nutrients: death is quick
If the ME finds high levels of insulin he will look for
a tumor in the pancreas to rule out natural death
If there is NO tumor suspects homicide
August 1965
Carl called his friend Dr. Karow to report that his wife had died.
She signed the death certificate and no autopsy was preformed.
Carl had been having an affair with a neighbor. When the affair ended, she
went to Dr. Karow with her story.
She had been given a syringe and Coppolino had instructed her on how to kill
her husband, so they could continue the affair. She did not go through with it,
but Coppolino came and strangled her husband and signed the death
certificate.
Investigations and autopsies were preformed Coppolino was acquitted in
the death of the husband.
However, the ME knew that Coppolino had access to succinyl choline and
that this drug would not be present in the corpse but the metabolite succinic
acid would be.
Large quantities were found and Coppolino was convicted of 2nd degree
murder of his wife.
Common Drugs
Categorized by physiological and
psychological effects.
Can effect structure and/or function
of tissues via chemical reactions
Legal or illegal
Addictive (Narcotics) or non-addictive
Drugs covered by law are controlled substances and
taken in excess may cause death or illness.
75% of evidence analyzed is drug-related
Pharmaceutical companies send samples of new drugs
to the FBI to be categorized for future comparisons
Depressants
Make you sleepy and lethargic
Considered downers
Ex: Alcohol
most commonly abused drug
Suppresses respiration - potentially lethal + addictive
Blood levels correlate to degree of intoxication
Ex: Opiates
Derived from poppies
Sleep producing and produces euphoria
and lethargy
Stimulants
Increases alertness
Lessens fatigue suppresses appetite
Irritability, anxiousness, aggressive behavior,
paranoia, fatigue, depression
The body will get use to the drug and require
more for an effect, so the person is taking ever
increasing doses
HIGHLY
ADDICTIVE!
Ex: Amphetamines,
Cocaine
Other Drugs
Hallucinogens
Alter perception and mood
Leads to delusional thinking and hallucinations.
Ex: Marijuana, cacti, mushrooms, LSD, PCP,
Ecstasy, Rohyphonol (Date rate drug)
Narcotics
Pain reducers
Ex: morphine, methadone, codeine,
heroin
Anabolic Steroids
Increase testosterone
Aggressive behavior and diminished sex drive
Liver cancer