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Introduction
Energy (obtained from food through
enzymatic reactions) is the basis of human
movement. Enzymes are special proteins that
facilitate chemical reactions inside our bodies.
Sony's Bio Battery uses this same principle to
produce electric energy. It is an extremely safe
form of energy production since the fuel
(glucose) is a carbohydrate just like bread or
rice. Because glucose is a clean energy source--produced by plants through photosynthesis (a
process that involves the absorption of CO2) --Bio Battery is also an eco-battery. Sony
commenced Bio Battery R&D in 2001.

Technical Challenges of Bio-Fuel Cells

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Bio-fuel cells are attracting increased

attention mainly due to promising advances
from the research laboratories around the world
resolved
before
bio-fuel
cells
become
commercially viable for practical applications.

Mobile Phone

The main challenges are: (1) Nanostructured

Cloning

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The main challenges are: (1) Nanostructured

bioelectrocatalysis.
(2)
Immobilization
of
bioelectrocatalysts. (3) Protein denaturation
induced by CNT.

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Six Stroke
Engine

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The Mechanism Behind Bio Battery

Like a conventional fuel cell battery, Bio
Battery basically consists of an anode, cathode,
electrolyte and separator. However, Bio Battery
has certain specific characteristics. First,
biological enzymes are used as catalysts for the
anode and cathode. Second, enzymes and
electronic mediators (which transfer electrons
between enzymes, and between enzymes and
electrodes) are fixed on the anode and cathode.

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Green Engine

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Nanostructured Bioelectrocatalysis
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Traditional direct hydrogen fuel cells

require noble metal catalysts both for hydrogen
oxidation and oxygen reduction.17 Similarly, the

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oxidation and oxygen reduction.17 Similarly, the

bio-fuel cells also need catalysts (bio-catalysts)
for the conversion of chemical to electrical
energy. One approach is to use microorganisms
and/or enzymes as biological reactors for the
fermentation of raw materials to fuel products
(similar hydrogen fuel reform- ers); the second
approach is to use the microorganisms and/or
enzymes as catalysts directly in the bio-fuel cells.
The second approach, using puried redox
enzymes for the targeted oxidation and
reduction of specic fuel and oxidizer
substrates, is more efficient for bio-fuel cells.
Also, bio-catalysts are an attractive renewable
and less expensive alternative to transition
metal catalysts for mediated electron transfer
(MET).18 MET-type bioelectrocatalyt based BFCs
offer the cur- rent density advantage over the
direct electron transfer (DET) type, but require
that mediators and enzymes be immobilized on
electrode surfaces. The construction of DET-type
bio-fuel cell is relatively simple as the sys- tem is
free from several restrictions concerning
mediators.

Send

The cell would not require separators because

the crossover of fuels (substrates) would not
occur in principle due to enzymatic substrate
specicity as long as the enzymes are
immobilized on electrodes and dehydrogenases
(that is, redox enzymes reacting with electron
acceptors except dioxygen) are utilized as anode
catalysts. Kamitakas group have reported a
construction of sin- gle compartment bio-fuel
cell, with no separators, using D-fructose
dehydrogenase (FDH) from Gluconobacter sp.
and laccase from Trametes sp. (TsLAC) as DET-

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and laccase from Trametes sp. (TsLAC) as DETtype bio- electrocatalysts in the two-electron
oxidation of D-fructose and four-electron
reduction of oxygen in the anode and cathode,
respectively.

Packaging Of Bio-Fuel Cells

One of the major challenges in
bionanotechnology is merging new nanoscale
fabrication tools with classical synthetic methods
and delicate biomolecular building blocks to
create materials with unique biomedical
properties. In order to address the packaging
requirement of the bio- fuel cells, it will be
necessary to bridge the disciplines of biology,
chemistry, materials science, semiconductor
technology and engineering to nd optimum
packaging solutions for the challenges posed by
these devices. Biological packaging can be
dened as the sum total of the physical device,
temperature regulating and monitoring systems,
type of preservation solution, and storage
protocol(s) necessary to maintain cells or tissues
in a state of suspended animation during
transport or storage.
The packaging issues connected with biological
applications pose different set of challenges. The
materials used in the medical device industry
are extremely robust, and research shows that
the failure rate is less than one in one million
packages.43 To achieve the performance levels
of this order, the reliability testing procedures
for the devices has to be very stout, which is an
added cost of the product. The big difference,
however, between medical device packaging and

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however, between medical device packaging and

other branches of the packaging industry is the
role the regulators play. Primarily the medical
device industry for the last 30 years has been
shaped by the FDA which oversees all aspects of
medical device packaging from material
selection, design and manufacturing to label- ing
and sterilization.

Conclusion
Bio-fuel cells are energy-conversion devises
based on bio-electro catalysis leveraging on
enzymes or microorganisms. Chemical reactions
can proceed by direct electron transfer (DET), in
which case the electron transfer occurs directly
between enzymes and electrodes,5 or through
shuttle mediated electron transfer (MET), in
which electron transfer mediators shuttle the
electron between enzymes and electrodes to
reduce the kinetic barrier in the electron
transfer between enzymes and electrodes.

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