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Mechanics of Materials-Steel
Structural Steel
Structural steel considered one of the predominant materials for construction
of buildings, bridges, towers and other structures. The preferable physical
properties of steel makes it widely used for construction of steel bridges, high
rise buildings, and other structures. The high strength, ductility, toughness,
and uniformity are some of the desirable properties that made steel a leading
martial for structures. Despite steel desirable properties, disadvantages of
using steel include associated maintenance cost, fatigue, and susceptibility to
buckling
Stress-Strain Relationship
The stress-strain relationship of steel material as plotted by the results of a
tensile test is shown in Figure 1. The relationship is linear up to the
proportional limit; where the material follows the Hooks law. The upper yield
point in the curve is the peak value reached after the linear part; the peak
value is followed by a lower yield point at which the curve levels off.
Elastic limit
Upper yield point
A
Proportional limit
B
Elastic
Plastic
Strain Hardening
Fu
Fy
E
1
Figure 2
High Strength Steel
High strength steel is less ductile than mild structural steel discussed above. A
typical stress-strain curve is shown in Figure 3. It can be noted that there is no
well-defined yield point or yield plateau in the curve. To define the yield
strength, a stress at the point of unloading that corresponds to a strain of
0.002 is used. This method of determining the yield strength is called the
0.2% offset method. The two properties usually needed for steel design are Fu
and Fy regardless of the shape of the stress-strain curve and regardless of how
Fy was obtained.
Fu
Tensile strength
Fy
Yield strength
Elastic limit
E
1
Residual strain
Figure 3
Properties of Steel
The properties of structural steel are determined by the quantity of carbon
and other elements that are present in the chemical composition. Elements
such as Silicon; Nickel; Manganese; and Copper are normally added. Steel
having significant amount of these elements is referred to as an alloy steel.
Structural steels can be categorized according to their chemical composition
into plain carbon steels, low-alloy steels, and high-alloy steels.
Grades of Structural Steel
Structural steels are generally grouped into several ASTM classifications which
are identified by the designation assigned by the ASTM. Grade A36 steel with
Fy =36 ksi and Fu= 58 ksi is one of the most commonly mild structural steel
used. Other grades used are A572 Grade 50 and A992. More information is
available for each grade of steel in the AISC Steel Construction Manual. The
steel grades for the available structural shapes are shown in Table 2-3 of the
AISC Steel Construction Manual.
4
W-shape Beam
Standard Beam
Figure 4
Referring to Table 2-3 of the AISC Steel Construction Manual, Fy= 50 ksi, Fu =
70 ksi, and E = 29,000 ksi for all grades of types of steel.
Answer: c
6.25 kips
9.85 kips
4.85 kips
13.25 kips