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SUBJECT: ME-448 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
CREDIT HOURS: 3-0
CONTACT HOURS:
3 Hours per Week
TEXT BOOK:
Internal Combustion Engines: Applied Thermo sciences, Colin R.
Ferguson, Allan T. Kirkpatrick, 2nd Edition, Wiley
REFERENCE BOOKS:
Edward F. Obert, Internal Combustion Engines and Air Pollution,
Harper & Row NewYark.
Internal Combustion Engines by V.Ganesan
Internal Combustion Engine by Willard W. Pulkrabek
Heat Engines
Internal
Combustion
Engines (ICE)
External
Combustion
Engines (ECE)
Heat Engine
Heat Engine
Most commonly used are ICE, Gas Turbines and Steam
Turbines (now used rarely).
Advantages of ICE over others;
1. Absence of heat exchangers like boilers and condensers means
more mechanical simplicity and higher efficiency.
2. Components work at an average temperature which is much
below the max temp of the working fluid. (Why? And benefit?)
3. Smaller units can be made and give reasonable thermal
efficiency and cost.
4. The power to weight ratio of ICE is also high.
Major Disadvantages;
1. The disadvantages are that due to reciprocating parts, there is
a lot of vibration.
2. Only liquid fuels and gases of given specifications can be used.
Classification of I. C. Engines
Nature of Thermodynamic Cycle
1. Otto cycle engine
2. Diesel cycle engine
3. Dual combustion cycle engine
Type of the Fuel- used
1. Petrol engine
2. Diesel engine
3. Gas engine
4. Bi-fuel Engine
Classification of I. C. Engines
Number of Strokes
1. 2 - stroke engine
2. 4 - stroke engine
Method of Ignition
1. Spark ignition engine, [S.I. Engine]
2. Compression ignition engine, [C.I. engine]
Number of Cylinders
1. Single cylinder engine
2. Multi-cylinder engine
Classification of I. C. Engines
Position of the Cylinder
1. Horizontal engine
2. Vertical engine
3. V- engine
4. Radial engine
Method of Cooling
1. Air cooled engine
2. Water cooled engine
Speed of the Engine
1. Low speed engine
2. Medium speed engine
3. High speed engine
Assignment
I C Engine Parts
Nomenclature
Dead Centre:
The position of the working piston and the mechanical parts
which are connected to it, at the moment when the direction
of piston motion is reversed at either end of the stroke is
called the dead centre.
Nomenclature
Stroke:
It is the linear distance
traveled by the piston
when it moves from one
end of the cylinder to the
other end.
Bore:
The
nominal
inner
diameter of the working
cylinder. It is usually
denoted by d and is
expressed in mm.
Nomenclature
Stroke to Bore ratio:
An important parameter in
classifying the size of the
engine.
Stroke to Bore Ratio: L/d
d L Under Square
d =L Square
d L Over Square
Nomenclature
Swept volume or
(Displacement volume)
It is the volume swept through
by the piston in moving
between TDC and BDC. (Vs)
Vs
= A x L = (/4)d2 L
Clearance volume:
Compression ratio: r
It is the ratio of total cylinder volume to clearance volume.
r = Total volume
clearance volume
r=
= 1+
Value of r for,
petrol engine lies between 6 to 10
Diesel engine lies between 16 to 20
Cubic Capacity
VS x K
( K= No of Cylinders)
carburetor.
taking place
1. Suction
2. Compression
3. Power or expansion
4. Exhaust
Each event is performed during a single stroke of the
piston
BDC
A
B
Volume [V]
TDC
C
BDC
A
B
Volume [V]
Pressure [P]
TDC
C
E
BDC
B
Volume [V]
TDC
C
E
BDC
B
Volume [V]
P V diagram for
SI Engine / Otto cycle engine
TDC
C
Pressure
E
A
BDC
B
Volume
Theoretical Otto cycle
Diesel Engines
Diesels come in two stroke and four stroke versions
and operate much like the gasoline driven engines.
Diesels have a greater compression ratio than
gasoline engines.
Diesel
16:1 20:1
Gasoline
6:1 10:1
In case of diesel engine, the air enters the inside the cylinder
during suction, and it will get compressed during the
compression stroke. (i.e.. charge is only air)
At the end of the compression stroke the diesel is injected in
to the cylinder in the form of fine spray
When this fine spray diesel comes in contact with hot air in
the cylinder, it auto ignites and results in a combustion of
1. INTAKE [Suction]:
During the intake stroke, the piston moves down ward,
drawing a fresh charge [AIR]. This operation is
represented by the line AB on the P-V diagram.
Pressure [P]
TDC
BDC
B
Volume [V]
28
BDC
B
Volume [V]
Pressure [P]
TDC
E
BDC
B
Volume [V]
BDC
B
Volume [V]
P V diagram for
C.I. Engine / Diesel Cycle Engine
D
TDC
Pressure
E
BDC
B
Volume
Theoretical Diesel cycle
First stroke
Second stroke
First stroke
Second stroke
First
stroke
(Downward)
Combustion starts once the diesel
is injected in to the hot
compressed air, the hot gases force
the piston to move downwards,
rotating the crankshaft, thus doing
the useful work. During this stroke
the inlet port is covered by the
piston and the new charge [air] is
compressed in the crank case as
shown in the fig.
45
Performance Parameters
PERFORMANCE PARAMETRES
Before we can move on with the parameters
parameters, we have to understand the energy flow
(energy balance) of the system.
Efficiencies
Indicated thermal efficiency ( ) =
Mechanical Efficiency ( ) =
PERFORMANCE PARAMETRES
Volumetric efficiency:
Volumetric efficiency is a ratio or percentage of what
quantity of air-fuel mixture enters actually the
cylinders during suction process to the actual
capacity of the cylinder under static conditions.
PERFORMANCE PARAMETRES
Volumetric efficiency:
PERFORMANCE PARAMETRES
Indicated mean effective pressure is
= ( 6000)/
Break mean effective pressure is
= ( 6000)/
ip
pim
L
A
N
n
K
engine standpoints.
In a SI engine, the fuel air ratio remains practically constant
over a wide range of operations (15:1).
In a CI engine, at a given speed, the air flow does not vary
with the load; rather, the fuel flow varies directly with load.
Therefore the term fuel-air ratio is considered rather than
the air fuel ratio.
Combustion Efficiency
Combustion efficiency is defined to account for the fraction
of fuel that burns in a combustion process.
A small fraction of fuel does not burn and is wasted with the
exhaust.
Typical values range from 0.95-0.98 when an engine is
operating properly.
For one engine cycle in one cylinder the heat added is;
=
For Steady State
Combustion Efficiency
The thermal efficiency will be
0
= W/ = 0 /
= 0 /0
Where
b = cylinder diameter
Di = inlet valve diameter
Vp = mean piston speed
= inlet sonic velocity
C = inlet valve average flow coefficient
Z = inlet valve Mach index