1.1 Electrical Installation

PSMZA Course Note (Chapter 1)
1.0
ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION SYSTEM IN THE BUILDING

Electrical wiring in general refers to insulated conductors used to carry electricity, and
associated devices. Electrical wiring as used to provide power in buildings and structures,
commonly referred to as building wiring.
1.1
Basic Concept of Electrical Power Supply

Electricity generation is the process of generating electrical power from other sources of
primary energy.
The fundamental principles of electricity generation were discovered during the 1820s
and early 1830s by the British scientist Michael Faraday. His basic method is still used today:
electricity is generated by the movement of a loop of wire, or disc of copper between the
poles of a magnet.
For electric utilities, it is the first process in the delivery of electricity to consumers. The
other processes, electricity transmission, distribution, and electrical power storage and
recovery using pumped-storage methods are normally carried out by the electric power
industry.
Electricity is most often generated at a power station by electromechanical generators,
primarily driven by heat engines fueled by chemical combustion or nuclear fission but also by
other means such as the kinetic energy of flowing water and wind. Other energy sources
include solar photo-voltaic and geothermal power.
There are seven fundamental methods of directly transforming other forms of energy into
electrical energy:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
Static electricity, from the physical separation and transport of charge.

Electromagnetic induction, where an electrical generator, dynamo or alternator
transforms kinetic energy (energy of motion) into electricity. This is the most used
form for generating electricity and is based on Faraday's law.
Electrochemistry, the direct transformation of chemical energy into electricity, as in a
battery, fuel cell or nerve impulse
Photoelectric effect, the transformation of light into electrical energy, as in solar cells
Thermoelectric effect, the direct conversion of temperature differences to electricity,
as in thermocouples, thermopiles, and thermionic converters.
Piezoelectric effect, from the mechanical strain of electrically anisotropic molecules or
crystals.
Nuclear transformation, the creation and acceleration of charged particles.
Static electricity was the first form discovered and investigated, and the electrostatic
generator is still used even in modern devices such as the Van de Graaff generator. Charge
carriers are separated and physically transported to a position of increased electric potential.
Almost all commercial electrical generation is done using electromagnetic induction, in
which mechanical energy forces an electrical generator to rotate. There are many different
methods of developing the mechanical energy, including heat engines, hydro, wind and tidal
power.
Ver. 1 (MSH-Jun2013): CC608 Building Services
Figure 1.1: Source of Energy

The direct conversion of nuclear potential energy to electricity by beta decay is used only
on a small scale. In a full-size nuclear power plant, the heat of a nuclear reaction is used to
run a heat engine. This drives a generator, which converts mechanical energy into electricity
by magnetic induction.
Most electric generation is driven by heat engines. The combustion of fossil fuels supplies
most of the heat to these engines, with a significant fraction from nuclear fission and some
from renewable sources. The modern steam turbine (invented by Sir Charles Parsons in
1884) currently generates about 80% of the electric power in the world using a variety of heat
sources.
Figure 1.2: Stage of electricity
1.1.1
Electrical Distribution
There are a few stages to distribute the electric to consumer from generation plant. The
explanation must be referring to the numbers of stage at figure 1.2.
1. The Power Plant: The electricity that used at home starts its journey at the power
plant. Normally, the power plant will use a spinning electrical generator to produce its
power, though what spins the generator (water, diesel, gas, or steam) varies. Steam
turbines, powered by burning natural gas or coal, are the most common generators.
Regardless of what type of generator is used, the energy produced is called 3-phase
AC power.
2. The Transmission Substation: The 3-phase power travels from the generator to a
nearby transmission substation. Here, the substation converts the generators
voltage, which is on the order of thousands, up to the levels needed for long distance
travel, which is on the scale of hundreds of thousands, using large transformers.
3. The Transmission Lines: Once the voltage is increased to the appropriate levels,
electricity runs along transmission lines for up to 3000 km.
4. The Distribution Substation: However, before the electricity is usable in a home or
business the voltage must be reduced to manageable levels, which is accomplished
at a distribution substation. This substation also has a distribution bus that splits the
power in multiple directions, and breakers that can disconnect it from the
transmission lines and/or specific distribution lines.
5. Into Your Home/Factory: From the distribution substation power runs through
regulator banks (which prevents overcharges), taps (which separate out the phases),
and finally into a transformer drum on top of a power pole outside your house. The
transformer drums job is to reduce the voltage from 7,200 volts to 240 volts/415volts
which is what most houses/factory use. From there the power travels through your
meter and into home/factory.
1.2
Electrical Power Supply: Single Phase and Three Phase

The phase voltage is a voltage between any one conductor and ground. Electricity
supply for domestic consumers, according to MS IEC 60038 standards, meets the following
specifications:
i. Single phase supply with nominal voltage of 230V, range +10%, -6%
ii. Three phase supply with nominal voltage of 400V, range +10%, -6%
iii. Permitted frequency is 50Hz +1%
iv. Earthing system type (TT System) as in Figure 1.3 and figure 1.4.
All electrical equipment used must be suitable for operation with the stated
electricity supply specifications.
Figure 1.3: Single phase power
Figure 1.4: Three phase power
1.2.1
Single Phase Power Supply

Single-phase wire has three wires located within the insulation. Two hot wires and one
neutral wire provide the power. Each hot wire provides 120 volts of electricity. The neutral is
tapped off from the transformer. A two-phase circuit probably exists because most water
heaters, stoves and clothes dryers require 240 volts to operate. These circuits are fed by both
hot wires, but this is just a full phase circuit from a single-phase wire.
Every other appliance is operated off of 120 volts of electricity, which is only using one hot
wire and the neutral. The type of circuit using hot and neutral wires is why it is commonly
called a split-phase circuit. The single-phase wire has the two hot wires surrounded by black
and red insulation, the neutral is always white and there is a green grounding wire.
Figure 1.5: Home wiring

1.2.2
Three Phase Power Supply

A continuous series of three overlapping AC cycles offset by 120 degrees. Three-phase
power is used for all large scale distribution systems. The most common form of AC power for
distribution. Three-phase power has three overlapping AC cycles offset by 120 degrees.
In electrical engineering, three-phase electric power systems have at least three
conductors carrying alternating current voltages that are offset in time by one-third of the
period. A three-phase system may be arranged in delta () or star (Y) (also denoted as wye in
some areas). A wye system allows the use of two different voltages from all three phases,
such as a 230/400V system which provides 230V between the neutral (centre hub) and any
one of the phases, and 400V across any two phases.
A delta system arrangement only provides one voltage magnitude, however it has a
greater redundancy as it may continue to operate normally with one of the three supply
windings offline, albeit at 57.7% of total capacity. Harmonic currents in the neutral may
become very large if non- linear loads are connected.
Figure 1.6: One voltage cycle of a three phase system
1.2.3
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
The Differences between Single and Three Phase Power Supply

The difference between three phase and single phase is primarily in the voltage that is
received through each type of wire. There is no such thing as two-phase power, which is a
surprise to some people. Some ways to determine whether three-phase wire or single-phase
wire.
Table 1.1: Differences between single phase and three phase
Item
Single Phase
Three Phase
Phase
Commonly called "split-phase."
Its called three phase
name
Suitable
Suitable for low electricity load
More efficient than single-phase power
Cable
Two cables power supply
Four cables power supply
Connecting
One hot wire and one neutral
Three hot wires and one neutral
Other once red/blue/black chose for Red, blue and black connecting for hot
Cable color
hot wire.
wire
Voltage
Carry 240 Volts
Carry 415 Volts
Wave
shape
Power
supply
connection
1.3
Electrical Wiring System

Electrical wiring in general refers to insulated conductors used to carry electricity, and
associated devices. This article describes general aspects of electrical wiring as used to
provide power in buildings and structures, commonly referred to as building wiring. Regulation
11(1) of the Electricity Regulations 1994 states that all wiring or rewiring of an installation or
extension to an existing installation, which shall be carried out by an Electrical Contractor or a
Private Wiring Unit, have to obtain the approval in writing from a licensee or supply authority.
Electrical wiring composes of electrical equipment such as cables, switch boards, main
switches, miniature circuit breakers (MCB) or fuses, residual current devices (RCD), lighting
points, power points, lightning arrestors.
Figure 1.7: Single phase wiring schematic
Figure 1.8: Three phase wiring schematic
1.3.1
Consumer Unit Wiring Circuit System

A consumer unit is a type of distribution board (a component of an electrical power
system within which an electrical power feed provides supply to subsidiary circuits). A
particular type of distribution board comprising a type-tested coordinated assembly for the
control and distribution of electrical energy, principally in domestic premises, incorporating
manual means of double-pole isolation on the incoming circuit(s) and an assembly of one or
more fuses, circuit breakers, residual current operated devices or signaling and other devices
proven during the type-test of the assembly as suitable for use.
See on figure 1.9 above, in an example typical new town house wiring system, there have:
i. Live & Neutral tails from the electricity meter to the CU.
ii. A split load CU.
iii. Ring circuits from 32A MCBs in the CU supplying mains sockets. 2 such rings is typical
for a 2 up 2 down, larger houses have more.
iv. Radial lighting circuits from 6A CU MCBs. 2 or more circuits typical.
v. Earth connection from incomer to CU.
vi. 10mm main equipotential bond to other incoming metal services (gas, water, oil).
Figure 1.9: Consumer circuit
Systems often have some of the following as well:

i. Dedicated circuit MCB & cable supplying cooker.
ii. Dedicated high current circuit MCB & cable supplying shower
iii. 2 way lighting switching for stairs, large rooms & walk through rooms
iv. Outdoor lighting supplied by a 6A MCB, often via a PIR motion detector switch.
v. 16A MCB and cable supplying hot water immersion heater.
vi. A high current MCB supplying storage heater. Sometimes these are run from the main
CU, but often from a time-switch controlled dedicated CU (with either a separate "off
peak" electricity meter, or a dual tariff meter).
The radial lighting circuit has 3 common wiring options, which may be mixed at will:
i. "Loop-in". The circuit is fed to each lamp fitting in turn, and a separate cable connects
from the fitting to the switch. (this is the most common method).
ii. Switch loop through (the circuit connects to each switch in turn, and a separate cable
goes from the switch to each lamp).
iii. Junction box loop in, where the termination and feed connection are done at junction
boxes, and cables run to switches and lamps from there.
The diagram is shown with 6A lighting fuse and 32A ring circuit MCB. Other options are
also possible: 20A radial socket circuits and 10A lighting circuits are occasionally used
i.
Plug
A fitting, commonly with two metal prongs for insertion in a fixed socket, used to
connect an appliance to a power supply. AC power plugs and sockets are devices that
allow electrically operated equipment to be connected to the primary alternating current
(AC) power supply in a building. Electrical plugs and sockets differ in voltage and current
rating, shape, size and type of connectors. The types used in each country are set by
national standards,
Generally the plug is the movable connector attached to an electrically operated
device's mains cable, and the socket is fixed on equipment or a building structure and
connected to an energized electrical circuit. The plug has protruding prongs, blades, or
pins (referred to as male) that fit into matching slots or holes (called female) in the
sockets. Sockets are designed to prevent exposure of bare energized contacts. Sockets
may also have protruding exposed contacts, but these are used exclusively for earthing
(grounding).
These are the three colour wires, what they mean and where they are in the opened
plug.
a. Blue Neutral (found on the left side)
b. Yellow and green Earth (found at the top)
c. Brown Live (Found on the right and the one the fuse is connected too)
An older appliance the wires may be different as so:
a. Black Neutral (found on the left side)
b. Green Earth (found at the top)
c. Red Live (Found on the right and the one the fuse is connected too)
Figure 1.10: Plug
ii. Socket
Sockets may be wired on ring circuits or radial circuits. Mostly rings are used, as they
use less copper for most circuit layouts, they have safety advantages over radial circuits
(sometimes debated), can provide more power, and cover more floor area per circuit. The
types of socket circuits were:
a. Ring
Sockets are on 32A ring circuits in most house installations. These use a ring of cable
(ie a loop), so that at the CU 2 cables are connected to the MCB instead of 1. An
unlimited number of sockets may be connected on each ring. One ring circuit per floor
is a fairly common arrangement, but by no means the only option. Larger houses
generally have more rings. Its also common to have a ring dedicated just for sockets
in the kitchen since that is where you will find many of the highest power consuming
appliances in a modern house. 2.5mm cable is usually used for ring circuits. 4mm is
used when cable will be under insulation or bunched with other cables.
Figure 1.11: T-junction outlet socket
b. Spurs
Spurs are permitted, but sockets should be included in the ring rather than spurred
wherever practical. Spurring is best only used for later additions to circuits. Rules
apply to the loading and number of sockets allowed on the end of a spur.
Spurring sockets prevents the easy later addition of more sockets in some positions,
as a spur may not be spurred off a spur. Spurs also prevent the addition of more
sockets at existing spurred positions, whereas a practically unlimited number of
sockets can be added where a socket is in the ring. Bear in mind the number of
sockets wanted has risen greatly over the years, and can only be expected to rise
further.
c.
Radial
Radial socket circuits are used less often. These use a single cable from CU to
socket, then a single cable to the next socket along the line etc. Radials use more
copper on most circuits, though less cable on physically long narrow shaped circuits.
Connection faults have greater consequences than with ring circuits. (Confusion over
the relative safety of ring & radial circuits is widespread.)20A radials use 2.5mm or
4mm cable. 32A radials use 4mm cable.
10
iii. Lighting circuit

Suruhanjaya Tenaga Malaysia was suggested the lighting circuit at the consumer circuit
must be referring to table 1.2 below.
No
Table 1.2: Examples of single phase schematic circuit for lamp

Types of switch and lamp
Diagram
1 lamp control by 1 switch

1
1-way switch

2
1-way switch
2 lamp control by 2 location

3
1-way switch

4
2-way switch

5
2-way switch and

intermediate switch
1 lamp fluorescent control by

1 switch
1-way switch
11
1.3.2
Electrical Wiring Installation Factors

To choose the type of wiring to be use has considered a few factors. The factors were:
i. Types of place to installation: to determine the routing of wiring, connections and
terminations.
ii. Types of electrical load: the installed capacity of electric cables must be compatible with
electrical load
iii. Cost: overall cost of a wiring and financing capabilities.
iv. Neatness: identifies whether the installation of the wiring system suitable for surface or
concealed wiring.
v. Safety and approval by LLN/JKR: installation routing paths taking into account the
situation and circumstances that can prevent from potential danger.
vi. Effectiveness: power supplies can be distributed to electrical appliances with the
appropriate voltage.
vii. Flexibility to the system: can change the position and orientation of the equipment as well
as machinery and temporary buildings.
viii. Ambient temperature: taking into account the type of installation if the boiler room or
assembly heat treatment.
ix. Installation Method - protection against possible mechanical requirements and height at
work.
x. Durability: the long life span of the installation.
xi. Environment: made an assessment of the environment so that the owner obtain the
optimum value from the electrical installation.
xii. Installation period: with short installation period, it will save you the cost of installation.
xiii. Easy for wiring extension if there are building renovation for the future.
Figure 1.12: Electrical wiring illustration
12
1.3.3
Types of Electrical Wiring System

There are a few types of wiring system to install in the building. Its were:
i.
Open/Surface Wiring System

A network of electrical wiring that is not concealed by the structure of a building, but is
protected by cleats, flexible tubing, knots, and tubes, which also support its insulated
conductors. Surface wiring system is a system where the cables used in an installation
that is installed on the wall or ceiling without any additional protection. The features of
open/surface wiring system were:
i. Single-phase supply voltage
ii. Buildings is made of wood or stone
iii. Low the installation cost
iv. Less of cable in the final circuit to be installed
v. Minimized cause of mechanical lacking damage
vi. Less time to complete the installation
vii. Suitable for low electrical consumer load
Limited
to12
cables
Meranti
wood
Clip
Figure 1.13: Surface wiring system

ii. Hidden Wiring System
Circuit cables installed in walls or ceilings and are not visible directly, but the end of
the cable used to connect to the terminal. The features of hidden wiring system were:
i. Single-phase supply voltage
ii. Building is made of brick or cement
iii. Neatness and beautiful buildings required
iv. Mechanical damage can be minimized
v. Less of cable in the final circuit to be installed
vi. Longer cable resistance required
vii. Suitable for low electrical consumer load
Figure 1.14: Hidden wiring system

13
iii. Conduit Wiring System

Use a system-conduit and conduit will be installed into the wall or the like and in it will
be channeled cable.
a. There are too much cause of mechanical breakdown on a building
b. Need a good grounding or earthing system
c. Need the new addition circuits for the future if there are building extension
d. Suitable for 1 phase and 3 phase supply voltage
e. The power rate installed was greater than electrical load
Figure 1.14: Conduit wiring system
iv. Overhead Catenaries Wiring Support System

Overhead Catenaries supporters wiring system is a system that is rarely used today.
But in a situation of this system is still needed. The features of this system were:
a. When the building or hall ceiling is too high
b. There are center of wiring in the building
c. Also installed at the livestock barn
d. Supply cable connection between the two buildings
e. There are outdoor obstruction areas
Figure 1.15: Overhead canaries wiring support system
14
v. Trunking Wiring System

Trunking wiring system is a system that uses mains metal or insulating materials are
usually rectangular and mounted vertically or horizontally on the wall or the metal frame of
the building. The features for this system were:
a. Suitable for single phase and 3 phase supply voltage
b. Used foe large buildings and multi-storey
c. A lot of cable required
d. Need the new addition circuits for the future if there are building extension
e. Greater cable safety and mechanical protection required
Figure 1.16: Trunking wiring system
vi. Ducting Wiring System

Ducting wiring system is a system that uses a metal duct or insulating material and
mounted under the floor during the construction of the building. The features were:
i.
Suitable for single phase and 3 phase supply voltage
ii.
A lot of cable required
iii.
Need the new addition circuits for the future if there are building extension
iv.
Allowed the possibility of making changes in the load position in the future
v.
Requires regular arrangement of devices or straight of tables
vi.
Need a neatness and good finishing installation
vii.
Greater cable safety and mechanical protection required
Figure 1.17: Ducting wiring system
15
1.4
Conductor, Insulator and Protection in the Electrical Wiring System
1.4.1
Conductor
In physics and electrical engineering, a conductor is an object or type of material which
permits the flow of electric charges in one or more directions. In metals such as copper or
aluminum, the movable charged particles are electrons. Positive charges may also be mobile,
such as the cationic electrolyte(s) of a battery, or the mobile protons of the proton conductor
of a fuel cell. Insulators are non-conducting materials with few mobile charges and which
support only insignificant electric currents.
Figure 1.18: Flow of electric charge in conductor
All conductors contain electrical charges, which will move when an electric potential
difference (measured in volts) is applied across separate points on the material. This flow of
charge (measured in amperes) is what is
meant by electric current. In most
materials, the direct current is proportional
to the voltage (as determined by Ohm's
law), provided the temperature remains
constant and the material remains in the
same shape and state.
Copper is the most common material
used for electrical wiring. But silver is the
best conductor, but it is expensive.
Because gold does not corrode, it is used
for high-quality surface-to-surface
contacts. However, there are also many
non-metallic conductors, including
graphite, solutions of salts, and all
plasmas. There are even conductive
polymers.
Figure 1.18: Conductor
16
Table 1.3: The resistivity and conductivity of selected 16 materials at 20 C

Resistivity
Conductivity
No.
Material
(m) at 20 C
(S/m) at 20 C
-8
1
Silver
1.5910
6.30107
5.96107
5.80107
4.10107
3.50107
2.98107
1.79107
1.69107
1.43107
1.08107
1.00107
9.43106
9.17106
6.99106
4.55106
2.38106
-8
Copper
1.6810
Annealed copper
1.7210
Gold
2.4410
Aluminium
2.8210
Calcium
3.3610
Tungsten
5.6010
Zinc
5.9010
Nickel
6.9910
10
Lithium
9.2810
11
Iron
1.0010
12
Platinum
1.0610
13
Tin
1.0910
14
Carbon steel (1010)
1.4310
15
Lead
2.2010
16
Titanium
4.2010
-8
-8
-8
-8
-8
-8
-8
-8
-7
-7
-7
-7
-7
-7
Table 1.4: Conductor size and circuit breaker capacity

Main conductor size
Earth conductor
Capacity (A)
2
2
mm (copper)
size mm (copper)
Up to 600 W
1.5
1.5
Circuit breaker
capacity
5A
600-1200 W
1.5/2.5
1.5
10A
1200-1800 W
Ring circuit
2
(floor area 100 m )
A2 Radial Circuit
2
(floor area 50 m )
A3 Radial Circuit
2
(floor area 20 m )
Air conditioner (1.5 ton)
2.5/4.0
2.5
15 A
4.0
4.0
30/32A
4.0
4.0
30/32A
2.5
2.5
20 A
6.0
6.0
30/32A
Cooker
6.0
6.0
30/32A
Water Heater
4.0
4.0
20A
17
1.4.2
Insulator
An electrical insulator is a material whose internal electric charges do not flow freely, and
which therefore does not conduct an electric current, under the influence of an electric field. A
perfect insulator does not exist, but some materials such as glass, paper and teflon, which
have high resistivity, are very good electrical insulators. A much larger class of materials,
even though they may have lower bulk resistivity, are still good enough to insulate electrical
wiring and cables. Examples include rubber-like polymers and most plastics. Such materials
can serve as practical and safe insulators for low to moderate voltages.
Insulators are used in electrical equipment to support and separate electrical conductors
without allowing current through themselves. An insulating material used in bulk to wrap
electrical cables or other equipment is called insulation. The term insulator is also used more
specifically to refer to insulating supports used to attach electric power distribution or
transmission lines to utility poles and transmission towers.
Electrical insulation is the absence of electrical conduction. Electronic band theory (a
branch of physics) says that a charge will flow if states are available into which electrons can
be excited. This allows electrons to gain energy and thereby move through a conductor such
as a metal. If no such states are available, the material is an insulator.
Most insulators have a large band gap. This occurs because the "valence" band
containing the highest energy electrons is full, and a large energy gap separates this band
from the next band above it. There is always some voltage (called the breakdown voltage)
that will give the electrons enough energy to be excited into this band. Once this voltage is
exceeded the material ceases being an insulator, and charge will begin to pass through it.
However, it is usually accompanied by physical or chemical changes that permanently
degrade the material's insulating properties.
Materials that lack electron conduction are insulators if they lack other mobile charges as
well. For example, if a liquid or gas contains ions, then the ions can be made to flow as an
electric current, and the material is a conductor. Electrolytes and plasmas contain ions and
will act as conductors whether or not electron flow is involved.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.
x.
xi.
xii.
xiii.
xiv.
xv.
Insulator material were :

Glass
Rubber
Oil
Asphalt
Fiberglas
Porcelain
Ceramic
Quartz
Dry cotton
Dry paper
Dry wood
Plastic
Air
Diamond
Pure water
Figure 1.19: Illustration of cable
18
1.4.3
Electrical Protection System

i.
The Lighting
One of the most esoteric topics among
electrical engineers is the Lightning Protection
Systems, more specific lightning rods already
mentioned lightings are a very complex natural
phenomenon therefore is it difficult to establish and
unified criteria, for this reason is that there exists a
lot of opinions and strange myths that brings as
result wrong lightning protection designs.
Air is not a perfect isolating media, given that
its dielectric resistance is around 30kV/cm, when a
potential difference is reach between tow electrical
conductor points a spark will occur inevitably
(family size, the one we call Lightning).
Depending of the polarization, the lightings are
classified on negatives (electrons or negative
charge ions) or positives (positive charged ions),
according to its origin figure 1.21 there are inside
lightning (inside the cloud), intercloud (from cloud
to cloud), clout earth lightning (80% percent of
the lightning produced and therefore the most
important to us) and at last earth to cloud lightning.
Figure 1.20: The lightning
Despite the short duration that they have (microseconds), lightnings have a huge
destructive potential given that they carry current around 30 kA typically, up to 300 kA
have been register, therefore the necessity of protecting installations and ourselves.
a. Lightning Formation
The lightning (this point forward it will be considered as and cloud to earth and
negative) is produced by the union of the ion leaders figure 1.22 the ascendant up streamer.
The descendent - stepped leader, they precisely are the ones that make a ionize
row which is used by the lightning to go through figure 1.23.
The lightning produces when the ion leaders touch each other as seen in figure
1.24.
When a Lightning takes place it drains the negative charge of the cloud, it can
occur a several times in a row, that why sometimes it looks like blinking in the
sky.
Figure 1.21: Types of lightning

Figure 1.22: Ascendant and descendent

Leader
19
Figure 1.23: Ionize row for by the

ascendant and leader
Figure 1.24: Lightning formed
b. Protection against Atmospheric Discharges

Given that a lightning is a natural phenomenon and as one it is unpredictable, it is
impossible to avoid its incidence on the structures or people 100% of the times,
what a protection system does is attract the lightning that otherwise will strike in
an undesired area.
The most costumed way to do so is by using lightning rods, the simplest systems
consist on a captor element of cooper or one with and equivalent resistance,
connected solid to earth trough a isolated download wire.
Figure 1.25: Lightning protection
20
ii. Earthing
In electricity supply systems, an earthing system defines the electrical potential of the
conductors relative to the Earth's conductive surface. The choice of earthing system can
affect the safety and electromagnetic compatibility of the power supply, and regulations
can vary considerably among countries. Most electrical systems connect one supply
conductor to earth (ground). If a fault within an electrical device connects a "hot"
(unearthed) supply conductor to an exposed conductive surface, anyone touching it while
electrically connected to the earth (e.g., by standing on it, or touching an earthed sink) will
complete a circuit back to the earthed supply conductor and receive an electric shock.
Figure 1.26: Earthing illustration
A Protective Earth (PE), known as an equipment grounding conductor in the US National

Electrical Code, avoids this hazard by keeping the exposed conductive surfaces of a device at
earth potential. To avoid possible voltage drop no current is allowed to flow in this conductor
under normal circumstances, but fault currents will usually trip or blow the fuse or circuit
breaker protecting the circuit. A high impedance line-to-ground fault insufficient to trip the
overcurrent protection may still trip a residual-current device if one is present.
In contrast, a functional earth connection serves a purpose other than shock protection,
and may normally carry current. The standard terminology an earthing distinguishes three
families of earthing arrangements, using the two-letter codes TN, TT, and IT.
The first letter indicates the connection between earth and the power-supply equipment
(generator or transformer):
a. T -Direct connection of a point with earth (Latin: terra)
b. I -No point is connected with earth (isolation), except perhaps via a high impedance.
The second letter indicates the connection between earth and the electrical device being
supplied:
a. T -Direct connection of a point with earth
b. N -Direct connection to neutral at the origin of installation, which is connected to the
earth
21
Table 1.5: Types of earthing circuit

No
Network
Circuit
TN-S
TN-C
TN-C-S
Separate protective earth (PE) and

neutral (N) conductors from transformer
to consuming device, which are not
connected together at any point after the
building distribution point.
Combined PE and N conductor all the

way from the transformer to the
consuming device.
Combined PEN conductor from

transformer to building distribution
point, but separate PE and N
conductors in fixed indoor wiring
and flexible power cords.
TN
The protective earth connection of the consumer is provided

by a local connection to earth, independent of any earth
connection at the generator.
TT
Commonly code used in Malaysia country
The electrical distribution system has no connection to earth

at all, or it has only a high impedance connection. In such
systems, an insulation monitoring device is used to monitor
the impedance.
IT
The important of earthing were:

a. In power systems it helps to maintain the voltage of any part of the network at a
definite potential with respect to earth.
b. And it allows enough current to flow fast enough under earth fault conditions to
operate the protective devices installed in the circuits.
c. Preventing exposed conductive parts of the equipment from rising in potential for a
period sufficient to cause danger from electrocution.
For normal installation practice, earthing is to connect together the exposed conductive
parts of various items of the equipment and to a common terminal (main earthing terminal).
This in turn is connected by the earthing conductor to an earth electrode, buried in the mass
of earth. The earth installation must be capable of carrying the prospective fault currents
without danger and without excessive heat. It must have low resistance at all times with good
resistance to corrosion.
22
The most important part of the earthing system is the electrodes. Earth electrodes are
made from a number of materials like cast iron, steel, copper or stainless steel, and they may
be in the from of plates, tubes , rods or strips. The most favored material is copper. It has
good conductivity, is corrosion resistance to many of the salts that exist in the soil and it is a
material that easily worked.
The earth resistance depends on soil resistivity and characteristics. The types of soil
suitable for earth electrode are: a.
b.
c.
d.
Wet marshy ground

Clay, loam soil, arable land
Clayey soil, loam mixed with small quantity of sand
Damp and wet sand
The site should not be well drained and without flowing water which will wash away the
salt in the soil. Achieving a good earth will depend on local soil condition. Three factors that
affect the soil resistivity are:a. Moisture content of the soil
b. Chemical composition of the soil
Figure 1.27: Earthing system
iii. Fuses
A fuse is a type of low resistance resistor that acts as a sacrificial device to provide
overcurrent protection, of either the load or source circuit. Its essential component is a
metal wire or strip that melts when too much current flows, which interrupts the circuit in
which it is connected. Short circuit, overloading, mismatched loads or device failure are
the prime reasons for excessive current.
A fuse interrupts excessive current (blows) so that further damage by overheating or
fire is prevented. Wiring regulations often define a maximum fuse current rating for
particular circuits. Overcurrent protection devices are essential in electrical systems to
limit threats to human life and property damage. The time and current operating
characteristics of fuses are used to provide adequate protection without needless
23
interruption. Slow blow fuses are designed to allow harmless short term higher currents
but still clear on a sustained overload.
Fuses are manufactured in a wide range of current and voltage ratings to protect
wiring systems and electrical equipment. Self-resetting fuses automatically restore the
circuit after the overload has cleared; these are useful, for example, in aerospace or
nuclear applications where fuse replacement is impossible. There are three types of fuse,
refer table 1.6 below.
Most fuses are marked on the body or end caps with markings that indicate their
ratings. Surface-mount technology "chip type" fuses feature few or no markings, making
identification very difficult.
Similar appearing fuses may have significantly different properties, identified
by their markings. Fuse markings will generally convey the following information, either
explicitly as text, or else implicit with the approval agency marking for a particular type:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Ampere rating of the fuse

Voltage rating of the fuse
Time-current characteristic; i.e. fuse speed.
Approvals by national and international standards agencies
Manufacturer/part number/series
Breaking capacity
Fuses come in a vast array of sizes and styles to serve in many applications,
manufactured in standardized package layouts to make them easily interchangeable.
Fuse bodies may be made of ceramic, glass, plastic, fiberglass, molded mica laminates,
or molded compressed fiber depending on application and voltage class.
Cartridge (ferrule) fuses have a cylindrical body terminated with metal end caps.
Some cartridge fuses are manufactured with end caps of different sizes to prevent
accidental insertion of the wrong fuse rating in a holder, giving them a bottle shape.
Fuses for low voltage power circuits may have bolted blade or tag terminals which are
secured by screws to a fuse holder. Some blade-type terminals are held by spring clips.
Blade type fuses often require the use of a special purpose extractor tool to remove them
from the fuse holder.
Renewable fuses have replaceable fuse elements, allowing the fuse body and
terminals to be reused if not damaged after a fuse operation. Fuses designed for
soldering to a printed circuit board have radial or axial wire leads. Surface mount fuses
have solder pads instead of leads.
High-voltage fuses of the expulsion type have fiber or glass-reinforced plastic tubes
and an open end, and can have the fuse element replaced.
Semi-enclosed fuses are fuse wire carriers in which the fusible wire itself can be
replaced. The exact fusing current is not as well controlled as an enclosed fuse, and it is
extremely important to use the correct diameter and material when replacing the fuse
wire, and for these reasons these fuses are slowly falling from favor. Current ratings refer
tble 1.7 below.
24
Table 1.6: Types of fuse

No.
Type of fuse
Wire
Diagram
Cartridge
Domestic
Over current
fuse
Miniature
time delay
fuse
High voltage
25
Some types of circuit breakers must be maintained on a regular basis to ensure their
mechanical operation during an interruption. This is not the case with fuses, which rely on
melting processes where no mechanical operation is required for the fuse to operate
under fault conditions.
In a multi-phase power circuit, if only one fuse opens, the remaining phases will have
higher than normal currents, and unbalanced voltages, with possible damage to motors.
Fuses only sense overcurrent, or to a degree, over-temperature, and cannot usually be
used independently with protective relaying to provide more advanced protective
functions, for example, ground fault detection.
Some manufacturers of medium-voltage distribution fuses combine the overcurrent
protection characteristics of the fusible element with the flexibility of relay protection by
adding a pyrotechnic device to the fuse operated by external protective relays.
Table 1.7: Fuse rating versus wire diameter

Fuse wire rating (A)
Cu Wire diameter (mm)
3
0.15
0.2
10
0.35
15
0.5
20
0.6
25
0.75
30
0.85
45
1.25
60
1.53
80
1.8
100
26
iv. Circuit breaker

A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an
electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to
detect a fault condition and interrupt current flow.
Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then must be replaced, a circuit breaker can
be reset (either manually or automatically) to resume normal operation. Circuit breakers
are made in varying sizes, from small devices that protect an individual household
appliance up to large switchgear designed to protect high-voltage circuits feeding an
entire city. Types of circuit breaker:
a. Low-voltage circuit breakers
- Molded Case Circuit Breaker MCCB 2500A
- Miniature Circuit Breaker MCB 100A
b. Magnetic circuit breakers
c. Thermal magnetic circuit breakers
d. Common trip breakers
e. Medium-voltage circuit breakers
f. High-voltage circuit breakers
g. Residual-current device RCD or Residual Current Circuit Breaker (RCCB)
h. Residual current breaker with over-current protection (RCBO)
i. Earth leakage circuit breaker (ELCB)
Figure 1.28: Two-poll miniature circuit breaker
The sample design miniature circuit breaker components above:

1. Actuator lever - used to manually trip and reset the circuit breaker. Also indicates
the status of the circuit breaker (On or Off/tripped). Most breakers are designed
so they can still trip even if the lever is held or locked in the "on" position. This is
sometimes referred to as "free trip" or "positive trip" operation.
2. Actuator mechanism - forces the contacts together or apart.
3. Contacts - Allow current when touching and break the current when moved apart.
4. Terminals
5. Bimetallic strip.
6. Calibration screw - allows the manufacturer to precisely adjust the trip current of
the device after assembly.
7. Solenoid
8. Arc divider/extinguisher
27
1.4.4
Standard Graphic Symbol In Wiring System
Table 1.8: Types of electrical symbol

No
Name
Graphic symbol
1-fit
1
Fluorescent
Double
2
Fluorescent
1-fit Wall
3
Fluorescent
Double Wall
4
Fluorescent
5
6
Circle
Fluorescent
22
TV antenna
socket
23
Electric bell
24
Distribution
board
25
Ceiling fan
26
Exhaust fan
27
Wall fan
Filament lamp
Glob lamp
Wall glob
lamp
28
Fan regulator
8
9
Wall lamp
29
Hot unit
control
10
Double wall
lamp
30
Water heater
point
11
Chandelier
lamp
31
Air conditioner
unit
12
Spotlight
32
Cook control
unit
13
1 Way switch
33
Circuit breaker
14
2 way switch
34
15
Intermediation
lamp
35
16
Pull lamp
36
Fuse
17
Dimmer light
switch
37
Switch fuse
18
5A 3 pin
outlet socket
38
Neutral
connection
19
13A 3 pin
outlet socket
39
Kilo-Watt/hour
Meter
20
15A 3 pin
outlet socket
40
Earthing
21
Telephone
socket outlet
41
Lightning
collector
42
Connector box
Miniature
circuit breaker
Current
balance circuit
breaker
28
1.5
Safety Procedures and Rules for Electrical Installation System

The Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 sets out the general health and safety duties
of employers, employees and the self-employed. The Electricity at Work Regulations 1989,
which were made under the Act, require precautions to be taken against the risk of death or
personal injury from electricity in work activities.
Duties are placed on employers to ensure, amongst other things, that employees
engaged in such work activities on or near electrical equipment, implement safe systems of
work, have the technical knowledge, training or experience to carry out the work safely, and
are provided with suitable tools, test equipment and personal protective equipment
appropriate to the work they are required to carry out.
Under the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act employees are required to co-operate with
their employer to enable the requirements of the regulations to be met. This includes
complying with any instructions given on matters such as safe systems of work. The
Electricity at Work Regulations 1989 requires that employees themselves comply with the
regulations.
The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 require employers to
make a suitable and sufficient assessment of the risks to the health and safety both of their
employees and of other persons arising out of, or in connection with, the conduct of their
undertakings. Where five or more persons are employed, the employer must record the
significant findings of these risk assessments.
In the context of risks arising from live work, regulation 14 of the Electricity at Work
regulations 1989 requires that:
No person shall be engaged in any work activity on or so near any live conductor (other
than one suitably covered with insulating material so as to prevent danger) that danger
may arise unless;
i. It is unreasonable in all the circumstances for it to be dead
ii. It is reasonable in all the circumstances for him to be at work on or near it while it is
live
iii. Suitable precautions (including where necessary the provision of suitable protective
equipment) are taken to prevent injury
1.5.1
Institution of Electrical Engineer (IEE) Standard for Electrical Installation

i.
Legal requirements
a. In accordance with Regulation 12 (1) and (2) of the Electricity Regulations 1994
states that every wiring in an installation must be supervised by Wireman with
phase restrictions Single or Three Phase Restrictions. Once completed, Wireman
shall certify Supervision and a Certificate of Completion
b. In accordance with Regulation 13 (1) and (2) of the Electricity Regulations 1994
states that the installation Wiring shall be tested by the restriction or by Wireman
Single Phase with Restrictions Phase Three authorized to test any installation,
and to be Test Certificate to verify the installation
c. In accordance with Regulation 14 (1) of the Electricity Regulations 1994 states
Supervision Certificate and Certificate of Completion and Testing in regulations
12 and 13 shall be respectively in Form G and H are specified in the First
Schedule
ii. Testing
Upon completion of the wiring, some testing of wiring installations should
performed for confirmation of wiring and equipment operating safely installed to
be used. Before testing was conducted the inspection shall be made. Decision
inspection / supervision and testing must use. For confirmation of the Test Certificate
Form applied, the following tests should be performed:
29
Continuity test
Insulation Resistance Test
Polarity test
Earth Electrode Resistance Test
Testing Residual Current Devices
Table 1.9: Standard of electrical wiring
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
30
1.5.2
Safety Procedure and Regulation

To comply with regulation 14 of the Electricity at Work Regulations 1989 (work on or near
live conductors), dead working should be the normal method of carrying out work on electrical
equipment and circuits.
Live working, which includes not only working on live uninsulated conductors but also
working so near live uninsulated conductors that there is a risk of injury, should only be
carried out in circumstances where it is unreasonable to work dead.
Typically this would include some types of fault finding and testing (including the live
testing requirements of BS 7671 Requirements for Electrical Installations (IEE Wiring
Regulations)), but only where the risks are acceptable and where suitable precautions are
taken against injury, including the provision of adequate training and personal protective
equipment (PPE).
Pressure to carry out live work is becoming more common in areas such as construction
sites, high cost manufacturing and in retail outlets operating twenty-four hours per day, seven
days a week.
Irrespective of these pressures, the requirements of the regulations still apply in such
situations and live working should only be carried out when justified using the criteria
explained in HSG85. For systems where the supply has been cut off to allow dead working,
regulation 13 of the Electricity at Work Regulations 1989 applies as follows:
Adequate precautions shall be taken to prevent electrical equipment, which has been
made dead in order to prevent danger while work is carried out on or near that equipment,
from becoming electrically charged during that work if danger may thereby arise.
This regulation therefore requires that adequate precautions are taken to ensure that
conductors and equipment cannot inadvertently be energised while the work is taking place
this is the process of isolation.
The Electricity at Work Regulations 1989 definition of isolation is given in regulation 12
and means the disconnection and separation of the electrical equipment from every source of
electrical energy in such a way that this disconnection and separation is secure. In effect this
means not just cutting off the supply but also ensuring that the means of disconnection is
secure, as described in this Guide. In most instances this will require securing the means of
disconnection in the OFF position and it is highly recommended that a caution notice or label
is posted at the point of disconnection as described in the Guide under Safe isolation
procedures.
Of equal importance is regulation. This requires that employers ensure that all employees
involved in work on electrical equipment are competent. Employees should be instructed on,
and trained in, the implementation of safe systems of work. If they have not received such
training and instruction, they should only work under the supervision of a competent person.
For the best of practice guide to safe isolation and control of the working practices on
electrical systems must be consider these aspect, its:
i. Site safety management
ii. Safe isolation procedure
a. When isolating the main source of energy, it is also essential to isolate any
secondary sources (such as standby generators, uninterruptible power supplies
and micro generators).
b. Where there is no such local means of isolation or where there is a risk of
reinstatement of the supply, the circuit or equipment to be worked on should be
securely isolated by one of the following methods
- Isolation using a main switch or distribution board switch-disconnected
- Isolation of individual circuits
31
c.
It is preferable that a final circuit distribution board is not energised until all of its
final circuits have been completed, and inspected and tested
- Isolation of individual circuits protected by circuit-breakers
- Isolation of individual circuits protected by fuses
Note:
In TT systems, the incoming neutral conductor cannot reliably be regarded as
being at Earth potential. This means that for TT supplies, a multi-pole
switching device which disconnects the line and neutral conductors must be
used as the means of isolation. For similar reasons, in IT systems, all poles
of the supply must be disconnected.
In these circumstances, single pole isolation, such as by fuses or single-pole

circuit-breakers, is not acceptable.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
Electrical permit work

Caution notice
Proving dead isolated equipment or circuits
Additional precautions
a. New installation
b. Alterations and additions
c. Circuits under automatic control
d. Neutral conductor
e. Protective conductors
f. Proving dead unused or unidentified cables
vii. Identification of devices suitable for isolation
32
Figure 1.29: Steps to safe isolation

33
Figure 1.30: Pocket guide to isolation procedure
Figure 1.31: Caution notice

34
1.6
Green Technology on Electrical Installation System

What is green electricity?
Green electricity' means electricity produced from sources which do not cause these impacts
upon the environment. Of course, every type of electricity generation will have some impact,
but some sources are much greener than others. The cleanest energy sources are those
which utilize the natural energy flows of the Earth. These are usually known as renewable
energy sources, because they will never run out.
1.6.1
Latest Green Electrical Technology by Wind Technology and Innovation

i.
Wind power plant

Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into a useful form of energy, such
as using wind turbines to make electrical power, windmills for mechanical power,
wind pumps for water pumping or drainage, or sails to propel ships.
Large wind farms consist of
hundreds of individual wind
turbines which are connected to
the electric power transmission
network. Offshore wind is steadier
and stronger than on land, and
offshore farms have less visual
impact, but construction and
maintenance costs are
considerably higher. Small
onshore wind farms provide
electricity to isolated locations.
Utility companies increasingly buy
surplus electricity produced by
small domestic wind turbines.
Wind power, as an alternative
to fossil fuels, is plentiful,
renewable, widely distributed,
clean, produces no greenhouse
gas emissions during operation
and uses little land. The effects on
the environment are generally less
problematic than those from other
power sources.
Wind power is very consistent
from year to year but has
significant variation over shorter
time scales. The intermittency of
wind seldom creates problems
when used to supply up to 20% of
total electricity demand, but as the
proportion increases, a need to
upgrade the grid, and a lowered
ability to supplant conventional
production can occur.
Power management
techniques such as having excess
Figure 1.32: Wind power plant technology
capacity storage, geographically
distributed turbines, dispatch able
backing sources, storage such as pumped-storage hydroelectricity, exporting and
importing power to neighboring areas or reducing demand when wind production is
35
low, can greatly mitigate these problems. In addition, weather forecasting permits the
electricity network to be readied for the predictable variations in production that occur.
A turbine works by converting kinetic energy in wind into mechanical energy.
Energy used directly by machinery, then the machine is referred to as a windmill. The
energy converted to electricity, is known as a wind generator. Wind turbine
technology is a great thing, because it allows us to still provide enough energy for our
modern day needs at our disposal. A turbine makes it electricity by using wind. The
wind force turns the blades a wind turbine which are connected to a shaft, and the
shaft is connected to a generator which creates the electricity. Turbine's produce from
50-750 kilowatts. Wind turbines can be separated into two types based on the axis
about which the turbine rotates.
Turbines that rotate around a horizontal axis are more common. Vertical-axis
turbines are less frequently used. Another way to classify wind turbines is the
location. Whether they are used onshore or offshore, or even aerial wind turbines.
High-tech turbines equal low environmental impact. Offshore wind turbines are
increasing and are by far the largest wind turbine operation. Thats why wind power is
gaining public approval and generating increased awareness.
It is also becoming economically competitive with more conventional power
sources a fact thats greatly improving its prospects as a viable energy source. The
process behind wind energy is pretty simple. It starts, of course, with the wind, which
is actually a form of energy. Wind is caused by the suns heating of the atmosphere,
the irregularities of the earth's surface and its rotation.
ii. High Altitude Wind Power with Yo-Yo Kites
Some of the most powerful (and energy-dense) winds on Earth are literally out of
reach of conventional wind turbines, but one wind power startup aims to harvest
energy from them with giant kites and some yo-yo action.
The Turin-based startup Kite Gen isn't the only one searching for the holy grail of
high altitude wind power, but their approach is a bit different from other methods,
which seek to generate power at altitude and then send it down a tether to the
ground. The Kite Gen system leaves all of the generating equipment on the ground,
saving weight and money in the air, and instead uses the physical traction from the
kite's tether to generate electricity.
Figure 1.33: Kite gen
36
Once launched, the company's kites are automatically piloted in a predefined

flight path (covering a much larger area than a conventional turbine) using on-board
avionic sensors to maximize the power generation. The kites are tethered to the
ground unit with Dyneema tethers, and the pull on these tethers is what generates
electricity. When the kites reach the end of their tether (while turning spinning drums
attached to alternators), the angle of the kites are repositioned to present minimum
resistance to the wind and the cables are then rewound to begin another phase of
power generation. According to Kite Gen, rewinding the cables does consume
energy, but only a fraction of what is produced by the kites.
Figure 1.34: Kite height high altitude wind
iii. Invelox wind turbine

Invelox wind power generation technology, Sheerwind tests result its turbine
could generate six times more energy than the amount produced by traditional
turbines mounted on towers. Besides, the costs of producing wind energy with
Invelox are lower, delivering electricity with prices that can compete with natural gas
and hydropower.
Invelox takes a novel approach to wind power generation as it doesnt rely on
high wind speeds. Instead, it captures wind at any speed, even a breeze, from a
portal located above ground. The wind captured is then funneled through a duct
where it will pick up speed.
The resulting kinetic energy will drive the generator on the ground level. By
bringing the airflow from the top of the tower, its possible to generate more power
with smaller turbine blades.
As to the sixfold output claim, as with many new technologies promising a
performance breakthrough, it needs to be viewed with caution. SheerWind makes the
37
claim based on its own comparative tests, the precise methodology of which is not
entirely clear.
Figure 1.35: Invelox turbine
38
1.6.2
Latest Green Electrical Technology by Solar Technology and Innovation

i.
Solar power system

Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly using
photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP). Concentrated
solar power systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of
sunlight into a small beam. Photovoltaics convert light into electric current using the
photoelectric effect. Sunlight can be converted:
a. Concentrated solar power (also called concentrating solar power, concentrated solar
thermal, and CSP) systems use mirrors or lenses to concentrate a large area of
sunlight, or solar thermal energy, onto a small area.
b. Solar thermal energy (STE) is a technology for harnessing solar energy for thermal
energy (heat).
Figure 1.36: Power of sun cycle
39
ii. Solar power product

Table 1.10: Product of solar energy
No.
Item
ER Emergency Ready Solar and

Hand-Crank Powered Emergency
LED Flashlight with Radio and
Mobile Phone Charger
Sunforce 60-Watt Solar Charging Kit
Waterproof Dynamo Solar Flashlight
Hybrid Solar Cooker Sun Oven

Portable Cooker by Sun BD
Corporation
Garden Creations Solar-Powered

LED Accent Light, Set of 8
SOLARBAK Solar Powered Take

Your Power With You Backpack
Picture
40
Solar Powered White LED Light

Globe
Solar boat
Solar roof
10
Brunton Solar Roll Flexible Solar

Module
41
1.7
Reference
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Fullerton R. L. (1979). Building Construction in Warm Climates. Volume 1, 2, 3. Oxford
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Hall F. (2000). Building Services & Equipment. Pearson Limited, England.
MS EN 81-1:2012. Malaysian Standard. Safety Rules for the Construction and Installation of
Lift- Part1: electric Lifts (first revision). Department of Standards Malaysia.
Nor Rizman (2010). Risk Assessment for Demolition Works In Malaysia. Faculy of Civil
Engineering and Earth Resources, Universiti Malaysia Pahang. Undergraduate
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Prashant A/L Tharmarajan (2007(. The Essential Aspects of Fire Safety Management In HihgRise Buildings. University Teknologi Malaysia. Degree of master science thesis.
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44

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1.1 Electrical Installation

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PSMZA Course Note (Chapter 1)

ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION SYSTEM IN THE BUILDING

Basic Concept of Electrical Power Supply

Static electricity, from the physical separation and transport of charge.

Ver. 1 (MSH-Jun2013): CC608 Building Services

PSMZA Course Note (Chapter 1)

Figure 1.1: Source of Energy

Figure 1.2: Stage of electricity

Ver. 1 (MSH-Jun2013): CC608 Building Services

PSMZA Course Note (Chapter 1)

Electrical Power Supply: Single Phase and Three Phase

Figure 1.3: Single phase power

Ver. 1 (MSH-Jun2013): CC608 Building Services

Figure 1.4: Three phase power

PSMZA Course Note (Chapter 1)

Single Phase Power Supply

Figure 1.5: Home wiring

Three Phase Power Supply

Ver. 1 (MSH-Jun2013): CC608 Building Services

PSMZA Course Note (Chapter 1)

Figure 1.6: One voltage cycle of a three phase system

The Differences between Single and Three Phase Power Supply

Ver. 1 (MSH-Jun2013): CC608 Building Services

PSMZA Course Note (Chapter 1)

Electrical Wiring System

Figure 1.7: Single phase wiring schematic

Ver. 1 (MSH-Jun2013): CC608 Building Services

PSMZA Course Note (Chapter 1)

Figure 1.8: Three phase wiring schematic

Consumer Unit Wiring Circuit System

Ver. 1 (MSH-Jun2013): CC608 Building Services

PSMZA Course Note (Chapter 1)

Figure 1.9: Consumer circuit

Systems often have some of the following as well:

Ver. 1 (MSH-Jun2013): CC608 Building Services

PSMZA Course Note (Chapter 1)

Figure 1.10: Plug

Ver. 1 (MSH-Jun2013): CC608 Building Services

PSMZA Course Note (Chapter 1)

Figure 1.11: T-junction outlet socket

Ver. 1 (MSH-Jun2013): CC608 Building Services

PSMZA Course Note (Chapter 1)

iii. Lighting circuit

Table 1.2: Examples of single phase schematic circuit for lamp

1 lamp control by 1 switch

2 lamp control by 1 switch

2 lamp control by 2 location

1 lamp control by 2 switch

3 lamp control by 2 switch

2-way switch and

1 lamp fluorescent control by

Ver. 1 (MSH-Jun2013): CC608 Building Services

PSMZA Course Note (Chapter 1)

Electrical Wiring Installation Factors

Figure 1.12: Electrical wiring illustration

Ver. 1 (MSH-Jun2013): CC608 Building Services

PSMZA Course Note (Chapter 1)

Types of Electrical Wiring System

Open/Surface Wiring System

Figure 1.13: Surface wiring system

Figure 1.14: Hidden wiring system

PSMZA Course Note (Chapter 1)

iii. Conduit Wiring System