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68
Justin London
BUILDING
R E P R E S E N TAT I V E C O R P U S
JUSTIN LONDON
Carleton College
THIS PAPER PRESENTS AN OBJECT LESSON IN THE
challenges and considerations involved in assembling
a musical corpus for empirical research. It develops
a model for the construction of a representative corpus
of classical music of the common practice period
(1700-1900), using both specific composers as well as
broader historical styles and musical genres (e.g., symphony, chamber music, songs, operas) as its sampling
parameters. Five sources were used in the construction
of the model: (a) The Oxford History of Western Music
by Richard Taruskin (2005), (b) amalgamated Orchestral Repertoire Reports for the years 2000-2007, from the
League of American Orchestras, (c) a list of titles from
the Naxos.com Music in the Movies web-based
library, (d) Barlow and Morgensterns Dictionary of
Musical Themes (1948), and (e) for the composers listed
in sources (a)-(d), counts of the number of recordings
each has available from Amazon.com. General considerations for these sources are discussed, and specific
aspects of each source are then detailed. Intersource
agreement is assessed, showing strong consensus among
all sources, save for the Taruskin History. Using the
Amazon.com data to determine weighting factors for
each parameter, a preliminary sampling model is proposed. Including adequate genre representation leads to
a corpus of 300 pieces, suggestive of the minimum size
for an adequately representative corpus of classical
music. The approaches detailed here may be applied
to more specialized contexts, such as the music of a particular geographic region, historical era, or genre.
Received: October 21, 2012, accepted March 13, 2013.
Key words: corpus, classical music, common practice
period, historical styles, genres
volume attest, corpus-based studies are becoming both more common and more important in
music psychology and empirical musicology, whether
for music psychologists choosing a set of stimuli, for
computer scientists wanting to train neural networks,
Music Perception,
VOLUM E
31,
ISSU E
1,
PP.
6890,
ISSN
0730-7829,
OF
CLASSICAL MUSIC
1533-8312. 2013
R IG HTS RES ERV ED . PLEASE DIR ECT ALL REQ UEST S F OR PER MISSION T O PHOT O COPY OR R EPRO DUC E A RTI CLE CONT ENT T HRO UGH T HE UNI VE R S IT Y OF CALI FO RNIA P R E SS S
R IG H TS A N D P E RM I S S IO N S W E B S IT E , HT T P :// W W W. UC PRESSJ OUR NALS . COM / REPR INT INF O . A S P.
69
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71
Historical Era
Medieval
Renaissance 1450-1600
Baroque 1600-1750
Classical 1750-1800
Early Romantic 1800-1850
Late Romantic 1850-1900
20th Century
Taruskin Examples
Taruskin Ex %
Grout Examples
Grout Ex %
Amazon %
53
117
137
49
131
169
355
5.24
11.57
13.55
4.85
12.96
16.72
35.11
19
44
46
26
22
21
54
8.19
18.97
19.83
11.21
9.48
9.05
23.28
.08
1.48
13.43
12.97
12.83
37.19
22.01
Note: Information given both in terms of raw counts and in terms of relative percentages in (a) Taruskin, (b) Grout, and (c) the Amazon Data Set given in Appendix 8.
tradition, a tradition now superseded by recording technology and other modes of transmission. Naturally, over
the course of this history Taruskin discusses the work of
many composers, both major and minor, but as a means
of winnowing the list of composers for this project, only
those composers whose music merited a musical example or figure were counted. This still resulted in a list of
1,011 examples by 265 composers. Counting these
examples is not completely straightforward, as in some
instances several pieces (or movements of a larger piece)
by one composer might be included one subdivided
example, while elsewhere they might be each given separate examples (due to considerations of layout, text
discussion, etc.). Where appropriate, subdivisions of
large examples were counted separately. Didactic examples were excludede.g., the use of a piece as illustration of a particular mode or cadence type.
The distribution of Taruskins examples in terms of
various historical eras is given in Table 1. As befits
a comprehensive history Taruskin includes many examples of music written before 1700, music that pre-dates
the common practice period that is nominally the focus
of our target corpus. Thus it might make sense to
exclude those examples of music written prior to 1700
given in Taruskin (and similar sources). However, there
are several reasons for including the earlier works, at
least for now. First, while one rarely encounters this
music in recordings or concerts today (as will be seen
in comparison with other sources), performance of early
music is still a part of the current musical landscape, and
thus Taruskin is a useful source for composers and
pieces that might otherwise be overlooked. Second, it
is useful to understand the extent to which sources like
Taruskin include pre-common practice period examples, and thus become aware of what a purely random
sample from such sources might yield.
Appendix 2 gives a list of 91 composers who merited
three or more examples in Taruskin; 28 had 10 or
more examples. Taruskins top three are: Beethoven
(43 examples, 4.25% of all examples), Stravinsky (39,
72
Justin London
www.naxos.com/musicinmovies.asp
www.americanorchestras.org/knowledge_research_and_innovation/
orr_archive.html
73
TABLE 2. Ranking of Composers in Terms of the Number of Performances of their Works over a Nine Year Period Tracked in the ORR Data Set.
Performances
> 1000
500-999
100-499
50-99
20-49
10-19
5-9
2-4
1
Composers
Composer %
Performances
Performances %
28
14
68
61
120
157
274
710
517
1.44
0.72
3.49
3.13
6.16
8.06
14.06
36.43
26.53
60812
10142
14385
4333
3728
2124
1808
1935
517
60.94
10.16
14.42
4.34
3.74
2.13
1.81
1.94
0.52
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Justin London
6
5
MPR
4
3
2
1
0
Individual Composers
FIGURE 1. Histogram from highest to lowest median percentage of the 55 composers in the MPR (see Appendix 7); composers with a median of 0 were
excluded.
As noted above, building a representative corpus classical music requires one to determine (a) which composers (or more generally, historical eras) should be
included, some of whom will be obligatory (e.g., Bach,
Mozart, Beethoven), and (b) how each composer (or
TABLE 3. Spearmans rho Correlations Among the Four Components of the MPR.
ORR
Taruskin
Naxos
B&M
MPR
rs value
Sig. (2-tailed)
rs value
Sig. (2-tailed)
rs value
Sig. (2-tailed)
rs value
Sig. (2-tailed)
rs value
Sig. (2-tailed)
ORR
Taruskin
Naxos
B&M
MPR
1.000
.15
.27
1.000
.60**
.000
.01
.95
1.000
.49**
.000
-.04
.78
.55**
.000
1.000
.84**
.000
.29*
.009
.80**
.000
.73**
.000
1.000
75
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Era
Medieval (pre 1450)
Renaissance (1450-1600)
Baroque (1600-1750)
Classical (1750-1800)
Early Romantic (1800-1850)
Late Romantic (1850-1900)
20th Century
Composer
Count
Title
Count
Title
%
3
15
26
10
10
68
89
185
3352
30349
29306
28993
84028
49844
0.08
1.48
13.43
12.97
12.83
37.19
22.01
Era
Medieval
Renaissance
Baroque
Classical
Early Romantic
Late Romantic
20th Century
Entire ADS %
Top 50%
Difference
0.08
1.48
13.43
12.97
12.83
37.19
22.01
0.00
0.00
13.35
16.03
16.79
40.10
13.84
0.08
1.48
0.08
3.06
3.96
2.91
8.17
77
TABLE 6. Distribution of Historical Eras in the ADS Top 35 in Comparison to the Entire ADS.
Historical Era
Medieval
Renaissance
Baroque
Classical
Early Romantic
Late Romantic
20th Century
ADS %
Top 35%
ADS - 35%
Remainder Weights
0.08
1.48
13.43
12.97
12.83
37.19
22.01
0
0
8.50
11.50
10.50
25.00
8.50
0.08
1.48
4.93
1.47
2.33
12.19
13.51
0
1
5
2
2
12
14
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Justin London
Genre
# of Pieces % of Total
21
30
17
7
22
5
15
58
38
38
56
23
14
18
42
25
23
6
6
27
23
35
37
40
4
3.33
4.76
2.70
1.11
3.49
0.79
2.38
9.21
6.03
6.03
8.89
3.65
2.22
2.86
6.67
3.97
3.65
0.95
0.95
4.29
3.65
5.56
5.87
6.35
0.63
A method for building a representative corpus of classical music of 300 pieces has been developed. It
involves a core set of obligatory composers (aka the
usual suspects), along with historically weighted contributions by other composers from each era. The balance of musical genres can also be taken into account,
though doing so requires a corpus of sufficient size;
while 300 pieces are suggested here, a larger corpus may
be required if one wants a fine-grained representative
Genre
Symphonies
Operas
Piano Sonatas
Violin Sonatas
String Quartets
Piano Concerti
Violin Concerti
Serenades
Masses
Grove
Count
Grove
Count %
Weight
Factor
Weighted
Count
Weighted
Count %
Amazon
Count
Amazon
%
49
17
18
20
23
27
5
23
16
24.75
8.59
9.09
10.10
11.62
13.64
2.53
11.62
8.08
1.5
3
1
1
1
1.5
1.5
0.75
1.5
73.5
51
18
20
23
40.5
7.5
17.25
24
26.75
18.56
6.55
7.28
8.37
14.74
2.73
6.28
8.74
4243
4002
2013
1211
1656
2905
1919
1650
441
21.17
19.97
10.04
6.04
8.26
14.50
9.58
8.23
2.20
Note: Data include (a) their count in the Grove dictionary, (b) their relative % among these genres, (c) a list of weighting factors that takes the scope of typical works in each
genre into account (d) a revised count based on the weighting factor, (e) revised relative %, and (f) counts by composer and genre from Amazon.com, along with their
corresponding % in this tally of Amazon titles.
79
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Justin London
Research on this project was supported in part by a Mellon Foundation Digital Humanities Seed Grant
administered through the Humanities Center of Carleton College. Humdrum Toolkit analysis of the Barlow
and Morgenstern data was graciously provided by
David Huron and Daniel Shanahan of Ohio State University. Access to the consolidated Orchestral Repertoire Report was kindly provided by Brian Bader and
Jan Wilson of the League of American Orchestras.
Correspondence concerning this article should be
addressed to Justin London, Department of Music, Carleton College, One North College Street, Northfield, MN
55057. E-mail: jlondon@carleton.edu
References
AUSLANDER , P. (2008). Liveness: Performance in a mediatized
culture (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge.
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B IGAND, E., & P OULIN -C HARRONNAT, B. (2006). Are we
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B RACKETT, N., & H OARD, C. (Eds.) (2008). The new Rolling Stone
album guide. New York: Simon and Schuster.
B URKHOLDER , J. P., G ROUT, D. J., & PALISCA , C. V. (2009).
A history of Western music (8th ed.). New York: W.W. Norton
and Co.
C OLLISTER , L., & H URON , D. (2008). Comparison of word
intelligibility in spoken and sung phrases. Empirical
Musicology Review, 3, 109-125.
C OOK , R., & M ORTON , B. (2008). The Penguin guide to jazz
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C REEL , S. C., N EWPORT, E. L., & A SLIN , R. N. (2004). Distant
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E ISEN , C., R IEGER , E., S ADIE , S., A NGEMU LLER , R., O LDMAN , C.
B., & S TAFFORD, W. (2013). Mozart: (3) Wolfgang Amadeus,
Works. Grove music online, Oxford University Press.
Accessed January 11, 2013, www.oxfordmusiconline.com/
subscriber/article/grove/music/40258pg3
G INGOLD, J. (Ed.) (1962). Orchestral excerpts from the symphonic
repertoire: Violin. New York: International Music Company.
G OEHR , L. (2007). The imaginary museum of musical works. New
York: Oxford University Press.
G OULDING , P. G. (1995). Classical music: The 50 greatest composers and their 1,000 greatest works. New York: Ballantine Books.
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constrain infant statistical learning. Infancy, 17, 610-641.
81
Appendix 1: Top 106 composers in Barlow and Morgenstern Dictionary (1948) ranked by number of pieces;
percentages indicate their presence relative to all others in the Dictionary.
Composer
Total
Bach, J.S.
Chopin
Beethoven
Mozart
Brahms
Schubert
Liszt
Handel
Debussy
Scarlatti
Grieg
Couperin
Schumann
Haydn
Dvorak
Tchaikovsky
Saint-Saens
Sibelius
de Falla
Mendelssohn
Delibes
Faure`
Prokofiev
Strauss
Elgar
Vivaldi
Ravel
Copland
Franck
Rachmaninoff
Stravinsky
Albeniz
Purcell
Strauss, Richard
Wagner
Weber
Gluck
Kreisler
Rameau
Byrd
Boccherini
Delius
Macdowell
Shostakovich
Bartok
Chabrier
Glazunov
Rimsky-Korsakov
Rubinstein
Scriabin
Bach, C.P.E.
Sousa
Tartini
175
110
96
90
86
51
50
49
47
47
42
40
40
39
34
34
28
25
23
23
22
20
20
20
18
18
17
16
16
16
16
15
15
15
15
15
14
14
14
13
12
12
12
12
11
11
11
11
11
11
10
10
10
7.48
4.70
4.10
3.85
3.68
2.18
2.14
2.09
2.01
2.01
1.80
1.71
1.71
1.67
1.45
1.45
1.20
1.07
0.98
0.98
0.94
0.86
0.86
0.86
0.77
0.77
0.73
0.68
0.68
0.68
0.68
0.64
0.64
0.64
0.64
0.64
0.60
0.60
0.60
0.56
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.43
0.43
0.43
Composer
Bach, J.C.
Berlioz
Bloch
Hindemith
Lully
Rossini
Waldteufel
Buxtehude
Casella
Glinka
Grainger
Ireland
Moszkowski
Paganini
von Suppe`
Wieniawski
Borodin
Bruckner
Corelli
Dowland
Farnaby
Frescobaldi
Gretry
Massenet
Offenbach
Reger
Respighi
Telemann
Verdi
Bizet
Chaminade
Daquin
Gershwin
Granados
Ibert
Lalo
Paderewski
Turina
Vaughan Williams
Walton
Francoeur
Honegger
Indy
Liadoff
Mahler
Milhaud
Musorgsky
Nevin
Pachelbel
Pick-Mangiagalli
Roussel
Smetana
Szymanowski
Total
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
%
0.38
0.38
0.38
0.38
0.38
0.38
0.38
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.21
82
Justin London
Appendix 2: Top 91 composers in Taruskin (2005) ranked by number of musical examples; percentages
indicate their presence relative to all examples in the multi-volume history.
Composer
Beethoven
Stravinsky
Schoenberg
Bach, J.S.
Bartok
Schubert
Brahms
Wagner
Monteverdi
Berg
Haydn
Machaut
Verdi
Copland
Ives
Mozart
Palestrina
Babbitt
Carter
Scriabin
Tchaikovsky
Britten
Liszt
Strauss, Richard
Webern
des Prez
Chopin
Debussy
Handel
Lully
Borodin
Mahler
Berlioz
Busnoys
Corelli
Dufay
Dvorak
Janacek
Mendelssohn
Messiaen
Purcell
Schumann
Glinka
Hindemith
Ockeghem
Era
Exs
ERom
20thC
20thC
Bar
20thC
ERom
LRom
LRom
Bar
20thC
Class
Med
LRom
20thC
20thC
Class
Ren
20thC
20thC
20thC
LRom
20thC
LRom
LRom
20thC
Ren
ERom
20thC
Bar
Bar
LRom
LRom
ERom
Ren
Bar
Med
LRom
20thC
ERom
20thC
Bar
ERom
ERom
20thC
Ren
43
39
35
29
23
23
20
20
19
17
17
16
16
15
15
15
14
13
13
13
13
12
12
12
12
11
10
10
9
9
8
8
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
6
6
6
4.25
3.86
3.46
2.87
2.27
2.27
1.98
1.98
1.88
1.68
1.68
1.58
1.58
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.38
1.29
1.29
1.29
1.29
1.19
1.19
1.19
1.19
1.09
0.99
0.99
0.89
0.89
0.79
0.79
0.69
0.69
0.69
0.69
0.69
0.69
0.69
0.69
0.69
0.69
0.59
0.59
0.59
Composer
Ravel
Satie
Shostakvich
Smetana
Byrd
Reich
Rimsky-Korsakov
Scarlatti
Bach, C.P.E.
Boulez
Chabrier
de la Halle
Donizetti
Franck
Frescobaldi
Gabrieli
Gershwin
Gottschalk
Lassus
Milhaud
Part
Prokofiev
Rossini
Saint-Saens
Scarlatti, D.
Schutz
Thomson
Vivaldi
Weber
Bruckner
Buus
Cage
Del Tredici
Dowland
Gallus
Gluck
Harris
Lerdahl
Meyerbeer
Mussorgsky
Obrecht
Parker
Poulenc
Weill
Guido dArezzo
Era
Exs
20thC
20thC
20thC
LRom
Ren
20thC
LRom
Bar
Bar
20thC
LRom
Med
ERom
LRom
Bar
Ren
20thC
LRom
Ren
20thC
20thC
20thC
ERom
LRom
Bar
Bar
20thC
Bar
ERom
LRom
Ren
20thC
20thC
Ren
Ren
Class
20thC
20thC
ERom
LRom
Ren
20thC
20thC
20thC
Med
6
6
6
6
5
5
5
5
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.49
0.49
0.49
0.49
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
83
Appendix 3: Musical example counts for all composers with two or more musical examples in Burkholder,
Grout, and Palisca (2009); percentages are relative to all examples.
Composer
Beethoven
Monteverdi
Dufay
Haydn
Machaut
Mozart
Bach, J.S.
Chopin
Des Prez
Frescobaldi
Lully
Mendelssohn
Schoenberg
Schubert
Schumann
Stravinsky
Adams, John
Bach, C.P.E.
Bartok
Berg
Brahms
Era
Exs.
E Rom
Ren
Ren
Class
Med
Class
Bar
E Rom
Ren
Bar
Class
E Rom
20th C
E Rom
E Rom
20th C
20th C
Bar
20th C
20th C
L Rom
6
6
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
5.45
5.45
3.64
3.64
3.64
3.64
2.73
2.73
2.73
2.73
2.73
2.73
2.73
2.73
2.73
2.73
1.82
1.82
1.82
1.82
1.82
Composer
Buxtehude
Byrd
Cage
de la Halle
Debussy
Gabrieli, G.
Handel
Ives
Lassus
Liszt
Luther
Mahler
Milhaud
Mussorgsky
Narvaez
Ockeghem
Palestrina
Purcell
Scarlatti, A.
Schutz
Strauss, Richard
Era
Exs.
Bar
Ren
20th C
Med
20th C
Ren
Bar
20th C
Ren
L Rom
Ren
L Rom
20th C
L Rom
Ren
Ren
Ren
Bar
Bar
Bar
L Rom
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1.82
1.82
1.82
1.82
1.82
1.82
1.82
1.82
1.82
1.82
1.82
1.82
1.82
1.82
1.82
1.82
1.82
1.82
1.82
1.82
1.82
Appendix 4: Excerpt counts for all composers in Gingold (1962), along with their relative percentages.
Composer
Beethoven
Brahms
Tchaikovsky
Mozart
Berlioz
Mendelssohn
Rossini
Haydn
Ravel
Schubert
Bach
Dvorak
Rimsky-Korsakov
Sibelius
Bizet
Debussy
Prokofiev
Strauss Jr., Johann
Stravinsky
Weber
Borodin
Bruckner
Saint-Saens
Smetana
Chabrier
dIndy
Falla
Franck
Glinka
Grieg
Pieces
19
12
12
9
8
8
7
6
6
6
5
5
5
5
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
9.69
6.12
6.12
4.59
4.08
4.08
3.57
3.06
3.06
3.06
2.55
2.55
2.55
2.55
2.04
2.04
2.04
2.04
2.04
2.04
1.53
1.53
1.53
1.53
1.02
1.02
1.02
1.02
1.02
1.02
Composer
Jaernefelt
Liszt
Lyadov
Rachmaninoff
Schumann
Charpentier
Chausson
De Falla
Delibes
Dukas
Elgar
Enescu
Faure
Gluck-Mottl
Goldmark
Humperdinck
Ibert
Ippolitov-Ivanov
Kabalevsky
Lalo
Mahler
Mussorgsky
Nicolai
Offenbach
Ponchielli
Schoenberg
Shostakovich
Thomas
VaughanWilliams
Verdi
Pieces
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1.02
1.02
1.02
1.02
1.02
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
84
Justin London
Appendix 5: Title counts for all composers in the Naxos Classical Music in the Movies collection.
Composer
Mozart
Bach, J.S.
Beethoven
Strauss Jr., Johann
Chopin
Puccini
Tchaikovsky
Verdi
Wagner
Rossini
Schubert
Mendelssohn
Dvorak
Debussy
Elgar
Handel
Schumann
Brahms
Rachmaninoff
Haydn
Prokofiev
Vivaldi
Shostakovich
Strauss, Richard
Bizet
Mahler
Mussorgsky
Ravel
Delibes
Boccherini
Faure
Liszt
Offenbach
Rimsky-Korsakov
Satie, Erik
Strauss Sr., Johann
Albinoni
Barber
Holst
Ketelbey
Leoncavallo
Orff
Pachelbel
Allegi
Catalani
Gershwin
Gorecki
Grainger
Khachaturian
Marcello
Mascagni
Paganini
Titles
82
68
61
41
35
35
25
23
21
20
20
18
16
13
13
13
12
11
11
9
9
9
8
8
7
7
7
7
6
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
10.58
8.77
7.87
5.29
4.52
4.52
3.23
2.97
2.71
2.58
2.58
2.32
2.06
1.68
1.68
1.68
1.55
1.42
1.42
1.16
1.16
1.16
1.03
1.03
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.77
0.65
0.65
0.65
0.65
0.65
0.65
0.65
0.52
0.52
0.52
0.52
0.52
0.52
0.52
0.39
0.39
0.39
0.39
0.39
0.39
0.39
0.39
0.39
Composer
Part
Purcell
Saint-Saens
Britten
Donizetti
Flotow
Gade
Grieg
Ivanovici
Janacek
Lehar
Ponchielli
Sarasate
Sibelius
Smetana
Stravinsky
Albeniz
Alfven
Badarzewska
Bartok
Beriot
Berlioz
Bernstein
Borodin
Bruch
Canteloube
Charpentier
Copland
di Capua
Dukas
Franck
Gauntlett
Giordano
Gluck
Gould
Gounod
Granados
Korngold
Kresiler
Last, J.
Marais, M.
Mouret
Parry
Pergolesi
Rodrigo
Scriabin
Sousa
von Suppe
Szymanowski
Waldteufel
Webern
Titles
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.39
0.39
0.39
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
85
Appendix 6: Top 100 composers in terms of works performed, from the League of American Orchestras
consolidated Orchestra Repertoire Reports (ORR) 2000-2009.
Composer
Perfs
Mozart
Beethoven
Brahms
Tchaikovsky
Dvorak
Ravel
Strauss, Richard
Stravinsky
Shostakovich
Haydn
Rachmaninoff
Mendelssohn
Prokofiev
Bach, J.S.
Sibelius
Mahler
Copland
Berlioz
Wagner
Schumann
Handel
Debussy
Schubert
Barber
Bernstein
Bartok
Elgar
Saint-Saens
Vivaldi
Verdi
Rimsky-Korsakov
Gershwin
Britten
Mussorgsky
Respighi
Liszt
Grieg
Bruckner
Vaughn Williams
Rossini
Adams, J.
Falla
Bruch
Ives
Strauss Jr., Johann
Chopin
Smetana
Nielsen
Hindemith
Corigliano
Weber
7103
6906
3930
3891
2628
2468
2381
2115
2095
2070
2048
2044
1993
1934
1882
1789
1453
1434
1433
1342
1269
1223
1142
1090
1075
1072
1002
977
748
747
742
719
708
689
659
657
618
613
610
599
556
500
476
440
410
400
391
390
384
378
376
7.12
6.92
3.94
3.90
2.63
2.47
2.39
2.12
2.10
2.07
2.05
2.05
2.00
1.94
1.89
1.79
1.46
1.44
1.44
1.34
1.27
1.23
1.14
1.09
1.08
1.07
1.00
0.98
0.75
0.75
0.74
0.72
0.71
0.69
0.66
0.66
0.62
0.61
0.61
0.60
0.56
0.50
0.48
0.44
0.41
0.40
0.39
0.39
0.38
0.38
0.38
Composer
Perfs
Schoenberg
Holst
Bizet
Faure
Walton
Kodaly
Franck
Rodrigo
Higdon
Janacek
Orff
Rouse
Messiaen
Puccini
Poulenc
Smith, J.S.
Borodin
Williams, J.
Berg
Daugherty
Ginastera
Dukas
Korngold
Glinka
Kernis
Golijov
Lutoslawski
Tower
Webern
Martinu
Khachaturian
Part
Piazzolla
Dutilleux
Glazunov
Milhaud
Villa-Lobos
Takemitsu
Ligeti
Revueltas
Harbison
Lalo
Ibert
Purcell
Liadov
Schwantner
Sierra
MacMillan
Rameau
361
351
337
323
309
277
246
246
244
244
242
242
235
235
232
210
208
206
205
204
201
200
198
196
192
183
176
175
175
170
167
164
163
155
152
146
144
143
142
141
134
133
130
125
121
120
120
118
117
0.36
0.35
0.34
0.32
0.31
0.28
0.25
0.25
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.23
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.19
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.17
0.17
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.15
0.15
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
86
Justin London
Appendix 7: List of the Top 55 composers culled from appendices 1, 2, 5, and 6, ordered in terms of their
Median Percentage Ranking (MPR) calculated from their percentage ranking in those appendices.
Composer
ORR
Tskn
Naxos
B&M
MPR
Composer
ORR
Tskn
Naxos
B&M
MPR
Beethoven
Mozart
Bach, J.S.
Brahms
Chopin
Tchaikovsky
Schubert
Dvorak
Wagner
Haydn
Mendelssohn
Handel
Debussy
Schumann
Stravinsky
Verdi
Strauss, Richard
Copland
Rachmaninoff
Prokofiev
Liszt
Elgar
Mahler
Ravel
Shostakovich
Bartok
Vivaldi
Saint-Saens
6.92
7.12
1.94
3.94
0.40
3.90
1.14
2.63
1.44
2.07
2.05
1.27
1.23
1.34
2.12
0.75
2.39
1.46
2.05
2.00
0.66
1.00
1.79
2.47
2.10
1.07
0.75
0.98
4.25
1.48
2.87
1.98
0.99
1.29
2.27
0.69
1.98
1.68
0.69
0.89
0.99
0.69
3.86
1.58
1.19
1.48
0.10
0.40
1.19
0.00
0.79
0.59
0.59
2.27
0.40
0.40
7.87
10.58
8.77
1.42
4.52
3.23
2.58
2.06
2.71
1.16
2.32
1.68
1.68
1.55
0.26
2.97
1.03
0.13
1.42
1.16
0.65
1.68
0.90
0.90
1.03
0.13
1.16
0.39
4.10
3.85
7.48
3.68
4.70
1.45
2.18
1.45
0.64
1.67
0.98
2.09
2.01
1.71
0.68
0.30
0.64
0.68
0.68
0.86
2.14
0.77
0.21
0.73
0.51
0.47
0.77
1.20
5.59
5.48
5.18
2.83
2.75
2.34
2.23
1.76
1.71
1.67
1.52
1.47
1.45
1.45
1.40
1.17
1.11
1.07
1.05
1.01
0.92
0.89
0.85
0.82
0.81
0.77
0.76
0.69
Sibelius
Strauss Jr., Joh.
Berlioz
Rossini
Mussorgsky
Faure
Britten
Grieg
Delibes
Barber
Scriabin
Falla
Ives
Schoenberg
Bizet
Scarlatti
Bernstein
Puccini
Webern
Berg
Carter
Monteverdi
Couperin
Babbitt
des Prez
Machaut
Palestrina
1.89
0.41
1.44
0.60
0.69
0.32
0.71
0.62
0.02
1.09
0.08
0.50
0.44
0.36
0.34
0.00
1.08
0.24
0.18
0.21
0.09
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.20
0.69
0.40
0.30
0.20
1.19
0.00
0.10
0.00
1.29
0.00
1.48
3.46
0.10
0.40
0.00
0.10
1.19
1.68
1.29
1.88
0.00
1.29
1.09
1.58
1.38
0.26
5.29
0.13
2.58
0.90
0.65
0.26
0.26
0.77
0.52
0.13
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.90
0.00
0.13
4.52
0.13
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.07
0.86
0.38
0.38
0.21
0.86
0.17
1.80
0.94
0.17
0.47
0.98
0.04
0.09
0.09
2.01
0.26
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.71
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.66
0.63
0.54
0.50
0.49
0.48
0.48
0.44
0.44
0.34
0.30
0.25
0.24
0.22
0.22
0.20
0.19
0.17
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Appendix 8: The Amazon Data Set (ADS): Title counts taken from Amazon.com (US) during July-August
2012 for all composers listed in Appendices 1-6.
Composer
Titles
Mozart
Bach, J.S.
Beethoven
Schubert
Brahms
Verdi
Tchaikovsky
Schumann
Mendelsson
Wagner
Debussy
Liszt
Handel
Vivaldi
Puccini
Strauss, Richard
Dvorak
12,457
11,063
10,218
6,939
6,615
5,868
5,205
4,780
4,502
4,102
4,082
4,016
3,999
3,914
3,730
3,533
3,526
5.51
4.89
4.52
3.07
2.93
2.60
2.30
2.11
1.99
1.81
1.81
1.78
1.77
1.73
1.65
1.56
1.56
Composer
Titles
Haydn
Ravel
Chopin
Bizet
Rossini
Rachmaninoff
Grieg
Saint-Saens
Donizetti
Bernstein
Gounod
Mahler
Massenet
Faure
Prokofiev
Gershwin
Stravinsky
3,421
3,276
3,074
2,893
2,814
2,657
2,536
2,509
2,384
2,344
2,324
2,252
2,053
2,040
1,867
1,812
1,793
1.51
1.45
1.36
1.28
1.24
1.18
1.12
1.11
1.05
1.04
1.03
1.00
0.91
0.90
0.83
0.80
0.79
(continued)
87
Appendix 8 (continued)
Composer
Titles
Elgar
Shostakovich
Berlioz
Sibelius
Mussorgsky
Britten
Franck
Purcell
Telemann
Mascagni
Bartok
Bruckner
Weber
Offenbach
Vaughan Williams
Leoncavallo
Pachelbel
de Falla
Piazzolla
Gluck
Poulenc
Rimsky-Korsakov
Scarlatti, D.
Copland
Barber
Smetana
Borodin
Satie
Meyerbeer
Villa-Lobos
Strauss Jr., Johann
Boccherini
Albeniz
Monteverdi
Giordano
Hindemith
Albinoni
Lehar
Holst
Ponchielli
Scriabin
Granados
Delibes
Adams
Kreisler
Paganini
Reger
Rodrigo
Schoenberg
Bach, J.C.
Byrd
Glinka
Khachaturian
Janacek
1,791
1,598
1,581
1,528
1,421
1,419
1,406
1,394
1,355
1,329
1,328
1,278
1,266
1261
1,225
1192
1057
1,055
1055
1,034
1,002
974
959
955
948
940
932
929
917
899
887
882
861
858
852
841
835
828
816
802
785
784
774
769
744
736
725
725
696
690
683
676
676
671
0.79
0.71
0.70
0.68
0.63
0.63
0.62
0.62
0.60
0.59
0.59
0.57
0.56
0.56
0.54
0.53
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.46
0.44
0.43
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.41
0.41
0.41
0.40
0.39
0.39
0.38
0.38
0.38
0.37
0.37
0.37
0.36
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.34
0.34
0.33
0.33
0.32
0.32
0.31
0.31
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
Composer
Corelli
Bruch
Messiaen
Berg
Respighi
Glazunov
Couperin
Martinu
Dowland
Thomas, A.
Milhaud
Boulez
Ives
Rubinstein
Sousa
Scarlatti, A.
Nielsen
Rameau
Flotow
Grainger
Buxtehude
Cage
Weill
Orff
Kodaly
Sarasate
Walton
Palestrina
Gould
Turina
Chabrier
Delius
Lalo
von Suppe
Frescobaldi
Bach, C.P.E.
Ibert
Charpentier
Korngold
Bloch
Des Prez
Szymanowski
Gabrieli
Dukas
Honegger
Catalani
Enescu
Schutz
Wieniawski
Ginastera
Lassus
Tartini
Nicolai
Part
Titles
652
650
575
570
567
562
551
551
544
544
542
541
535
534
516
509
504
485
461
460
454
444
427
422
409
409
404
399
391
384
382
381
369
367
363
360
360
357
349
343
332
328
322
321
321
317
314
310
309
297
290
290
282
272
%
0.29
0.29
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.23
0.23
0.22
0.21
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.19
0.19
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.12
0.12
(continued)
88
Justin London
Appendix 8 (continued)
Composer
Titles
Lutoslawski
Marcello
Marais, M.
Roussel
Webern
Lully
Parry
Ligeti
MacDowell
Moszkowski
Carter
Takemitsu
Waldteufel
Paderewski
Kabalevsky
Daquin
Canteloube
Dutilleux
Mouret
Alfven
Allegri
Corigliano
Reich
Lyadov
Luther
Machaut
Williams, J.
Gauntlett
Gorecki
Humperdinck
Goldmark
Thomson
Chaminade
Gottschalk
Harbison
Ockeghem
Smith
dIndy
Ireland
Nevin
244
242
240
240
235
226
214
209
208
205
204
168
165
164
160
157
152
150
149
148
147
146
146
144
142
138
136
134
134
130
127
122
116
111
111
109
108
93
92
87
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.10
0.10
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.04
Composer
Titles
Ippolitov-Ivanov
Casella
Pergolesi
Babbitt
Harris
Obrecht
Revueltas
Gade, Niels
Ketelbey
Daugherty
Farnaby
Narvaez
Gallus
Tower
Del Tredici
Gretry
Busnoys
Sierra
Halle
Higdon
Schwantner
MacMillan
Rouse
Kernis
Golijov
Badarzewska
Strauss Sr., Johann
Beriot,
Lerdahl
Parker
Pick-Mangiagalli
Buus
Dufay
di Capua
Guido
Francoeur
Liadov
Ivanovici
Last
85
84
84
78
75
75
71
70
69
64
64
57
56
56
53
52
50
50
45
42
42
36
31
30
28
23
21
15
12
12
5
4
4
3
2
1
1
0
0
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Appendix 9: Top 50 composers in the ADS (Appendix 8) versus the MPR (Appendix 7); composers in the
ADS but not in the MPR are underlined.
Composer
Titles
Amz
MPR
Era
Mozart
Bach, J.S.
Beethoven
Schubert
Brahms
Verdi
Tchaikovsky
12,457
11,063
10,218
6,939
6,615
5,868
5,205
5.51
4.89
4.52
3.07
2.93
2.60
2.30
5.48
5.18
5.59
2.23
2.83
1.17
2.34
Class
Bar
Class
E Rom
L Rom
L Rom
L Rom
Composer
Titles
Amz
MPR
Era
Schumann
Mendelsson
Wagner
Debussy
Liszt
Handel
Vivaldi
4,780
4,502
4,102
4,082
4,016
3,999
3,914
2.11
1.99
1.81
1.81
1.78
1.77
1.73
1.45
1.52
1.71
1.45
0.92
1.47
0.76
E Rom
E Rom
L Rom
20thC
L Rom
Bar
Bar
(continued)
89
Appendix 9 (continued)
Composer
Titles
Amz
MPR
Era
Puccini
Strauss, Richard
Dvorak
Haydn
Ravel
Chopin
Bizet
Rossini
Rachmaninoff
Grieg
Saint-Saens
Donizetti
Bernstein
Gounod
Mahler
Massenet
Faure
Prokofiev
3,730
3,533
3,526
3,421
3,276
3,074
2,893
2,814
2,657
2,536
2,509
2,384
2,344
2,324
2,252
2,053
2,040
1,867
1.65
1.56
1.56
1.51
1.45
1.36
1.28
1.24
1.18
1.12
1.11
1.05
1.04
1.03
1.00
0.91
0.90
0.83
0.17
1.11
1.76
1.67
0.82
2.75
0.22
0.50
1.05
0.44
0.69
0.00
0.19
0.00
0.85
0.00
0.48
1.01
L Rom
L Rom
L Rom
Class
20thC
E Rom
L Rom
E Rom
L Rom
L Rom
L Rom
E Rom
20thC
L Rom
L Rom
L Rom
L Rom
20thC
Composer
Titles
Amz
MPR
Era
Gershwin
Stravinsky
Elgar
Shostakovich
Berlioz
Sibelius
Mussorgsky
Britten
Franck
Purcell
Telemann
Mascagni
Bartok
Bruckner
Weber
Offenbach
Vaughan Williams
Leoncavallo
1,812
1,793
1,791
1,598
1,581
1,528
1,421
1,419
1,406
1,394
1,355
1,329
1,328
1,278
1,266
1,261
1,225
1,192
0.80
0.79
0.79
0.71
0.70
0.68
0.63
0.63
0.62
0.62
0.60
0.59
0.59
0.57
0.56
0.56
0.54
0.53
0.00
1.40
0.89
0.81
0.54
0.66
0.49
0.48
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.77
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
20thC
20thC
20thC
20thC
E Rom
L Rom
L Rom
20thC
L Rom
Bar
Bar
L Rom
20thC
L Rom
E Rom
L Rom
20thC
L Rom
Appendix 10: List of 35 Obligatory composers for a representative corpus, along with a relative
weighting for each. Other composers who appeared in all four sources used in the MPR (the
a composers) or in three of the four (the b composers) are also listed.
Composer
Mozart (a)
Bach, J.S. (a)
Beethoven (a)
Schubert (a)
Brahms (a)
Tchaikovsky (a)
Verdi (a)
Handel (a)
Mendelssohn (a)
Schumann (a)
Liszt (a)
Wagner (a)
Debussy (a)
Vivaldi (a)
Haydn (a)
Chopin (a)
Bizet (b)
Dvorak (a)
Puccini
Strauss, Richard (a)
Ravel (a)
Donizetti
Rossini (a)
Faure
Gounod
Grieg
Mahler (a)
Massenet
Rachmaninoff (b)
% (to .5)
Era
5.50
5.00
4.50
3.00
3.00
2.50
2.50
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Class
Bar
Class
E Rom
L Rom
L Rom
L Rom
Bar
E Rom
E Rom
Late Rom
Late Rom
20th C.
Bar
Class
E Rom
L Rom
Late Rom
Late Rom
Late Rom
20th C.
E Rom
E Rom
Late Rom
Late Rom
Late Rom
Late Rom
Late Rom
Late Rom
Composer
% (to .5)
Era
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Late Rom
20th C.
20th C.
20th C.
20th C.
20th C.
Saint-Saens (a)
Bernstein
Elgar
Gershwin (a)
Prokofiev (b)
Stravinsky (a)
(a) composers not included:
Berlioz
Borodin
Mussorgsky
Rimsky-Korsakov
Shostakovich
Smetana
(b) composers not included
Bartok
Berg
Britten
Copland
Ives
Janacek
Milhaud
Part
Purcell
Schoenberg
Weber
Webern
90
Justin London
Appendix 11: Counts for performances of each of Mozarts 41 symphonies, as given in the League of
American Orchestras 2000-2009 ORR data set.
B&H No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Count
B&H No.
39
0
0
9
5
3
0
2
4
5
0
3
2
0
4
1
5
2
11
1
15
2.21
0.00
0.00
0.51
0.28
0.17
0.00
0.11
0.23
0.28
0.00
0.17
0.11
0.00
0.23
0.06
0.28
0.11
0.62
0.06
0.85
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
Count
4
7
0
99
7
10
21
88
23
96
34
23
80
188
131
3
142
170
230
297
0.23
0.40
0.00
5.61
0.40
0.57
1.19
4.99
1.30
5.44
1.93
1.30
4.54
10.66
7.43
0.17
8.05
9.64
13.04
16.84