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Non-destructive Quality
Measurement of Horticultural Crops
David Slaughter
Biological & Agricultural Engineering
UC Davis
Bruise susceptibility
Reference:
Technologies for Nondestructive Quality Evaluation of
Fruits and Vegetables.
Abbott J.A. et al., Horticultural Reviews Vol. 20, 1997.
Quality measurements
3
4
PowerVision
Size
Volume
Machine vision
Less accurate for irregularly
fruit
shaped
Mass
Electronic load cells
Density (mass/volume)
Bulk or individual fruit
Firmness measurements
Penetrometer
Force
Non-Destructive
Force Required to
Squeeze Fruit.
Deformation
Durometer
Durometer
Principle of operation
(Force & deformation values for E tip)
0 points
(force =0)
40 points
100 points
(Deformation = 1 mm)
(force = 3.2 N)
40
40
0
40
100
0
100
Soft material
100
Firm material
Durometer measurement of
Bartlett Pears
Accelerometer
Range of constant
impacting speed
Direction of
fruit travel
100
Electromagnet
Durometer Score
90
Spring
(compressed)
80
70
60
50
40
Spring
(free length)
10
15
Solenoid
20
Optical sensor
Sensor
25
Emitter
2.5
Firm
Soft
1.5
Firmness
C1 = A/t
C2 = A/t2
A
1
0.5
0
0
Time
10
Source: I. Shmulevich
Nondestructive Firmness
Low Mass Impact Method
Clingstone Peaches
Comparison of Penetrometer
Firmness vs Sinclair Firmness
Sinclair iQTM
Nondestructive firmness tester.
Gently taps the fruit and
provides a Sinclair iQ firmness
value.
Online
Model
R2 = 0.58
Good
2
S=
Bench top
model
f 2 m3
10000
Bad
On-line
model
Firmness sensor
Acoustic Method
Impact Method
Global
Measurement
Local spot
measurement
Resonance of
whole fruit is
measured.
Some internal
defects can be
sensed
Works better on
firm fruit
QuickTime and a
YUV420 codec decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Volatile Sensing
Elastic properties of
exterior flesh is
measured.
Cannot sense
internal defects
Works better on soft
fruit
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Electronic nose
VISIBLE
32 co-polymer sensors
Classify volatiles using
artifical neural network.
MICROWAVE
INFRARED
NIR
RADIOWAVE
ULTRAVIOLET
FREQUENCY (Hz)
108
Detecting freeze
damage in oranges
1010 109
109
108
1010
107
1011
106
1012
105
1013
104
X-RAY
1014
103
1015
102
1016
10
1017
WAVELENGTH (nm)
32 co-polymer sensors
Material/Light Interactions
Light interacts with biological materials in 3 ways:
Reflectance, Transmittance, and Absorption
Human Eye
Photoreceptors on retina
Cones
3 types, red, green, blue
Photopic (day) vision
Not suited for night vision
Rods
Achromatic (black & white)
Scotopic (night) vision
100 X more sensitive than cones.
Quantifying Color
CIE (Commission
International de
lEclairage)
Developed a set of
three imaginary
primaries, x, y, z.
To be used as a
reliable way to
describe the
perceived color.
Used to determine
the tristimulus values
X, Y, Z.
Cartesian coordinate
system
L* represents luminous
intensity
a* represents the red green content
b* represents the blue yellow content
Often used to describe
the color of biological
materials
a* b* Chromaticity Diagram
Lemon
reflectance
1
Y 3
L* = 116 16
Yn
1
1
X 3 Y 3
a * = 500
Xn Yn
Human eye
1
1
Y 3 Z 3
b * = 200
Y Zn
n
80
80 degrees
90
Value, lightness, or
brightness
45
180
270
Mid IR Spectroscopy
Typical Mid IR Spectrum
Mid IR Spectroscopy
Absorbance Spectra
Pathlength (mm)
> 10
0.05
1-10
0.10
0.1-1
0.20
< 0.1
> 0.5
Black
Mid IR Reflectance
Weaker
Absorbances in
the NIR allow
Longer
Pathlengths.
Many Biological
Materials can be
measured in
their natural
state in the NIR.
Transmission through
Wheat Kernels.
WHOLE
GRAIN
SAMPLE
Absorbance Spectra
Protein
Grains, Forages, Meat,
Seeds.
Soil Nitrogen
Ethanol
Beer, Wine.
Fat
Oil seeds, Milk, Meat,
Cheese, Snack Foods,
Human Triceps.
Carbohydrates
Grains, Breakfast
Cereals, Fruits.
Starch
Grains, Seeds,
Kiwifruit.
Fiber
Forages, Grains
Amino Acids
Grains
Defects
Bruising,
Contaminants.
Transmission Example
Sugar sensor
QuickTime and a
YUV420 codec decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Yes
NIR Applications
NIR calibrations are well suited for on-line
process control applications where the
product type does not change.
18
13 PLS FACTORS, 700-1100NM
16
14
12
10
8
r2=0.84, SEC=1.1oBRIX
6
4
4
10
12
14
16
18
Hydrogen atoms
in a biological
material act like
magnetic dipoles
due to the
rotation of the
electron around
the proton.
Under
normal
conditions
the
magnetic
dipoles
point in
random
directions.
Magnetic
Dipole
Proton
Electron
S
Hydrogen
A radio frequency
(RF) pulse is then
used to knock
the atoms out of
alignment.
Seed/pit detection
Worm damage
Bruises
Water core
Freeze damage
Healthy Tissue
Dielectric measurements
Metal Plate
Before Energizing
+ +
+ +
+
+
+
+
Dielectric Material
+
+
Metal Plate
+ +
+ +
+
Empty Walnut Drying Bin
QuickTime and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
QuickTime and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
10