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Simple diagram of a drilling rig and its basic operation

List of components of oil drilling rigs
1. Mud tank
2.

Shale shakers

3.

Suction line (mud pump)

4.

Mud pump

5.

Motor or power source

6.

Vibrating hose

7.

Draw-works

8.

Standpipe

9.

Kelly hose

10.

Goose-neck

11.

Traveling block

12.

Drill line

13.

Crown block

14.

Derrick

15.

Monkey board

16.

Stand (of drill pipe)

17.

Pipe rack (floor)

18.

Swivel (On newer rigs this may be replaced by a top drive)

19.

Kelly drive

20.

Rotary table
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21.

Drill floor

22.

Bell nipple

23.

Blowout preventer (BOP) Annular type

24.

Blowout preventer (BOP) Pipe ram & blind ram

25.

Drill string

26.

Drill bit

27.

Casing head or Wellhead

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28.

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Flow line

Explanation of
the Above
Components

Mud tank (#1) is often

called mud pits and stores drilling
fluid until it is required down the
wellbore.

Shale shaker (#2)

separates drill cuttings from the
drilling fluid before it is pumped
back down the wellbore.

Suction line (#3) is an

intake line for the mud pump to
draw drilling fluid from the mud
tanks.

Mud pump (#4) is a

reciprocal type of pump used to
circulate drilling fluid through the
system.

Vibrating hose (#6) is a

flexible, high pressure hose
(similar to the kelly hose) that
connects the mud pump to
the stand pipe. It is called

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the vibrating hosebecause it tends to vibrate and shake (sometimes violently) due to its close proximity to the mud
pumps.

Draw-works (#7) is the mechanical section that contains the spool, whose main function is to reel in/out the drill
line to raise/lower the traveling block.

Standpipe (#8) is a thick metal tubing, situated vertically along the derrick, that facilitates the flow of drilling fluid
and has attached to it and supports one end of the kelly hose.

Kelly hose (#9) is a flexible, high pressure hose that connects the standpipe to the kelly (or more specifically to
the gooseneck on the swivel above the kelly) and allows free vertical movement of the kelly, while facilitating the flow
of the drilling fluid through the system and down the drill string.

Goose-neck (#10) is a thick metal elbow connected to the swivel and standpipe that supports the weight of and
provides a downward angle for the kelly hose to hang from.

Traveling block (#11) is the moving end of the block and tackle. Together, they give a significant mechanical
advantage for lifting.

Drill line (#12) is thick, stranded metal cable threaded through the two blocks (traveling and crown) to raise and
lower the drill string.

Crown block (#13) is the stationary end of the block and tackle.

Derrick (#14) is the support structure for the equipment used to lower and raise the drill string into and out of
the wellbore.

Monkey board (#15) is the catwalk along the side of the derrick (usually about 35 or 40 feet above the "floor").
The monkey board is where the derrick man works while "tripping" pipe.

Drill pipe (#16) is a joint of hollow tubing used to connect the surface equipment to the bottom hole
assembly (BHA) and acts as a conduit for the drilling fluid. In the diagram, these are stands of drill pipe which are 2 or
3 joints of drill pipe connected and stood in the derrick vertically, usually to save time while tripping pipe.

Pipe rack (#17) is a part of the drill floor (#21) where the stands of drill pipe are stood upright. It is typically made
of a metal frame structure with large wooden beams situated within it. The wood helps to protect the end of the drill
pipe.

Swivel (#18) is the top end of the kelly that allows the rotation of the drill string without twisting the block.

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Kelly drive (#19) is a square, hexagonal or octagonal shaped tubing that is inserted through and is an integral
part of the rotary table that moves freely vertically while the rotary table turns it.

Rotary table (#20) rotates, along with its constituent parts, the kelly and kelly bushing, the drill string and the
attached tools and bit.

Drill floor (#21) is the area on the rig where the tools are located to make the connections of the drill pipe,
bottom hole assembly, tools and bit. It is considered the main area where work is performed.

Bell nipple (#22) is a section of large diameter pipe fitted to the top of the blowout preventers that the flow
line attaches to via a side outlet, to allow the drilling mud to flow back to the mud tanks.

Blowout preventers (BOPs) (#23 and #24) are devices installed at the wellhead to prevent fluids and gases
from unintentionally escaping from the wellbore. #23 is the annular (often referred to as Hydril named after a
manufacturer), and #24 is the pipe rams and blind rams.

Drill string (#25) is an assembled collection of drill pipe, heavy weight drill pipe, drill collars and any of a whole
assortment of tools, connected and run into thewellbore to facilitate the drilling of a well. The collection is referred to
singularly as the drill string.

Drill Bit (#26) is a device attached to the end of the drill string that breaks apart the rock being drilled. It contains
jets through which the drilling fluid exits.

Casing head (#27) is a large metal flange welded or screwed onto the top of the conductor pipe (also known
as drive-pipe) or the casing and is used to bolt the surface equipment such as the blowout preventers (for well drilling)
or the Christmas tree (oil well) (for well production).

Flow line (#28) is large diameter pipe that is attached to the bell nipple and extends to the shale shakers to
facilitate the flow of drilling fluid back to the mud tanks.

Some Other Components

Centrifuge (not pictured) is an industrial version of the device that separates fine silt and sand from the drilling
fluid. It is typically mounted on top or just off of the mud tanks.

Degasser (not pictured) is a device that separates air and/or gas from the drilling fluid. It is typically mounted
on top of the mud tanks.

Desander / desilter (not pictured) contains a set of hydrocyclones that separate sand and silt from the drilling
fluid. Typically mounted on top of the mud tanks.

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Elevators (not pictured) are hinged devices that is used to latch to the drill pipe or casing to facilitate the
lowering or lifting (of pipe or casing) into or out of thewellbore.

Mud motor (not pictured) is a hydraulically powered device positioned just above the drill bit used to spin the
bit independently from the rest of the drill string.

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NOMENCLATURE
gf

Fracture gradient (psi/ft)

Pf

Formation fracture pressure (psi)

Formation depth (ft)

Surface pseudo porosity (dimensionless)

Declination Pseudo porosity (1/ft)

pseudo Pseudo-Overburden stress (psi)

Vertical stress (psi)

Grain density (lb/ft3)

Formation fluid density (lb/ft)

Water density (lb/ft3)

Dw

Water depth (ft)

Gravity constant (ft/sec2)

Fracture stress (psi)

Pore pressure (psi)

Vertical Stress (psi)

Stress ratio Constant (dimensionless)

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Fracture Gradient (psi/ft)

gv

Vertical stress gradient (psi/ft)

gp

Pore pressure gradient (psi/ft)

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cement accelerator
The most common accelerator used in concrete construction is Calcium chloride. It has the added benefit of increasing the
rate of strength development. Unfortunately, Calcium chloride increases the rate of degradation of even galvanized steel
reinforcement such as lath, joints and beads.
Typical chemicals used for acceleration today are calcium nitrate (Ca(NO3)2) and sodium nitrate (NaNO3). Formerly Calcium chloride (CaCl2) has
been very popular, but due to its corroding behaviour for reinforcement bars its use is according CAA ATS4 [4] not recommended and in many
countries actually prohibited. Sodium compounds might compromise the long term compressive strength.[5]

Retarders:

Retarders for plaster should be avoided. While they slow the hydration process, they do
not insure the retention of the mix water. Therefore, you may slow down your initial set but still wind
up with an only partially hydrated mix that results in low strengths or even dusting. Retarders cannot
alter weather conditions such as high temperature, wind or low humidity, all of which greatly affect
plaster performance.

Accelerators and Retarders for Portland Cement-Based Plasters Admixtures for the acceleration or
retardation of stucco set and curing times should only be used after laboratory testing under
conditions that closely approximate the jobsite conditions for the time and location of the project. In
general, it is not a good practice to modify the cement for convenience or without a specific need.
However, there are times and conditions that may require some sort of modification. Accelerators: The
winter months, in particular, can create a need for the acceleration of the initial set time of the plaster.
Accelerators can shorten the period between rodding and floating or finish texturing. The most
common accelerator used in concrete construction is Calcium chloride. It has the added benefit of
increasing the rate of strength development. Unfortunately, Calcium chloride increases the rate of
degradation of even galvanized steel reinforcement such as lath, joints and beads. If necessary to
shorten the initial set period, try adding some Type 111 Portland Cement to your mix as outlined in
Table 3 of ASTM C 926. Type 111 Portland is specifically ground to achieve high-early strengths. It is
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used primarily for pre- cast products to enable the producer to remove his forms as soon as possible.
This characteristic can work to your advantage in situations that may arise that would require
acceleration. As you can see from the table, you may use 1 part (by volume) of Plastic Cement (Titan
Stucco Cement meets this classification) and 1 part of Portland Cement with the appropriate volume of
sand for the 1st coat (2-4 parts) and 2nd coat (3-5 parts) to achieve an approved stucco mortar. Mix
times remain 3-5 minutes after the addition of the last ingredients. You may not accelerate finish coat
plasters. While the Standard does not prohibit the addition of Portland Cement to either Type S or M
Masonry Cements, it does specifically state that it is not required. Another way to accelerate your mix
is to heat the water and/or sand. Weve all seen the result of using hot water from a black hose in
August in Florida. Even warm water will increase to rate of the rise of the heat of hydration, the
chemical process which causes cement to harden. You must have control of the water temperature and
you should always run a test batch before plaster application. Retarders: Retarders for plaster should
be avoided. While they slow the hydration process, they do not insure the retention of the mix water.
Therefore, you may slow down your initial set but still wind up with an only partially hydrated mix that
results in low strengths or even dusting. Retarders cannot alter weather conditions such as high
temperature, wind or low humidity, all of which greatly affect plaster

Muhammad Naser Khan Student of IPC Islamabad Pakistan