Вы находитесь на странице: 1из 33

Engineering Encyclopedia

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

COMBUSTION GAS TURBINES

Note: The source of the technical material in this volume is the Professional
Engineering Development Program (PEDP) of Engineering Services.
Warning: The material contained in this document was developed for Saudi
Aramco and is intended for the exclusive use of Saudi Aramco’s employees.
Any material contained in this document which is not already in the public
domain may not be copied, reproduced, sold, given, or disclosed to third
parties, or otherwise used in whole, or in part, without the written permission
of the Vice President, Engineering Services, Saudi Aramco.

Chapter : General Engineering For additional information on this subject, contact


File Reference: AGE-102.07 PEDD Coordinator on 874-6556
Engineering Encyclopedia Rotating Equipment

Combustion Gas Turbines

Section Page

INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................. 3
MAJOR COMPONENTS OF A GAS TURBINE .............................................................. 4
How a Gas Turbine Works......................................................................................... 4
Air Compressor..................................................................................................... 5
Combustor ............................................................................................................ 6
Power Turbine ...................................................................................................... 6
Auxiliary Equipment ................................................................................................... 6
Control Systems......................................................................................................... 7
GAS TURBINE TYPES AND CONFIGURATIONS ......................................................... 8
Gas Turbine Types .................................................................................................... 9
Heavy Duty ........................................................................................................... 9
Aero Derivative ................................................................................................... 11
Gas Turbine Configurations ..................................................................................... 13
Single Shaft ........................................................................................................ 13
Dual Shaft........................................................................................................... 14
Three Shaft Gas Turbine .................................................................................... 15
Available Models of Gas Turbines ........................................................................... 16
Fuels for Gas Turbines ............................................................................................ 16
GAS TURBINE CYCLES............................................................................................... 17
Efficiency Definitions................................................................................................ 17
Simple Cycle ............................................................................................................ 17
Other Cycles ............................................................................................................ 18
Regenerative Cycle ............................................................................................ 18
Exhaust Heat Recovery ...................................................................................... 19
Combined Cycle ................................................................................................. 20
Supplementary Firing ......................................................................................... 21
PERFORMANCE CALCULATIONS .............................................................................. 22
Site Rating ............................................................................................................... 22
Exhaust Gas Composition ....................................................................................... 24
Gas Turbine Performance Curves ........................................................................... 24
WORK AID 1: GAS TURBINE ALTITUDE CORRECTION FACTOR FOR
OUTPUT AND HEAT CONSUMPTION AND ALSO ALTITUDE VS
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE ....................................................................................... 25
WORK AID 2: GENERAL ELECTRIC MODEL M5382C GAS TURBINE --
EFFECT OF COMPRESSOR INLET TEMPERATURE ON MAXIMUM
OUTPUT, HEAT RATE, AND AIR FLOW...................................................................... 26
WORK AID 3: GENERAL ELECTRIC MODEL M5382(C) *38,000 HP GAS
TURBINE ...................................................................................................................... 27

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards i


Engineering Encyclopedia Rotating Equipment

Combustion Gas Turbines

WORK AID 4: GENERAL ELECTRIC MODEL M5382(C) *38,000 HP GAS


TURBINE ...................................................................................................................... 28
WORK AID 5: GENERAL ELECTRIC MODEL M5382(C) *38,000 HP GAS
TURBINE ...................................................................................................................... 29
GLOSSARY .................................................................................................................. 30
REFERENCES.............................................................................................................. 32

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. How a Gas Turbine Works ............................................................................. 5


Figure 2. Gas Turbine Internals..................................................................................... 8
Figure 2a. Gas Turbine Internals................................................................................. 10
Figure 2b. Second Generation Aero Derivative Gas Turbine ...................................... 12
Figure 3. Single Shaft Gas Turbine ............................................................................. 13
Figure 4. Dual Shaft Gas Turbine................................................................................ 14
Figure 4a. Three Shaft Gas Turbine............................................................................ 15
Figure 5. Regenerative Cycle...................................................................................... 18
Figure 6. Exhaust Heat Recovery................................................................................ 19
Figure 7. Combined Cycle........................................................................................... 20
Figure 8. Schematic Diagram - Supplementary Firing................................................. 21
Figure 9. Altitude Correction Factor for Output and Heat Consumption and
Altitude Versus Atmospheric Pressure ...................................................... 25
Figure 10. GE Model M5382C Gas Turbine – Effect of Compressor Inlet
Temperature on Maximum Output, Heat Rate, and Air Flow..................... 26
Figure 11. GE Model M5382C – 120ºF Load Limit 989 ºF Exhaust
Temperature .............................................................................................. 27
Figure 12. GE Model M5382C – 90ºF Load Limit 975 ºF Exhaust
Temperature .............................................................................................. 28
Figure 13. GE Model M5382C – 30ºF Load Limit 945 ºF Exhaust
Temperature .............................................................................................. 29

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards ii


Engineering Encyclopedia Rotating Equipment

Combustion Gas Turbines

INTRODUCTION

Gas turbines are used to drive process equipment and electric


generators. Because they require few utilities, they are suitable
for installation in remote locations. Models are available with a
wide range of horsepower. Gas turbines, unlike steam turbines,
are not custom designed for each application. In Saudi
Aramco, gas turbines are used to drive electric generators,
process gas compressors, re-injection gas compressors, crude
oil pipeline pumps and water injection pumps.

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 3


Engineering Encyclopedia Rotating Equipment

Combustion Gas Turbines

MAJOR COMPONENTS OF A GAS TURBINE

How a Gas Turbine Works

Refer to Figure 1. A gas turbine has three major components:

• Air compressor

• Combustor

• Power turbine
In Figure 1, the air compressor and the power turbine are
mounted on the same shaft. The temperatures and pressures
shown are typical values. However, there is a considerable
range in these values, depending on air compressor and
combustor design.

Air from the atmosphere enters the inlet of the air compressor.
The air compressor is usually an axial bladed compressor. At
the outlet of the air compressor, the pressure can be as high as
400 psig, depending on the compressor speed and the number
of compressor stages and the temperature is approximately
800ºF. The air flows from the compressor to the combustor. In
the combustor, fuel is added and combustion raises the
temperature of the gas mixture to approximately 1800ºF –
2300ºF, depending on the type of gas turbine. The temperature
rise increases the pressure of the air significantly, since the
volume is fixed and this greatly increases the amount of energy
available in the air.

The heated air fuel mixture flows to the power turbine. The
power turbine is also an axial device, somewhat like a steam
turbine. In the power turbine, the pressure is reduced from 100
psig to near atmospheric pressure. Work is extracted from the
air fuel mixture as it flows through the power turbine.

Because the gas flowing through the turbine has been heated in
the combustor, the energy available to the turbine is greater
than the energy consumed by the air compressor. The net
difference between these two energies is available as shaft
work to drive a machine. Approximately 60% of the total power
produced by the gas turbine is required to drive the air
compressor.

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 4


Engineering Encyclopedia Rotating Equipment

Combustion Gas Turbines

Air Compressor
The air compressor is usually an axial compressor with 8 to 20
rows of blades. In small gas turbines (below 2000 bhp), the air
compressor can be a centrifugal compressor. Compression
ratios vary from 5 to 30. For present designs, a compression
ratio of 20 - 30 is most common.

Note: Temperatures and Pressures are Typical

Figure 1. How a Gas Turbine Works

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 5


Engineering Encyclopedia Rotating Equipment

Combustion Gas Turbines

Combustor
The combustor burns fuel in the compressed air, increasing its
volume and therefore its energy potential. Only a small part of
the available oxygen is consumed in the combustor, because
there is a limit on the temperature that can be reached. The
higher the temperature, the higher the efficiency and power
output, but nozzle and blade materials limit the practical
temperature to about 2500°F.

Power Turbine
The power turbine is a hot gas expander. It is usually an axial
flow turbine, with 2 to 6 rows of blades.

Figure 2 is a cutaway diagram of the components of a gas


turbine.

Auxiliary Equipment

In addition to the major components, there are a number of


auxiliary items in a gas turbine installation.

• A common lubrication system for all of the rotating


components. The system will contain a reservoir,
circulating pumps, coolers, and piping to the various
bearings. For aeroderivative gas turbines, a separate lube
oil reservoir is required since the oil used is different than
the driven load lubricating oil (synthetic vs. mineral).

• Air filter. It is very important that the air to a gas turbine be


clean. Therefore, a major component, particularly in desert
environments, is the air filter, which removes airborne solid
particles. The present requirements for Saudi Aramco inlet
air systems are pulse air self cleaning systems. In these
systems, a pulse of air is blown backward through one
section, while the other sections are operating normally.

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 6


Engineering Encyclopedia Rotating Equipment

Combustion Gas Turbines

• Noise suppression. Gas turbines are inherently very noisy.


Therefore, silencers are usually included to control the
noise. There is usually a silencer on both the inlet and
the exhaust. If low noise levels are important, the turbine
is mounted inside an acoustic enclosure.

• Starting systems. An auxiliary starting device is needed to


get the air compressor up to minimum speed before fuel
can be introduced. The starting device may be an electric
motor, a hydraulic motor, a diesel engine or a small
turbine. A starting turbine can be driven by steam,
compressed air, or natural gas.

Sometimes the starting turbine is a steam turbine that is


also used during normal operation. This turbine is called a
"helper" and is used to increase the power output of the
installation.

Control Systems

There are two basic control systems. The first is the speed
control during operation. If the driven machine is variable
speed, this controller is a speed governor. If the turbine drives
an electric power generator, the speed is fixed by its connection
to the grid. Therefore, the primary controller determines the
amount of load or the amount of power generated by the
turbine.

The other control system is an automatic sequence controller.


This controls the steps taken during startup and shutdown to
ensure that all conditions for safe operation are satisfied before
proceeding to the next step and to ensure equal thermal growth
of components. During startup, this system increases the speed
and the load gradually through a programmed sequence. The
shutdown sequence decreases the load gradually.

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 7


Engineering Encyclopedia Rotating Equipment

Combustion Gas Turbines

GAS TURBINE TYPES AND CONFIGURATIONS

With Permission from Solar Turbines Inc., a Division of Caterpillar

Figure 2. Gas Turbine Internals

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 8


Engineering Encyclopedia Rotating Equipment

Combustion Gas Turbines

Gas Turbine Types

Heavy Duty
Heavy-duty gas turbines are designed to run approximately
three years continuously under ideal conditions without a
shutdown for maintenance. To achieve this goal, heavy duty
turbines are conservatively designed. They operate with
relatively low firing temperatures (approximately 1500º -
1800ºF). They are available in a wide range of sizes including
very large models producing over 100,000 bhp. For power
generation, gas compression, and water reinjection, Saudi
Aramco uses heavy-duty gas turbines in the range of 20,000 -
25,000 site horsepower. A typical two-shaft heavy-duty gas
turbine is shown in Figure 2a.

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 9


Engineering Encyclopedia Rotating Equipment

Combustion Gas Turbines

Figure 2a. Gas Turbine Internals

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 10


Engineering Encyclopedia Rotating Equipment

Combustion Gas Turbines

Aero Derivative
This type of gas turbine is similar to aircraft jet engines. It is
lightweight and compact. For this reason, it is frequently used
on offshore platforms. These machines are designed to operate
with high firing temperatures (2100º - 2300ºF) to achieve high
efficiency. Because of their lightweight design and relatively
high firing temperatures, they have shorter run lengths between
overhauls. Saudi Aramco uses aero derivative gas turbines for
pipeline pump drives, gas injection compressors, and electrical
power generation.

Aero derivative gas turbines are gaining in popularity because


they are much lighter in weight, easier to transport, smaller in
size, and higher in efficiency. In addition, their on-line factor
(availability) has increased significantly with the second-
generation design of aero derivative turbines. An example of a
second-generation gas turbine that is used by Saudi Aramco
(G.E. LM 2500) is shown in Figure 2b.

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 11


Engineering Encyclopedia Rotating Equipment

Combustion Gas Turbines

Figure 2b. Second Generation Aero Derivative Gas Turbine

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 12


Engineering Encyclopedia Rotating Equipment

Combustion Gas Turbines

Gas Turbine Configurations

Single Shaft
A single shaft gas turbine has the air compressor and the power
turbine on the same shaft, running at the same speed (Figure
3). This type is best for constant speed applications.
Therefore, it is the type commonly used to generate electric
power. It is not usually used for mechanical drive (pump or
compressor) applications since the starting power requirement
is much greater than that required for a generator.

Figure 3. Single Shaft Gas Turbine

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 13


Engineering Encyclopedia Rotating Equipment

Combustion Gas Turbines

Dual Shaft
A dual shaft gas turbine has the air compressor and the high
pressure turbine that drives it mounted on one shaft. See
Figure 4. A second low pressure turbine, commonly called the
power turbine, and the load are connected to a second shaft.
Because there are two shafts, the compressor and the power
turbine can operate at different speeds. This makes the turbine
suitable for variable speed applications. It is used to drive
process equipment such as pumps and compressors. Since
the high pressure turbine is not connected directly to the load,
the starting horsepower requirement is considerably less than
that of a single shaft turbine.

Figure 4. Dual Shaft Gas Turbine

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 14


Engineering Encyclopedia Rotating Equipment

Combustion Gas Turbines

Three Shaft Gas


Turbine
A three shaft gas turbine has a two shaft air compressor (low
pressure and high pressure) and a one-shaft power turbine
connected to the load. By operating the high pressure
compressor at a higher speed than the low pressure
compressor, the overall efficiency of the gas turbine is
increased. Saudi Aramco uses the Pratt and Whitney model
FT-4 gas generator to provide exhaust gas to a power turbine to
drive pumps on the East-West Pipeline. Refer to Figure 4a.

Figure 4a. Three Shaft Gas Turbine

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 15


Engineering Encyclopedia Rotating Equipment

Combustion Gas Turbines

Available Models of Gas Turbines

A wide range of gas turbines is available to the industry with


horse powers ranging from 700 to 200,000. Approximately 20
different manufacturers make gas turbines. See the GPSA
Manual Figure 15-33 for a partial list of available models.

Saudi Aramco uses combustion gas turbines in the following


services:

• Electric power generators


• Pipeline pumps
• Water injection pumps
Process compressors

Fuels for Gas Turbines

Gas turbines can operate with a wide variety of fuels, both


gases and liquids. The most common are:

• Natural gas
• Mixed refinery gases, H2 and C1 to C5
• Kerosene
• Diesel fuel
Natural Gas Liquids (NGL)
It is also possible to burn heavier liquids, such as crude oil and
heavy fuel if the fuel is properly treated.

The combustors must be designed for the actual fuel that is


used.

Fuel pressure must be high enough to pass through a control


valve and then enter the combustor. The combustor operates at
the discharge pressure of the air compressor. For liquid fuels,
the gas turbine installation can include a fuel pump. Gas fuels
must be supplied at the required pressure or a fuel gas booster
compressor must be used.

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 16


Engineering Encyclopedia Rotating Equipment

Combustion Gas Turbines

GAS TURBINE CYCLES

"Cycle" is a term used to describe thermodynamic processes of


the gas turbine, as affected by the way gas turbines are
connected to other components, particularly heat recovery
devices. Simple cycles have few components but are low in
efficiency. More complex cycles can improve the efficiency of a
gas turbine installation.

Efficiency Definitions

Gas Turbine Efficiency is power produced divided by fuel


consumed (lower heating value, LHV).

Cycle Efficiency is power plus useful heat produced divided by


fuel consumed (LHV). Useful heat is heat that is recovered
from the exhaust and used to make steam or to heat a process.
If no heat is transferred to steam or to a process, the turbine
efficiency is the same as that of the cycle efficiency.

Simple Cycle

The gas turbine in Figure 1 is a simple cycle machine. The hot


gas from the expander is vented directly to atmosphere. Since
this exhaust is quite hot, approximately 900ºF, a large amount
of energy is lost to the atmosphere. A typical efficiency for a
simple cycle gas turbine is approximately 25% to over 40%.
Heavy duty gas turbines have efficiencies from 25% to 32%.
Aero derivatives have efficiencies from 32% to over 40%.

At the present time, all gas turbines in Saudi Aramco


installations are simple cycle. As the cost of fuels becomes
higher, regenerative cycle and combined cycles will be used.
These options are being considered in new projects (e.g..
Abqaiq Plants).

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 17


Engineering Encyclopedia Rotating Equipment

Combustion Gas Turbines

Other Cycles

Several cycle improvements can be made to improve turbine


efficiency.

• Regenerative cycle
• Exhaust heat recovery
• Combined cycle, combining gas and steam turbines
• Supplementary firing in a heat recovery boiler

Regenerative
Cycle
The regenerative cycle is illustrated in Figure 5. Heat from the
turbine exhaust preheats the air before it enters the combustor.
Again, typical temperatures are shown and there are variations
in actual machines. The exhaust gas heats the air from 400ºF
to 800ºF. Since the air entering the combustor is preheated,
less fuel is required to heat it the rest of the way to 1800ºF.
This is the source of improvement for cycle efficiency. Since the
regenerator cools the exhaust gas to about 500ºF, less heat is
lost to the atmosphere.

Figure 5. Regenerative Cycle

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 18


Engineering Encyclopedia Rotating Equipment

Combustion Gas Turbines

Exhaust Heat
Recovery
Figure 6 shows an example of exhaust heat recovery. The gas
passes through a waste heat boiler, where the heat converts
water to steam. The exhaust gas leaving the waste heat boiler
will have a temperature of about 300ºF. Thus, significantly less
energy is lost to the atmosphere. The heat from gas turbines
usually generates steam as shown. However, it is also possible
to use the hot gas for direct heating of processes. The
generated steam can be used for the process, this is also called
co-generation.

Figure 6. Exhaust Heat Recovery

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 19


Engineering Encyclopedia Rotating Equipment

Combustion Gas Turbines

Combined Cycle
The combined cycle operation is shown in Figure 7. Heat from
the exhaust gases again generates steam. The exhaust gas
from the heat recovery device, commonly called a heat recovery
steam generator (HRSG), goes to the atmosphere at about
250ºF. The steam is generated at high pressure. It then drives
a steam turbine to produce more power. The steam turbine is a
condensing type. A pump returns the condensate to the waste
heat recovery steam generator. This cycle is used to produce
maximum power and when no process steam is desired.

Figure 7. Combined Cycle

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 20


Engineering Encyclopedia Rotating Equipment

Combustion Gas Turbines

Supplementary
Firing
Supplementary firing can be added to waste heat recovery.
Remember, that only a portion of the oxygen is consumed in the
gas turbine combustor. The exhaust gas still contains about
16% oxygen. If additional fuel is added, the temperature of the
exhaust gas rises considerably. This results in more steam
production. It also results in higher cycle efficiency because the
efficiency of the supplementary firing increment is 100%. See
Figure 8 for a schematic diagram of supplementary firing.

Figure 8. Schematic Diagram - Supplementary Firing

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 21


Engineering Encyclopedia Rotating Equipment

Combustion Gas Turbines

PERFORMANCE CALCULATIONS

The main performance calculations for gas turbines are:

• Site rating: The maximum power available from a gas


turbine at actual site conditions.

• Heat rate: The ratio of fuel consumed to power produced.

• Thermal efficiency.

• Exhaust gas composition.

Site Rating

The amount of power that a gas turbine can produce depends


on air temperature and barometric pressure. As temperature
rises, or as barometric pressure decreases, the air density
decreases. With lower air density, the gas turbine will produce
less power.

Manufacturers provide standard ratings for their gas turbines,


based on conditions set by the International Standards
Organization (ISO). The standard conditions are as follows:

• Ambient air temperature: 59ºF.

• Altitude: sea level.

• Ambient air pressure: 29.92 in Hg.

• Inlet and exhaust pressure losses: zero.

• Natural gas fuel with a specific heating value.


Site Rated Power is the maximum continuous power that the
turbine can generate at actual conditions of the site. To
calculate the Site Rated Power (refer to SAES-K-502), one
starts with Standard Rated Power and makes corrections for
site conditions.

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 22


Engineering Encyclopedia Rotating Equipment

Combustion Gas Turbines

To make these corrections, the first choice is to use curves that


have been supplied by the manufacturer for each machine. If
these are not available, the curves in the GPSA Handbook,
Figures 15-29 to 15-32, can be used to make approximations.

Heat Rate is the amount of fuel required per unit of power. The
units are Btu per horsepower-hour or Btu per kilowatt-hour.
Btu's are the heat of combustion of the fuel, lower heating value
(LHV).

The heat rate is affected by:

• Inlet and outlet pressure losses

• Ambient air temperature

• Percentage of rated load


Note that the heat rate is not affected by altitude.

Graphs are available to make these corrections. For pressure


losses and ambient air temperature use manufacturers' curves,
or the GPSA Manual Figure 15-30 to 15-32. For correction due
to percentage load, the manufacturers curves are the only
reasonable source.

Thermal Efficiency is the power delivered to the load divided by


the heat of combustion of the fuel. Keep in mind the following
conversion factors. At 100% efficiency:

One horsepower (hp) = 2544 Btu/hr

One kilowatt (kW) = 3414 Btu/hr

2544
Therefore, thermal efficiency =
Heat Rate, Btu hp − hr

3414
=
Heat Rate, Btu kW − hr

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 23


Engineering Encyclopedia Rotating Equipment

Combustion Gas Turbines

Exhaust Gas Composition

The principal components of the exhaust gases are nitrogen,


oxygen, carbon dioxide and water. The amounts of carbon
monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons are negligible because
there is a large amount of excess oxygen in the combustor. The
manufacturers' performance curves will usually give the oxygen
in the exhaust gas as a function of percentage of full load.
Alternatively, if the fuel rate is known, the oxygen content of the
exhaust gas can be calculated by stoichiometry. To obtain the
other components, carbon dioxide and water, a stoichiometric
calculation using balanced chemical equations is necessary.

Gas Turbine Performance Curves

The information normally provided on a manufacturer's


performance curve is as follows:

• Effect of altitude on maximum power output.

• Effect of inlet air temperature on maximum power output,


heat rate and air flow rate.

• Effect of percentage load and speed on the heat rate and


exhaust temperature.
Work Aids 1-5 are the manufacturer's curves for a General
Electric Frame 5 turbine, dual shaft. They can be used in the
exercises.

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 24


Engineering Encyclopedia Rotating Equipment

Combustion Gas Turbines

WORK AID 1: GAS TURBINE ALTITUDE CORRECTION FACTOR


FOR OUTPUT AND HEAT CONSUMPTION AND ALSO
ALTITUDE VS ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

With Permission from General Electric Company K.D. Knapp Sept. 21, 1970

Notes: 1. Altitude Pressure Calculated by Methods of NACA Report No. 218.


2. Heat Rate and Thermal Efficiency Unaffected by Altitude.

Figure 9. Altitude Correction Factor for Output and Heat Consumption


and Altitude Versus Atmospheric Pressure

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 25


Engineering Encyclopedia Rotating Equipment

Combustion Gas Turbines

WORK AID 2: GENERAL ELECTRIC MODEL M5382C GAS TURBINE


-- EFFECT OF COMPRESSOR INLET TEMPERATURE
ON MAXIMUM OUTPUT, HEAT RATE, AND AIR FLOW

With Permission from General Electric Company V. Poua, Rev A Feb. 26, 1987
Notes: 1. Compressor Speed - 5100 rpm; 100% Speed
2. Load Turbine Design Speed - 4670 rpm

Figure 10. GE Model M5382C Gas Turbine – Effect of Compressor Inlet


Temperature on Maximum Output, Heat Rate, and Air Flow

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 26


Engineering Encyclopedia Rotating Equipment

Combustion Gas Turbines

WORK AID 3: GENERAL ELECTRIC MODEL M5382(C) *38,000 HP


GAS TURBINE

With Permission from General Electric Company V. Poua, Rev A Feb. 26, 1987

Figure 11. GE Model M5382C – 120ºF Load Limit 989 ºF Exhaust Temperature

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 27


Engineering Encyclopedia Rotating Equipment

Combustion Gas Turbines

WORK AID 4: GENERAL ELECTRIC MODEL M5382(C) *38,000 HP


GAS TURBINE

With Permission from General Electric Company V. Poua, Rev A Dec. 2, 1986

Figure 12. GE Model M5382C – 90ºF Load Limit 975 ºF Exhaust Temperature

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 28


Engineering Encyclopedia Rotating Equipment

Combustion Gas Turbines

WORK AID 5: GENERAL ELECTRIC MODEL M5382(C) *38,000 HP


GAS TURBINE

With Permission from General Electric Company V. Poua, Rev A Feb. 26, 1987

Figure 13. GE Model M5382C – 30ºF Load Limit 945 ºF Exhaust Temperature

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 29


Engineering Encyclopedia Rotating Equipment

Combustion Gas Turbines

GLOSSARY

Combined Cycle A cycle that includes a gas turbine to generate


power, a waste heat boiler to recover heat from the
gas turbine exhaust, and a steam turbine that
consumes steam from the waste heat boiler and
generates power.

Combustor The component of a gas turbine between the air


compressor and the power expander. It is the place
where fuel is burned in the compressed air.

Compressor The first component of a gas turbine, which


compresses ambient air that is supplied to the
combustor.

Dual Shaft Gas Turbine A gas turbine having two shafts. This permits the
air compressor and the load turbine to run at
different speeds. It also reduces the load on the
starting device.

Expander The power turbine of a gas turbine. It generates


power to the load from the compressed and heated
air.

Governor A device that regulates the speed of a gas turbine.

Heat Rate A measure of fuel consumption in a gas turbine. It


is the fuel fired divided by the power output, in
Btu/hp-hr or Btu/kW-hr.

Helper Turbine Auxiliary turbine connected to a gas turbine usually


driven by steam. The turbine is used for starting the
gas turbine and may also run continuously to
supplement power output.

Simple Cycle A configuration of a gas turbine in which the


exhaust is vented to atmosphere.

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 30


Engineering Encyclopedia Rotating Equipment

Combustion Gas Turbines

Power Turbine An expansion turbine that converts the energy of a


hot compressed gas to shaft power. Same as
expander.

Regenerative Cycle A gas turbine cycle that includes a heat exchanger.


The heat exchanger transfers heat from the exhaust
gas to the compressed air before the combustor.

Sequence Controller An instrument that controls the startup or shutdown


sequence of a gas turbine.

Single Shaft Gas A gas turbine in which the air compressor, the
Turbine power turbine, and the load are all connected to the
same shaft and therefore run at the same speed.

Site Power Rating The power capability of a specific gas turbine at


actual site conditions of air temperature and air
pressure.

Stoichiometric A calculation of the components of the exhaust gas


Calculation using balanced chemical equations.

Starting Device Device that provides power to accelerate the


compressor to sufficient speed so that the air flow
through the compressor is sufficient to sustain
combustion (commonly called “light-off”).

Supplementary Firing The combustion of extra fuel in the exhaust stream


of a gas turbine to increase the thermal energy of
the exhaust gas. Supplementary firing takes place
in the exhaust duct or in the heat recovery steam
generator (HRSG).

Thermal Efficiency For a gas turbine cycle, the sum of power output
plus useful heat output divided by the fuel
consumed.

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 31


Engineering Encyclopedia Rotating Equipment

Combustion Gas Turbines

REFERENCES

Supplementary Text

• Gas Processors Suppliers Association

• Engineering Data Book - Section 15


Saudi Aramco Standards

• SAES-K-502, Combustion Gas Turbines

Industry Standards

• API-616, Type H Industrial Combustion Gas Turbines for


Refinery Service (Heavy duty)

• API-679, Type G Aeroderivative (Lightweight) Combustion


Gas Turbines for Refinery Service

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 32

Вам также может понравиться