DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND

MONITORING OF EMBANKMENT
FOR MINIMAL SETTLEMENT

Guo Yeang Yang

Mohd Nazri

SCOPE OF PRESENTATION

Introduction
Design Criteria
Design Concept
Ground Condition
Design Parameters
Construction and Monitoring Records
Conclusion

INTRODUCTION

Introduction
PENANG ISLAND
(BATU MAUNG)

PULAU
JEREJAK

BATU KAWAN
EXPRESSSWAY

BATU KAWAN
TRUMPET
INTERCHANGE

0.

MAIN NAVIGATIONAL
SPAN
00

1+

P24-P27

00

+0
0

00

0.

PULAU
AMAN

3+
0

2+

0.

P0

PACKAGE 3C

0.

MAIN LAND
(BATU KAWAN)

5+
0

PACKAGE 3A

23
+0

2+
0

000
.

00

000

0.

+0

0.

0.

0.

19+00

18+00

17+00

0.

0.

16+00

15+00

00

0.

00

14
+

20+00

21+

13

P292

00

BATU MAUNG
INTERCHANGE

00

+0

0 00

11

10+

9+000

8+000

0.

7+00

0.

00

6+

00

22+

LAND PACKAGES

PACKAGE 3A: BATU MAUNG INTERCHANGE

3 TIERS
DIRECTIONAL
RAMPS
6

PACKAGE 3B: BATU KAWAN EXPRESSWAY

CLOVERLEAF INTERCHANGE

PACKAGE 3C: BATU KAWAN TRUMPET INTERCHANGE

AT MAINLAND
(BATU KAWAN)
LINKING NSE AT
KM154.8

2 TIERS
TRUMPET
INTERCHANGE

PACKAGE 3D: TOLL PLAZA, ADMINISTRATION

BUILDING & RELATED WORKS

ADMINISTRATION
BUILDING

PLUS TOLL PLAZA

SECOND PENANG
BRIDGE TOLL
PLAZA

PROPOSED GROUND
TREATMENTS

LAND
BRIDGE

CLOVERLEAF
INTERCHANGE

SG. TENGAH
BRIDGE

PB2X TOLL

PLUS TOLL
BRIDGE OVER CANAL
AND ARCH CULVERT

11

LAND BRIDGE

12

PB2X TOLL

13

CLOVER LEAF INTERCHANGE

14

PLUS TOLL

15

SG. TENGAH BRIDGE

16

BRIDGE OVER CANAL AND ARCH CULVERT

17

DESIGN CRITERIA

DESIGN CRITERIA
DESIGN CHECK

MAIN DESIGN CRITERIA

Year

2007

2008

2009

2011

Stability (short-term
during construction)

1.25

1.25

1.25

1.25
Main Carriageway
100% consolidation
settlement during
construction (under the
permanent load)

Settlement

90% consolidation
settlement during
construction

90% consolidation
settlement during
construction

400mm postconstruction
settlement for the
first 7 years

250mm postconstruction
settlement for the
first 5 years

100% consolidation
settlement during
construction (under
the permanent load)

50mm postconstruction
settlement for the
first 2 years
100mm postconstruction
settlement for the
first 5 years

50mm post-construction
settlement for the first 20
years
Other areas

100% consolidation
settlement during
construction (under the
permanent load)
50mm post-construction
settlement for the first 2
years

100mm post-construction
settlement for the first 5
years

19

DESIGN CONCEPT

DESIGN CONCEPT

Effects of surcharging on secondary compression (Ladd, 1971)

21

DESIGN CONCEPT

C/C vs. AAOS % (Saye et. al, 2001)

22

DESIGN CONCEPT

The reduction in rate of secondary compression proposed by

Ladd (1971)
23

DESIGN CONCEPT

24

GROUND CONDITION

GROUND CONDITION

26

GROUND CONDITION

27

GROUND CONDITION

28

GROUND CONDITION

29

GROUND CONDITION

30

GROUND CONDITION

31

GROUND CONDITION

32

Typical Piezocone Result

Moisture Content
Atterberg Limit
Plasticity Index
Liquidity Index
Bulk Density
Preconsolidation Pressure
Overconsolidation Ratio
Void Ratio
Compression Index
Compression Ratio
Coefficient of Consolidation (Cv)

Coefficient of Consolidation (Ch)

Corrected Peak Strength
Corrected Remolded Strength
Sensitivity of Soft Clay
Cu/v
Cu/Pc

TYPICAL PIEZOCONE
RESULT
(NEAR PDC CLOVERLEAF
INTERCHANGE)

33

TYPICAL PIEZOCONE
RESULT
(NEAR LAND BRIDGE)

34

MOISTURE
CONTENT

35

ATTERBERG
LIMIT

36

PLASTICITY
INDEX

37

LIQUIDITY
INDEX

38

BULK DENSITY

39

PRECONSOLIDATION
PRESSURE

40

OVERCONSOLIDATION
RATIO

41

VOID RATIO

42

COMPRESSION
INDEX

43

COMPRESSION
RATIO

44

COEFFICIENT OF
CONSOLIDATION
(CV)

45

COEFFICIENT OF
CONSOLIDATION
(Ch)

46

CORRECTED PEAK STRENGTH

47

CORRECTED REMOLDED STRENGTH

48

SENSITIVITY OF SOFT CLAY

49

Cu/v

50

Cu/Pc

51

DESIGN PARAMETERS

DESIGN PARAMETERS

53

Properties

Symbol

Unit

Upper CLAY

Lower CLAY

Bulk unit weight

gb

kN/m3

15.0

16.0

Undrained shear
strength

Cu

kPa

5 + 1.5z *

24.5 + 0.4z*

Friction angle

degrees

2.5

2.5

Effective cohesion

kPa

21

23

Pre-overburden
pressure

Pc svo

kPa

20

20

Initial voids ratio

eo

2.5

1.8

Compression index

Cc

1.0

0.6

Re-compression
index

Cr

0.10

0.06

Compression ratio

Cce = Cc/(1+eo)

0.286

0.214

Re-compression
ratio

Cre = Cr/(1+eo)

0.029

0.021

Coeff. of vertical
consolidation

Cv

m2/year

1.5

1.5

Coeff. of horizontal
consolidation

Ch

m2/year

Secondary
compression index

Ca

0.035

0.021

GEOTECHNICAL
DESIGN

GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN
Stage 1

Stage 2

Stage 3

Schem
e Ref.

Fill Height,
H (m)

PVD
Spacin
g (m
c/c)

H 2.5

1.4

1.5

2.0

0.5

4.0

0.5

HS Geotextile 200/50

2.5 < H 3.5

1.2

2.0

3.5

1.25

4.5

1.0

5.5

0.5

HS Geotextile 200/50

3.5 < H 4.5

1.2

2.2

3.5

1.25

4.5

1.0

6.7

0.5

HS Geotextile 400/50

Surcharge
Height (m)

Max.
Fill
Height
(m)

Filling
Rate
(m/wk)

Rest
Period
(mth)

Max.
Fill
Height
(m)

Filling
Rate
(m/wk)

Rest
Period
(mth)

Max.
Fill
Height
(m)

Filling
Rate
(m/wk)

Rest
Period
(mth)

Basal
Reinforcement (kN)

SUMMARY OF EMBANKMENT STAGED CONSTRUCTION ON PVD

TREATED GROUND
Scheme
Ref.

Fill Height,
H (m)

A
B
C

4.5 < H 6.5

6.5 < H 8.5
8.5 < H 9.5
9.5 < H
10.0

SC Spacing (m c/c)
Under
Under
Main
Side
Carriage
Slope
way
2.5
2.3
2.4
2.1
2.1
1.8
1.8

1.8

Stage 1
Surcharge
Height
(m)
1.5
2.0
2.0

Max.
Fill
Height
(m)
4.0
4.0
4.0

2.2

4.0

Stage 2

Filling
Rate
(m/wk)

Rest
Period
(mth)

1.0
1.0
1.0

Max.
Fill
Height
(m)
8.0
10.5
11.5

1.0

12.2

Filling
Rate
(m/wk)

Rest
Period
(mth)

Basal Reinforcement (kN)

0.5
0.5
0.5

3.0
2.5
2.5

HS Geotextile 400/50
HS Geotextile 400/50
Geogrid 400/100

0.5

2.5

Geogrid 400/100

SUMMARY OF EMBANKMENT CONTROLLED FILLING ON SC

TREATED GROUND
55

CONSTRUCTION AND
MONITORING RESULTS

GEOTECHNICAL INSTRUMENTATION
Instruments

Approx. Spacing

Quantities

Remarks

57

Rod Settlement Gauges (RSG)

100m intervals

131 nos.

Ground Surface Markers

100m to 150m
intervals

151 nos.

Closer spacing at interface between different

treatment methods
3 nos. of RSGs provided at every 200m
intervals, i.e. at centreline, RHS and LHS.

Closer spacing at interface between different

treatment methods

Inclinometers

200m intervals

47 nos.

Pneumatic Piezometers

200m intervals

39 nos.

Deep Levelling Datum

3 nos.

Reference datum

Hydrostatic Profile Gauge

5 nos.

Settlement profile across the embankment

GEOTECHNICAL INSTRUMENTATION LAYOUT

58

GEOTECHNICAL INSTRUMENTATION LAYOUT

59

PB2X TOLL

GEOTECHNICAL INSTRUMENTATION LAYOUT

60

CLOVERLEAF INTERCHANGE

GEOTECHNICAL INSTRUMENTATION LAYOUT

61

PLUS TOLL PLAZA

GEOTECHNICAL INSTRUMENTATION LAYOUT

62

SUNGAI TENGAH BRIDGE

GEOTECHNICAL INSTRUMENTATION LAYOUT

63

BRIDGE OVER CANAL AND ARCH CULVERT

TYPICAL ARRANGEMENT OF INSTRUMENTS

64

PVD AND STONE COLUMNS

TYPICAL DETAILS AT INTERFACE BETWEEN TREATMENTS

65

PVD AND STONE COLUMN

RSG-108 (PVD)

66

Reduced Level and Settlement Plot (Short Term)

RSG-108 (PVD)

67

Reduced Level and Settlement Plot (Short Term)

RSG-108 (PVD)

68

Asaoka Plot

RSG-108 (PVD)

69

Creep Settlement Plot

RSG-110 (PVD)

70

Reduced Level and Settlement Plot (Short Term)

RSG-110 (SC)

71

Reduced Level and Settlement Plot (Long Term)

RSG-110 (SC)

72

Asaoka Plot

RSG-110 (SC)

73

Creep Settlement Plot

RSG-114 (SC)

74

Reduced Level and Settlement Plot (Short Term)

RSG-114 (SC)

75

Reduced Level and Settlement Plot (Long Term)

RSG-114 (SC)

76

Asaoka Plot

RSG-114 (SC)

77

Creep Settlement Plot

INCLINOMETER
NEARBY
RSG-114 (SC)

78

Inclinometer Plot (Face A-A)

INCLINOMETER
NEARBY
RSG-114 (SC)

79

Inclinometer Plot (Face B-B)

RSG-117 (SC)

80

Reduced Level and Settlement Plot (Short Term)

RSG-117 (SC)

81

Reduced Level and Settlement Plot (Long Term)

RSG-117 (SC)

82

Asaoka Plot

RSG-117 (SC)

83

Creep Settlement Plot

CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION
In order to fulfill the minimum settlement design
criteria, the following steps were employed:1)
2)
3)
4)

5)

85

Higher surcharge
Longer surcharge period
Pumping from well points to remove trapped
water
Proper drainage to ensure that water can be freely
discharged from sand blanket
Sufficient testing and instrumentation

86