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HISTORY OF POLYSTYRENE
POLIMERIZATION
A 3-D model would show that each of the chiral backbone carbons lies at
the centre of a tetrahedron, with its 4 bonds pointing toward the vertices. Consider that the
-C-C- bonds are rotated so that the backbone chain lies entirely in the plane of the diagram.
From this flat schematic, it is not evident which of the phenyl (benzene) groups are angled
outward from the plane of the diagram, and which ones are inward. The isomer where all of
the phenyl groups are on the same side is called isotactic polystyrene, which is not produced
commercially.
PROPERTIES OF POLYSTYRENE
Physical Properties
The density of polystyrene can vary from 10kg/m3 to 50kg/m3.
Unfilled polystyrene is amorphous, and has a glassy, sparkling appearance. It is also
known as crystal polystyrene.
An important property of extruded polystyrene is its buoyancy or ability to float in
water.
The viscosity of polystyrene, like all other non-Newtonian fluids, depends on the
shear rate. It is the ratio of the shear stress to shear rate.
Here are the values for the physical properties of general purpose polystyrene (GPPS).
PROPERTY
Specific Gravity
Apparent Density
Water Absorption
UNIT
g/cm3
g/cm3
%
VALUE
1.03 to 1.06
0.60 to 0.65
0.03 to 0.10
The physical properties of polystyrene are due to the presence of weak van der Waals forces
between the chains of polymer. On heating, the forces weaken further, and the chains slide
past one another. This is the reason polystyrene is highly elastic and softens when heated
beyond its glass transition temperature.
Mechanical Properties
The mechanical properties of a polymer include its strength, elongation, modulus, impact
strength, and toughness. Crystal forms of the polymer polystyrene have low impact strength.
Polystyrene polymers get degraded on exposure to sunlight, due to photo oxidation, which
affects its mechanical properties. The following table shows the value of the mechanical
properties of general purpose polystyrene (GPPS).
PROPERTY
Tensile Modulus or Young's
UNIT
MPa
VALUE
3000-3600
Modulus
Tensile Strength
Tensile Elongation
Shear Modulus
Flexural Strength
Flexural Modulus
MPa
%
MPa
MPa
MPa
30-60
1.0 to 5.0
1400
76
3200
Optical Properties
General purpose polystyrene (GPPS) is transparent while high impact polystyrene (HIPS),
which is a copolymer formed by adding rubber to polystyrene at the time of polymerization,
is opaque. However, HIPS has gloss, which is measured by the percentage of light reflected
by the surface of the polymer. Given below are the values of the optical properties of GPPS.
PROPERTY
Refractive Index
Transmittance
Haze
UNIT
%
%
VALUE
1.58 to 1.59
88 to 90
0.10 to 1.1
Thermal Properties
Thermal properties are the properties exhibited by the substance when it is subjected to heat.
These include the heat distortion temperature, glass transition temperature, thermal
conductivity, etc. Polystyrene is a rigid, transparent thermoplastic, which is present in solid or
glassy state at normal temperature. But, when heated above its glass transition temperature, it
turns into liquid form that flows and can be easily used for molding and extrusion. It becomes
solid again when it cools off. This property of polystyrene is used for casting it into molds
with fine detail. Given below are the values of the thermal properties for general purpose
polystyrene (GPPS).
PROPERTY
Glass Transition
UNIT
C
VALUE
100
Temperature
Specific Heat Capacity
J/Kg-K
Thermal Conductivity
W/m-K
Thermal Expansion (20C to m/m-K
1250
0.14
120
100C)
Vicat Softening Temperature
100
Electrical Properties
Electrical properties are the properties of a substance that determine its response to an electric
field. Given below are the values of these properties for general purpose polystyrene (GPPS).
PROPERTY
Dielectric Strength
Dielectric Constant (at
UNIT
MV/m
-
VALUE
20
2.5
1MHz)
Volume Resistivity
Arc Resistance
ohm-cm
sec
>10^16
70
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Polystyrene is chemically inert, and does not react with most substances.
Polystyrene was first produced in Germany, in the year 1930, by I.G. Farben.
Since then, it has come a long way, and today, it is one of the most widely manufactured
polymers in the world, second only to polyethylene. A key reason for this is the fact that it is
a thermoplastic. The advantage of thermoplastics is that they can be moulded into a host of
useful products. Also, being clear and transparent, it allows for the addition of various
colours. These colours are added to the plastic in its liquid state. One of the major uses of
polystyrene is in the manufacture of polystyrene foam for packing objects for shipment. It is
also used to manufacture disposable cutlery, plates, cups, etc. Medical and pharmaceutical
equipment are also manufactured using this polymer.
In the market, you'll find polystyrene in both, pellet and sheet form. Extruded
polystyrene has insulating properties, and is used in the making of common household items
and toys. Polystyrene is not a toxic product, and is approved by the FDA for use in the
manufacture of food containers. However, like all other plastics, it is not biodegradable.
However, it can be easily recycled.