FORCE

Conceptually force may be described as a pull or push. But to define the force, the effects force on bodies need to be
studied.
Effects of force on bodies
If a force is applied on a body it may change its velocity or shape.
1. Change in velocity
When a force is applied on a body
a). If the body is at rest it may move.
b). If the body is in uniform motion, then it may speed up, slow down or change the direction of motion.
motion

**If a force of constant magnitude applied always perpendicular to a body at constant speed, it follows uniform circular
motion.
2. Change in shape or deformation
When a force is applied on a body, it may change its shape. For instance
instance, a
compressed spring or a stretched rubber band. Even the rigid bodies like
metal blocks
ks or wood changes its shape under the application of force, but
the effect may not be noticeable.
**On the removal of the force, the body regains its shape to differing
degrees. Those which completely regains the shape are known as perfectly
elastic. Thosee bodies which does not regain the shape at all are perfectly
plastic bodies
Definition of force.
Force can be defined as the cause of the change in velocity or shape of a body.
1. Contact & Non-contact forces
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Forces which act on bodies which are in physical contact are called contact forces
Important Examples of contact forces
Friction
Force friction is the opposing force on two bodies in contact
when there is a relative velocity between them. Friction acts
tangential to the contact surface and oppo
opposite to the
direction of the relative motion.
Normal reaction force
A body exert a force equal to its weight downward on the
surface it is placed. Then the supporting surface exerts an
equal force upward on the body normal (perpendicular) to
the contact surface. This is Normal reaction.
Tension
When two bodies are connected by a flexible string and one
of the bodies is pulled, the string exerts forces on both the
bodies in opposite directions. These forces exerted by
connecting strings on bodies are called
ed tension.

Force of collision
When bodies collide force exerted by one body on the other is equal to
the force exerted by the
second body on first.

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Force exerted by springs

When a spring is stretched or compressed, it exerts an equal force in the opposite
direction called, restoring force. Restoring force is proportional to the change in
length of the spring.
F = k x,, here F is the restoring force, x is the change length and k is called spring
constant(unit N/m).
***From these discussions,, we get that forces always come in equal opposite
pairs called action and reaction.

2. Non- Contact forces

Forces between bodies even if they are not in physical contact.
1) gravitational force
Every body in the universe attract every other body with a force which is directly proportional to their mases and
inversely proportional to the square of the distance between, known as gravitational force.
Effect of gravitational forces.
Every object dropped falls down. Bodies roll down the slopes. Planets move around the sun. Stars palnets and all other
celestial bodies are evolved by the effect of gravitational force.




Here, G-universal
universal gravitational constant (6.67259 x 10 -11N m2/kg2),, m1 and m2 are the masses

Fg =

of the two bodies and r is the separation between them

Properties
(i). Always attractive. (ii). Independent of the medium between. (iii). Follows inverse square law.(
law. F


)

Electrostatic force
Force between two charges
Fe =k

 


Here k = 9 x 109 Nm2/C2, q1 and q2 are charges and r is the distance between them.

Properties
(i). Similar charges repel, and unlike charges attract (ii). Depends on the medium between (iii). Inverse square law
Magnetic force
Force between magnetic poles
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Fm = Km

km = 10-7 N/A2, m1 and m2 are pole strengths and r is the separation between poles

Properties
(i), Like poles repel and unlike poles attreact (ii) depends on the medium, (iii). Inverse square law.
Newtons laws of motion
1. Newtons First law (law of inertia)
tinues in its state of rest or uniform motion unless an external force is applied on it.
A body continues
Inertia:- tendency of a body to resist the change of its state rest or state uniform motion.
2. Newtons Second law
The rate of change of momentum of a body is directl
directlyy proportional to the net external force applied on that body.
Momentum (linear momentum) Momentum is the product of mass and velocity
Linear momentum P = mv its unit is kg m/s and it is a vector quantity towards the direction of velocity.


By Newtons second law F  Or F =




where p is change in momentum and t is the change in time. Here



proportionality constant k=1, therefore according to Newtons second law F =  =

   
!"  

Here p =(mv) in case of speeds far less than the velocity of light in vacuum, there is no change in mass
Therefore (mv) = mv, where v is the change in velocity. That is


F = m  =




that is

F = ma (Non
(Non- relativistic equation) Low speeds

When the speed is comparable with the speed of light, m also changes
Then

F=




(relativistic equation) Very high speeds

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Newtons third law

To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
If A exerts a force F21 on B, then b exerts an equal and opposite force F21 on A.
F21 = - F12
Units of Force
1. SI unit of force in Newton (N)= kg m/S2
Definition of 1 N
One Newton is the force to be applied on a body of mass 1 kg to accelerate it at 1 m/S2
2. CGS unit of force is Dyne = g cm/s2
I Newton = 10 5 Dyne
Gravitational unit of force in MKS system is Kilogram force (kgf)
2. One kgf is the force with which the earth pulls a body of mass 1 kg
1 kgf = 9.8 N
Gravitational unit of force in CGS system is g f. 1 gf = 980 Dayne.
Impulse
Impulse is the product of force and time or it is the change in momentum
Impulse I = Fx t = mv2 mv1 . Unit of Impulse is kg m/S( same as momentum)
For the same change in momentum, F is inversely proportional to time of action of force.
Examples of Impulse
To hammer a nail, large force is applied for a short time.
To catch a cricket ball, the player draws his hands back to increase the impact time to reduce the force.
Equations of motion
V = u + at


S = ut +  #$ 
%  = ' + 2#*

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