2015/3/18

BETON PRATEGANG
TKS - 4023

Session 12:

Members Analysis
under Shear (Part I)
Dr.Eng. Achfas Zacoeb, ST., MT.
Jurusan Teknik Sipil
Fakultas Teknik
Universitas Brawijaya

The Objectives

To avoid shear failure, the beam should fail in flexure

at its ultimate flexural strength. Hence, each mode of
failure is addressed in the design for shear. The
design involves not only the design of the stirrups,
but also limiting the average shear stress in concrete,
providing adequate thickness of the web and
adequate development length of the longitudinal bars.

2015/3/18

The Objectives

(contd)

To provide ultimate resistance for shear (VuR) greater

than the shear demand under ultimate loads (Vu). For
simply supported prestressed beams, the maximum
shear near the support is given by the beam theory.
For continuous prestressed beams, a rigorous
analysis can be done by the moment distribution
method.

Introduction
The analysis of reinforced concrete and prestressed
concrete members for shear is more difficult compared
to the analyses for axial load or flexure.
The analysis for axial load and flexure are based on the
following principles of mechanics.
1) Equilibrium of internal and external forces
2) Compatibility of strains in concrete and steel
3) Constitutive relationships of materials.

2015/3/18

Introduction

(contd)

The conventional analysis for shear is based on

equilibrium of forces by a simple equation.
The compatibility of strains is not considered. The
constitutive relationships (relating stress and strain) of
the materials, concrete or steel, are not used.
Shear stresses generate in beams due to bending or
twisting.
The two types of shear stress are called flexural shear
stress and torsional shear stress, respectively.

Introduction

(contd)

To understand flexural shear stress, the behaviour of a

simply supported beam under uniformly distributed load,
without prestressing, will be explained first. The lecture
will be in the following sequence:
Stresses in an uncracked (homogenous) beam.
Types of cracks generated due to the combination of
flexure and shear.
Components of shear resistance and the modes of
failure.
Effect of prestressing force.

2015/3/18

Stresses in an uncracked
beam
Fig. 1 shows the variations of shear and moment along
the span of a simply supported beam under a uniformly
distributed load. The variations of normal stress and
shear stress along the depth of a section of the beam
are also shown.

Fig. 1 Variations of forces and stresses in a simply supported beam

Stresses in an uncracked
beam (contd)
Under a general loading, the shear force and the
moment vary along the length. The normal stress and
the shear stress vary along the length, as well as along
the depth. The combination of the normal and shear
stresses generate a two-dimensional stress field at a
point. At any point in the beam, the state of twodimensional stresses can be expressed in terms of the
principal stresses. The Mohrs circle of stress is helpful
to understand the state of stress.

2015/3/18

Stresses in an uncracked
beam (contd)
Before cracking, the stress carried by steel is negligible.
When the principal tensile stress exceeds the cracking
stress, the concrete cracks and there is redistribution of
stresses between concrete and steel. For a point on the
neutral axis (Element 1), the shear stress is maximum
and the normal stress is zero. The principal tensile
stress (1) is inclined at 45 to the neutral axis. Fig. 2
shows the state of in-plane stresses at a point on the
neutral axis of a beam.

Stresses in an uncracked
beam (contd)

Fig. 2 State of stresses at a point on the neutral axis of a beam

The Mohrs circle is a representation of the state of inplane stresses on surfaces of various inclinations
passing through a point. The horizontal and vertical axes
represent the normal and shear stresses, respectively.
For a state of pure shear, the centre of the Mohrs circle
coincides with the origin of the axes.

2015/3/18

Stresses in an uncracked
beam (contd)
Since the shear force is maximum near the supports,
cracks due to shear occur near the supports. The cracks
are formed around the neutral axis and perpendicular to
the principal tensile stress (1). The cracks are thus
inclined at 45 to the axis of the beam. Fig. 3 shows
the inclination of the cracks forming at the neutral axis.

Fig. 3 Inclination of crack at the level of neutral axis

Stresses in an uncracked
beam (contd)
For a point near the bottom edge of the beam (Element
2), the normal stress is maximum and the shear stress is
close to zero. The principal tensile stress (1) is almost
parallel to the bottom edge. The angle of inclination of 1
with respect to the axis of the beam () is smaller than
45o. Fig. 4 shows the state of in-plane stresses at a
point close to the edge under tension.

Fig. 4 State of stresses at a point close to the edge under tension

2015/3/18

Stresses in an uncracked
beam (contd)
Adjacent to the bottom edge (edge under tension), the
tensile stress due to flexure is maximum and the shear
stress is zero. The state of stress is nearly uniaxial
tensile stress. The principal compressive stress is
negligible. Since the moment is maximum at mid span,
cracks due to flexure occur near mid span. The cracks
are formed at the bottom edge and perpendicular to 1.
Since 1 is parallel to the edge, the cracks are
perpendicular to the edge as shown in Fig. 5.

Fig. 5 Inclination of crack close to the edge under tension

Stresses in an uncracked
beam (contd)
The previous concepts can be used to develop the
principal stress trajectories. Fig. 6 shows the trajectories
for a simply supported beam under a uniformly
distributed load. The crack pattern can be predicted
from these trajectories.

Fig. 6 Principle stress trajectories

2015/3/18

Types of Cracks
The types and formation of cracks depends on the spanto-depth ratio of the beam and loading. These variables
influence the moment and shear along the length of the
beam. For a simply supported beam under uniformly
distributed load, without prestressing, three types of
cracks are identified such as:
1. Flexural cracks
2. Web shear cracks
3. Flexure shear cracks

Types of Cracks

(contd)

Flexural cracks, these cracks form at the bottom near

the midspan and propagate upwards.
Web shear cracks, these cracks form near the neutral
axis close to the support and propagate inclined to the
beam axis.
Flexure shear cracks, these cracks form at the bottom
due to flexure and propagate due to both flexure and
shear.
The formation of cracks for a beam with large span-todepth ratio and uniformly distributed loading is shown
in Fig. 7.

2015/3/18

Types of Cracks

(contd)

Fig. 7 Formation of cracks in a reinforced concrete beam

Components of Shear
Resistance
The components of shear resistance are studied based
on the internal forces at a flexure shear crack. The forces
are shown in Fig. 8. The magnitude and the relative
value of each component change with increasing load.
The notations are as follows:
Vcz = Shear carried by uncracked concrete
Va = Shear resistance due to aggregate
interlock
Vd = Shear resistance due to dowel action
Vs = Shear carried by stirrups
Vp = Vertical component of prestressing
force in inclined tendons

Fig. 8 Internal forces at a flexure shear crack

2015/3/18

Modes of Failure
For beams with low span-to-depth ratio or inadequate
shear reinforcement, the failure can be due to shear. A
failure due to shear is sudden as compared to a failure
due to flexure. The following five modes of failure due to
shear are identified such as:
1. Diagonal tension failure
2. Shear compression failure
3. Shear tension failure
4. Web crushing failure
5. Arch rib failure
The occurrence of a mode of failure depends on the
span-to-depth ratio, loading, cross-section of the beam,
amount and anchorage of reinforcement.

Modes of Failure (contd)

Diagonal tension failure
In this mode, an inclined crack propagates rapidly due to
inadequate shear reinforcement.

Fig. 9 Diagonal tension failure

10

2015/3/18

Modes of Failure (contd)

Shear compression failure
There is crushing of the concrete near the compression
flange above the tip of the inclined crack.

Fig. 10 Shear compression failure

Modes of Failure (contd)

Shear tension failure
Due to inadequate anchorage of the longitudinal bars,
the diagonal cracks propagate horizontally along the bars.

Fig. 11 Shear tension failure

11

2015/3/18

Modes of Failure (contd)

Web crushing failure
The concrete in the web crushes due to inadequate web
thickness.

Fig. 12 Web crushing failure

Modes of Failure (contd)

Arch rib failure
For deep beams, the web may buckle and subsequently
crush. There can be anchorage failure or failure of the
bearing.

Fig. 13 Arch rib failure

12

2015/3/18

Effect of Prestressing Force

In presence of prestressing force, the flexural cracking
occurs at a higher load. For Type 1 and Type 2 sections,
there is no flexural crack under service loads. In
presence of prestressing force, the web shear cracks
also generate under higher load. With increase in the
load beyond the cracking load, the cracks generate in a
similar sequence. But, the inclinations of the flexure
shear and web shear cracks are reduced depending on
the amount of prestressing and the profile of the tendon.

Effect of Prestressing Force

(contd)
The effect of prestressing force is explained for a beam
with a concentric effective prestressing force (Pe) as
shown in Fig. 14.

Fig. 14 A simply supported beam under concentric prestressed

and uniformly distributed loads

13

2015/3/18

Effect of Prestressing Force

(contd)
For a point at the neutral axis (Element 1), there is
normal stress due to the prestressing force (fpe). The
principal tensile stress (1) is inclined to the neutral axis
at an angle greater than 45o. With the combination of
shear stress, the principal compressive stress (2) is
inclined to the neutral axis at an angle much smaller than
45o. Fig. 15 shows the state of in-plane stresses at a
point on the neutral axis for a prestressed beam .

Effect of Prestressing Force

(contd)

Fig. 15 State of stresses at a point on the neutral axis

for a prestressed beam

Fig. 16 shows the formation of cracks for a prestressed

beam with large span-to-depth ratio and uniformly
distributed loading is shown. This figure can be
compared with that for a reinforced concrete beam.

14

2015/3/18

Effect of Prestressing Force

(contd)

Fig. 16 Formation of cracks in a prestressed beam

After cracking, in presence of prestressing force, the

length and crack width of a diagonal crack are low. Thus,
the aggregate interlock and zone of concrete under
compression are larger as compared to a nonprestressed beam under the same load. Hence, the
shear strength of concrete (Vc) increases in presence of
prestressing force. This is accounted for in the
expression of Vc.

Design of Stirrups
The design is done for the critical section. In general
cases, the face of the support is considered as the
critical section. When the reaction at the support
introduces compression at the end of the beam, the
critical section can be selected at a distance effective
depth from the face of the support. The effective depth is
selected as the greater of dp (depth of CGS from the
extreme compression fiber) or ds (depth of centroid of
non-prestressed steel).

15

2015/3/18

Design of Stirrups

(contd)

To vary the spacing of stirrups along the span, other

sections may be selected for design. Usually the
following scheme is selected for beams under uniform
load.
1. Close spacing for quarter of the span adjacent to the
supports.
2. Wide spacing for half of the span at the middle.
For large beams, more variation of spacing may be
selected. Fig. 17 shows the typical variation of spacing of
stirrups. The span is represented by L.

Design of Stirrups

(contd)

Fig. 17 Typical variation of spacing of stirrups

16

2015/3/18

Limit State of Collapse

for Shear
The shear is studied based on the capacity of a section
which is the limit state of collapse. The capacity (or
ultimate resistance) of a section (VuR) consists of a
concrete contribution (Vc) and the stirrup contribution
(VS).
(1)
Vc includes Vcz (contribution from uncracked concrete),
Va (aggregate interlock) and Vd (dowel action).

Limit State of Collapse

for Shear (contd)
The value of Vc depends on whether the section is
cracked due to flexure. Two expressions of Vc are
available, one for cracked section and the other for
uncracked section. Usually, the expression for the
uncracked section will govern near the support. The
expression for the cracked section will govern near the
mid span. Of course, both the expressions need to be
evaluated at a particular section. The lower value
obtained from the two expressions is selected.

17

2015/3/18

For Uncracked Sections

(2)
where,
Vco = the shear causing web shear cracking at CGC
b = breadth of the section
= bw, breadth of the web for flanged sections
D = total depth of the section (h)
ft = tensile strength of concrete = 0.24fck
fcp = compressive stress in concrete at CGC due
to the prestress = Pe/A

For Uncracked Sections

(contd)

Eq. (2) can be derived based on the expression of the

principal tensile stress (1) at CGC as shown in Fig. 15.
The principal tensile stress is equated to the direct
tensile strength of concrete (ft).

(3)

18

2015/3/18

For Uncracked Sections

(contd)

I = gross moment of inertia

Q = At y
At = area of section above CGC
y = vertical distance of centroid
of At from CGC.

Fig. 17 Cross-section of a beam showing the variables for

calculating shear stress in the web

Transposing the terms of Eq.3:

(4)

For Uncracked Sections

(contd)

The term 0.67bD represents Ib/Q for the section. It is

exact for a rectangular section and conservative for other
sections. Only 80% of the prestressing force is
considered in the term 0.8fcp. For a flanged section,
when the CGC is in the flange, the intersection of web
and flange is considered to be the critical location.

19

2015/3/18

For Uncracked Sections

(contd)

The expression of Vc0 is modified by substituting 0.8fcp

with 0.8 X (the stress in concrete at the level of the
intersection of web and flange). In presence of inclined
tendons or vertical prestress, the vertical component of
the prestressing force (Vp) can be added to Vc0.

(5)

For Cracked Sections

(6)

Vcr is the shear corresponding to flexure shear cracking.

The term (1 0.55fpe/fpk)cbd is the additional shear that
changes a flexural crack to a flexure shear crack.

20

2015/3/18

For Cracked Sections

The notations in Eq. 6 are as follows:
fpe = effective prestress in the tendon after all losses
0.6fpk
fpk = characteristic strength of prestressing steel
c = ultimate shear stress capacity of concrete, obtained
b = breadth of the section
= bw , breadth of the web for flanged sections
d = distance from the extreme compression fibre to the
centroid of the tendons at the section considered
M0 = moment initiating a flexural crack
Mu = moment due to ultimate loads at the design section
Vu = shear due to ultimate loads at the design section.

For Cracked Sections

(contd)

The expression of M0 is given in Eq. 7,

(7)
where fpt = magnitude of the compressive stress in
concrete at the level of CGS due to prestress only. An
equal amount of tensile stress is required to decompress
the concrete at the level of CGS. The corresponding
moment is fptI/y. In the expression of M0, I = gross
moment of inertia and y = depth of the CGS from CGC.

21

2015/3/18

For Cracked Sections

(contd)

The factor 0.8 implies that M0 is estimated to be 80% of

the moment that decompresses the concrete at the level
of CGS. Since the concrete is cracked and the inclination
of tendon is small away from the supports, any vertical
component of the prestressing force is not added to Vcr.

Maximum Permissible
Shear Stress
To check the crushing of concrete in shear compression
failure, the shear stress is limited to a maximum value
(c,max) as shown in Eq. 8. The value of c,max depends on
the grade of concrete.
(8)

where,
dt = greater of dp or ds
dp = depth of CGS from the extreme compression fiber
ds = depth of centroid of regular steel
Vu = shear force at a section due to ultimate loads.

22

2015/3/18

Thanks for Your Attention

and
Success for Your Study!

23