Aryabhata (Sanskrit: ; IAST: ryabhat

a) or Aryabhata I[1][2] (476550 CE)[3][4] was the first of

the major mathematician-astronomers from the classical age of Indian mathematics and Indian
astronomy. His works include the ryabhaya (499 CE, when he was 23 years old)[5] and the Aryasiddhana.
Biography
Name
While there is a tendency to misspell his name as "Aryabhatta" by analogy with other names having
the "bhatta" suffix, his name is properly spelled Aryabhata: every astronomical text spells his name
thus,[6] including Brahmagupta's references to him "in more than a hundred places by name".
[7]
Furthermore, in most instances "Aryabhatta" would not fit the metre either.[6]
Time and place of birth
Aryabhata mentions in the Aryabhaiya that it was composed 3,600 years into the Kali Yuga, when he
was 23 years old. This corresponds to 499 CE, and implies that he was born in 476.[4]
Aryabhata provides no information about his place of birth. The only information comes from Bhskara
I, who describes Aryabhata as makya, "one belonging to the amaka country." During the Buddha's
time, a branch of the Amaka people settled in the region between the Narmada and Godavari rivers in
central India; Aryabhata is believed to have been born there.[6][8]
Other hypotheses
It has been claimed that the amaka (Sanskrit for "stone") where Aryabhata originated may be the
present day Kodungallur which was the historical capital city ofThiruvanchikkulam of ancient Kerala.
[9]
This is based on the belief that Ko uallr was earlier known as Ko um-Kal-l-r ("city of hard
stones"); however, old records show that the city was actually Ko um-kol-r ("city of strict
governance"). Similarly, the fact that several commentaries on the Aryabhatiya have come from Kerala
has been used to suggest that it was Aryabhata's main place of life and activity; however, many
commentaries have come from outside Kerala, and the Aryasiddhanta was completely unknown in
Kerala.[6] K. Chandra Hari has argued for the Kerala hypothesis on the basis of astronomical evidence.
[10]

Aryabhata mentions "Lanka" on several occasions in the Aryabhaiya, but his "Lanka" is an abstraction,
standing for a point on the equator at the same longitude as hisUjjayini.[11]
Education
It is fairly certain that, at some point, he went to Kusumapura for advanced studies and lived there for
some time.[12] Both Hindu and Buddhist tradition, as well as Bhskara I (CE 629), identify Kusumapura
as P aliputra, modern Patna.[6] A verse mentions that Aryabhata was the head of an institution
(kulapa) at Kusumapura, and, because the university of Nalanda was in Pataliputra at the time and had
an astronomical observatory, it is speculated that Aryabhata might have been the head of the Nalanda
university as well.[6]Aryabhata is also reputed to have set up an observatory at the Sun temple
in Taregana, Bihar.[13]
Works
Aryabhata is the author of several treatises on mathematics and astronomy, some of which are lost.

His major work, Aryabhaiya, a compendium of mathematics and astronomy, was extensively referred
to in the Indian mathematical literature and has survived to modern times. The mathematical part of
the Aryabhaiya covers arithmetic, algebra, plane trigonometry, and spherical trigonometry. It also
contains continued fractions, quadratic equations, sums-of-power series, and a table of sines.
The Arya-siddhana, a lost work on astronomical computations, is known through the writings of
Aryabhata's contemporary, Varahamihira, and later mathematicians and commentators,
including Brahmagupta and Bhaskara I. This work appears to be based on the older Surya
Siddhanta and uses the midnight-day reckoning, as opposed to sunrise in Aryabhaiya. It also
contained a description of several astronomical instruments: the gnomon (shanku-yanra), a shadow
instrument (chhAyA-yanra), possibly angle-measuring devices, semicircular and circular (dhanuryanra / chakra-yanra), a cylindrical stick yasi-yanra, an umbrella-shaped device called the chharayanra, and water clocks of at least two types, bow-shaped and cylindrical.[8]
A third text, which may have survived in the Arabic translation, is Al nf or Al-nanf. It claims that it is a
translation by Aryabhata, but the Sanskrit name of this work is not known.
Probably dating from the 9th century, it is mentioned by the Persian scholar and chronicler of
India, Ab Rayhn al-Brn.[8]
Aryabhatiya
Main aricle: Aryabhaiya
Direct details of Aryabhata's work are known only from the Aryabhaiya. The name "Aryabhatiya" is
due to later commentators. Aryabhata himself may not have given it a name. His disciple
Srinivasa Ramanujan Iyengar FRS (pronunciation: i/sri.ni.va.s ra.ma.n.dn/) (22 December
1887 26 April 1920) was an Indian mathematician and autodidact who, with almost no formal
training in pure mathematics, made extraordinary contributions tomathematical analysis, number
theory, infinite series, and continued fractions. Ramanujan initially developed his own mathematical
research in isolation; it was quickly recognized by Indian mathematicians. When his skills became
apparent to the wider mathematical community, centred in Europe at the time, he began a famous
partnership with the English mathematician G. H. Hardy. He rediscovered previously known theorems
in addition to producing new work.During his short life, Ramanujan independently compiled nearly
3900 results (mostly identities and equations).[1] Nearly all his claims have now been proven correct,
although some were already known.[2] He stated results that were both original and highly
unconventional, such as the Ramanujan prime and the Ramanujan theta function, and these have
inspired a vast amount of further research.[3] The Ramanujan Journal, an international publication, was
launched to publish work in all areas of mathematics influenced by his work.[4]Ramanujan was born on
22 December 1887 in Erode, Madras Presidency (now Pallipalayam, Erode, Tamil Nadu), at the
residence of his maternal grandparents in a Brahmin family.[5] His father, K. Srinivasa Iyengar, worked
as a clerk in a sari shop and hailed from the district of Thanjavur.[6] His mother, Komalatammal, was
a housewife and also sang at a local temple.[7] They lived in Sarangapani Street in a traditional home in
the town of Kumbakonam. The family home is now a museum. When Ramanujan was a year and a half
old, his mother gave birth to a son named Sadagopan, who died less than three months later. In
December 1889, Ramanujan had smallpox and recovered, unlike thousands in the Thanjavur
District who died from the disease that year.[8] He moved with his mother to her parents' house
in Kanchipuram, near Madras (now Chennai). In November 1891, and again in 1894, his mother gave
birth to two children, but both children died in infancy.On 1 October 1892, Ramanujan was enrolled at
the local school.[9] In March 1894, he was moved to a Tamil medium school. After his maternal
grandfather lost his job as a court official in Kanchipuram,[10] Ramanujan and his mother moved back
to Kumbakonam and he was enrolled in the Kangayan Primary School.[11] When his paternal

grandfather died, he was sent back to his maternal grandparents, who were then living in Madras. He
did not like school in Madras, and he tried to avoid attending. His family enlisted a local constable to
make sure he attended school. Within six months, Ramanujan was back in Kumbakonam.[11]Since
Ramanujan's father was at work most of the day, his mother took care of him as a child. He had a
close relationship with her. From her, he learned about tradition and puranas. He learned to sing
religious songs, to attend pujas at the temple and particular eating habits all of which are part
of Brahmin culture.[12] At the Kangayan Primary School, Ramanujan performed well. Just before the
age of 10, in November 1897, he passed his primary examinations in English, Tamil, geography and
arithmetic. With his scores, he stood first in the district.[13] That year, Ramanujan entered Town Higher
Secondary School where he encountered formal mathematics for the first time.[13]By age 11, he had
exhausted the mathematical knowledge of two college students who were lodgers at his home. He was
later lent a book on advanced trigonometry written by S. L. Loney.[14][15] He completely mastered this
book by the age of 13 and discovered sophisticated theorems on his own. By 14, he was receiving
merit certificates and academic awards which continued throughout his school career and also assisted
the school in the logistics of assigning its 1200 students (each with their own needs) to its 35-odd
teachers.[16] He completed mathematical exams in half the allotted time, and showed a familiarity
with geometry and infinite series. Ramanujan was shown how to solve cubic equations in 1902 and he
went on to find his own method to solve the quartic. The following year, not knowing that the quintic
could not be solved by radicals, he tried to solve the quintic.
Bhskara[1] (also known as Bhskarcrya ("Bhskara the teacher"), and as Bhskara II to avoid
confusion with Bhskara I) (11141185), was an Indian mathematician andastronomer. He was born
in Bijapur in modern Karnataka.[2]
Bhskara and his works represent a significant contribution to mathematical and astronomical
knowledge in the 12th century. He has been called the greatest mathematician of medieval India. [3] His
main work Siddhna Shiromani, (Sanskrit for "Crown of Treatises")[4] is divided into four parts
called Lilva, Bjaga ia, Grahaga ia and Goldhyya,[5]which are also sometimes considered four
independent works.[6] These four sections deal with arithmetic, algebra, mathematics of the planets,
and spheres respectively. He also wrote another treatise named Karaa Kauthala.[6]Bhskara's work
n calculus predates Newton and Leibniz by over half a millennium.[7][8] He is particularly known in the
discovery of the principles of differential calculus and its application to astronomical problems and
computations. While Newton and Leibniz have been credited with differential and integral calculus,
there is strong evidence to suggest that Bhskara was a pioneer in some of the principles of differential
calculus. He was perhaps the first to conceive the differential coefficient and differential calculus. [9]This
reveals that he was born in 1036 of the aka era (1114 CE), and that he composed the Siddhnta
iroma when he was 36 years old.[6] He also wrote another work called the Kara a-kuhala when he
was 69 (in 1183).[6] His works show the influence of Brahmagupta, Sridhara, Mahvra, Padmanbha
and other predecessors.[6]He was born near Vijjadavida (believed to be Bijjaragi of Vijayapur in
modern Karnataka). Bhskara is said to have been the head of an astronomical observatory at Ujjain,
the leading mathematical center of medieval India. He lived in the Sahyadri region (Patnadevi, in
Jalgaon district, Maharashtra).[1]History records his great-great-great-grandfather holding a hereditary
post as a court scholar, as did his son and other descendants. His father Mahesvara[1]
(Mahevaropdhyya[6]) was a mathematician, astronomer[6] and astrologer, who taught him
mathematics, which he later passed on to his son Loksamudra. Loksamudra's son helped to set up a
school in 1207 for the study of Bhskara's writings.
Mathematics[edit]
Some of Bhaskara's contributions to mathematics include the following:

A proof of the Pythagorean theorem by calculating the same area in two different ways and
then canceling out terms to get a2 + b2 = c2.

In Lilavai, solutions of quadratic, cubic and quartic indeterminate equations are explained.[11]

Solutions of indeterminate quadratic equations (of the type ax2 + b = y2).

Integer solutions of linear and quadratic indeterminate equations (Kuaka). The rules he gives
are (in effect) the same as those given by the Renaissance European mathematicians of the 17th
century
A cyclic Chakravala method for solving indeterminate equations of the form ax2 + bx + c = y.
The solution to this equation was traditionally attributed to William Brouncker in 1657, though his
method was more difficult than the chakravala method.
The first general method for finding the solutions of the problem x2 ny2 = 1 (so-called "Pell's
equation") was given by Bhaskara II.[12]
Solutions of Diophantine equations of the second order, such as 61x2 + 1 = y2. This very
equation was posed as a problem in 1657 by the French mathematician Pierre de Fermat, but its
solution was unknown in Europe until the time of Euler in the 18th century.[11]
Solved quadratic equations with more than one unknown, and
found negative and irrational solutions.[ciaion needed]
Preliminary concept of mathematical analysis.
Preliminary concept of infinitesimal calculus, along with notable contributions towards integral
calculus.[13]
Conceived differential calculus, after discovering the derivative and differential coefficient.
Stated Rolle's theorem, a special case of one of the most important theorems in analysis,
the mean value theorem. Traces of the general mean value theorem are also found in his works.
Calculated the derivatives of trigonometric functions and formulae. (See Calculus section
below.)

Brahmagupta (Sanskrit: ;
listen (helpinfo)) (598c.670 CE) was an
Indian mathematician and astronomer who wrote two works on mathematics and astronomy:
the Brhmasphuasiddhna
(Exensive Treaise of Brahma) (628), a theoretical treatise, and

the Kha akhdyaka, a more practical text. There are reasons to believe that Brahmagupta originated
from Bhinmal.
Brahmagupta was the first to give rules to compute with zero. The texts composed by Brahmagupta
were composed in elliptic verse using Sanskrit language, as was common practice in Indian
mathematics, and consequently have a poetic ring to them. As no proofs are given, it is not known
how Brahmagupta's results were derived.[1]
Life and works[edit]
In the Brhmasphuasiddhna
verses 7 to 8 of chapter XXIV state that Brahmagupta composed this

text at the age of 30 in aka 550 (= 628 CE) during the reign of King Vyghramukha, we can thus
gather that he was born in 598.[2] Commentators refer to him as a great scholar from Bhillamala, a city
in the state of Rajasthan of present-day Northwest India.[3] In ancient times Bhillamala (modern
Bhinmal) was the seat of power of the Gurjars. His father was Jisnugupta.[4] He likely lived most of his
life in Bhillamala during the reign (and possibly under the patronage) of King Vyaghramukha. [5] As a
result, Brahmagupta is often referred to as Bhillamalacharya, that is, the teacher from Bhillamala. He
was the head of the astronomical observatory at Ujjain, and it was during his tenure there that he
wrote his two surviving treatises, both on mathematics and astronomy: the Brahmasphuasiddhana in
628, and the Khandakhadyaka in 665.[dubious discuss] The Brahmasphuasiddhana (Correced Treaise of
Brahma) is arguably his most famous work. The historian al-Biruni (c. 1050) in his book Tariq alHind states that the Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun had an embassy from India, and a book was brought to
Baghdad which was translated into Arabic as Sindhind. It is generally presumed that Sindhind is none
other than Brahmagupta's Brahmasphua-siddhana.[6]
Although Brahmagupta was familiar with the works of astronomers following the tradition
of Aryabhatiya, it is not known if he was familiar with the work of Bhaskara I, a contemporary.

Brahmagupta had a plethora of criticism directed towards the work of rival astronomers, and in
his Brahmasphuasiddhana is found one of the earliest attested schisms among Indian
mathematicians. The division was primarily about the application of mathematics to the physical world,
rather than about the mathematics itself. In Brahmagupta's case, the disagreements stemmed largely
from the choice of astronomical parameters and theories.[5] Critiques of rival theories appear
throughout the first ten astronomical chapters and the eleventh chapter is entirely devoted to criticism
of these theories, although no criticisms appear in the twelfth and eighteenth chapters.[5]
[5]

Astronomy[edit]
It was through the Brahmasphuasiddhana that the Arabs learned of Indian astronomy.[24] Edward
Saxhau stated that "Brahmagupta, it was he who taught Arabs astronomy".[25]The
famous Abbasid caliph Al-Mansur (712775) founded Baghdad, which is situated on the banks of
the Tigris, and made it a center of learning. The caliph invited a scholar ofUjjain, by the name of
Kankah, in 770 CE. Kankah used the Brahmasphuasiddhana to explain the Hindu system of
arithmetic astronomy. Muhammad al-Fazari translated Brahmugupta's work into Arabic upon the
request of the caliph.
In chapter seven of his Brahmasphuasiddhana, entitled Lunar Crescen, Brahmagupta rebuts the idea
that the Moon is farther from the Earth than the Sun, an idea which is maintained in scriptures. He
does this by explaining the illumination of the Moon by the Sun.[26]
7.1. If the moon were above the sun, how would the power of waxing and waning, etc., be produced
from calculation of the [longitude of the] moon? the near half [would be] always bright.
7.2. In the same way that the half seen by the sun of a pot standing in sunlight is bright, and the
unseen half dark, so is [the illumination] of the moon [if it is] beneath the sun.
7.3. The brightness is increased in the direction of the sun. At the end of a bright [i.e. waxing] halfmonth, the near half is bright and the far half dark. Hence, the elevation of the horns [of the crescent
can be derived] from calculation. [...][27]
He explains that since the Moon is closer to the Earth than the Sun, the degree of the illuminated part
of the Moon depends on the relative positions of the Sun and the Moon, and this can be computed
from the size of the angle between the two bodies.[26]
Some of the important contributions made by Brahmagupta in astronomy are: methods for calculating
the position of heavenly bodies over time (ephemerides), their rising and setting, conjunctions, and
the calculation of solar and lunar eclipses.[28]
Satyendra Nath Bose, FRS[1] (Begali: Shoeroah Bosh, IPA: [ottedt roatt bou]; 1 Jauary
1894 4 February 1974) was a Idia Begali physicis specialisig i mahemaical physics. He is bes kow for
his work o quaum mechaics i he early 1920s, providig he foudaio for BoseEisei saisics ad he
heory of he BoseEisei codesae. A Fellow of he Royal Sociey, he was awarded Idia's secod highes
civilia award, he Padma Vibhusha i 1954 by he Goverme of Idia.[3][4][5]
The class of paricles ha obey BoseEisei saisics, bosos, was amed afer Bose by Paul Dirac.[6][7]
A self-augh scholar ad a polyglo, he had a wide rage of ieress i varied fields icludig physics, mahemaics,
chemisry, biology, mieralogy, philosophy, ars, lieraure, ad music. He served o may research ad developme
commiees i idepede Idia.[8]
Early life[edi]
Bose was bor i Calcua (ow Kolkaa), Idia, he eldes of seve childre. He was he oly so, wih six sisers
afer him. His acesral home was i village Bara Jagulia, i he disric of Nadia, i he sae of Wes Begal. His
schoolig bega a he age of five, ear his home. Whe his family moved o Goabaga, he was admied o he New
Idia School. I he fial year of school, he was admied o he Hidu School. He passed his erace examiaio
(mariculaio) i 1909 ad sood fifh i he order of meri. He ex joied he iermediae sciece course a
he Presidecy College, Calcua, where he was augh by illusrious eachers such as Jagadish Chadra Bose,
Sarada Prasaa Das, ad Prafulla Chadra Ray. Nama Sharma ad Meghad Saha, from Dacca (Dhaka), joied
he same college wo years laer. P C Mahalaobis ad Sisir Kumar Mira were few years seior o Bose. Sayedra
Nah Bose chose mixed (applied) mahemaics for his BSc ad passed he examiaios sadig firs i 1913 ad
agai sood firs i he MSc mixed mahemaics exam i 1915. I is said ha his marks i he MSc examiaio
creaed a ew record i he aals of he Uiversiy of Calcua, which is ye o be surpassed. [9]
Afer compleig his MSc, Bose joied he Uiversiy of Calcua as a research scholar i 1916 ad sared his sudies
i he heory of relaiviy. I was a exciig era i he hisory of scieific progress. Quaum heory had jus appeared
o he horizo ad impora resuls had sared pourig i. [9]

His faher, Suredraah Bose, worked i he Egieerig Deparme of he Eas Idia Railway Compay.
Sayedra Nah Bose married Ushabai Ghosh a he age of 20. [2][10] They had ie childre. Two of hem died i heir
early childhood. Whe he died i 1974, he lef behid his wife, wo sos, ad five daughers. [9]
As a polyglo, he was well versed i several laguages such as Begali, Eglish, Frech, Germa ad Saskri as
well as he poery of Lord Teyso, Rabidraah Tagore ad Kalidasa. He could also play he esraj, a musical
isrume similar o a violi. He was acively ivolved i ruig igh schools ha came o be kow as he Workig
Me's Isiue.[5][11]
Bose aeded Hidu School i Calcua, ad laer aeded Presidecy College, also i Calcua, earig he highes
marks a each isiuio, while fellow sude ad fuure asrophysicis Meghad Saha came secod.[5] He came i
coac wih eachers such asJagadish Chadra Bose, Prafulla Chadra Ray ad Nama Sharma who provided
ispiraio o aim high i life. From 1916 o 1921, he was a lecurer i he physics deparme of he Uiversiy of
Calcua. Alog wih Saha, Bose prepared he firs book i Eglish based o Germa ad Frech raslaios of
origial papers o Eisei's special ad geeral relaiviy i 1919. I 1921, he joied as Reader of he deparme of
Physics of he recely fouded Uiversiy of Dhaka (i prese-day Bagladesh). Bose se up whole ew
deparmes, icludig laboraories, o each advaced courses for MSc ad BSc hoours ad
augh hermodyamics as well as James Clerk Maxwell'sheory of elecromageism.[12]
Sayedra Nah Bose, alog wih Saha, preseed several papers i heoreical physics ad pure mahemaics from
1918 owards. I 1924, while workig as a Reader (Professor wihou a chair) a he Physics Deparme of
he Uiversiy of Dhaka, Bose wroe a paper derivig Plack's quaum radiaio law wihou ay referece
o classical physics by usig a ovel way of couig saes wih ideical paricles. This paper was semial i creaig
he very impora field of quaum saisics. Though o acceped a oce for publicaio, he se he aricle direcly
o Alber Eisei i Germay. Eisei, recogisig he imporace of he paper, raslaed i io Germa himself ad
submied i o Bose's behalf o he presigious Zeischrif fr Physik. As a resul of his recogiio, Bose was able o
work for wo years i Europea X-ray ad crysallography laboraories, durig which he worked wih Louis de
Broglie, Marie Curie, ad Eisei.
Afer his say i Europe, Bose reured o Dhaka i 1926. He did o have a docorae, ad so ordiarily, uder he
prevailig regulaios, he would o be qualified for he pos of Professor he applied for, bu Eisei recommeded
him. He was he made Head of he Deparme of Physics a Dhaka Uiversiy. He coiued guidig ad eachig
a Dhaka Uiversiy. Bose desiged equipme himself for a X-ray crysallography laboraory. He se up laboraories
ad libraries o make he deparme a ceer of research i X-ray specroscopy, X-ray diffracio, mageic properies
of maer, opical specroscopy, wireless, ad uified field heories. He also published a equaio of sae for real
gases wih Meghad Saha. He was also he Dea of he Faculy of Sciece a Dhaka Uiversiy uil 1945. Whe he
pariio of Idia became immie, he reured o Calcua ad augh here uil 1956. He isised every sude o
desig his ow equipme usig local maerials ad local echicias. He was made professor emerius o his
reireme.[13][16][5] He he became Vice-Chacellor of Visva-Bharai Uiversiy i Shai Nikea. He reured o he
Uiversiy of Calcua o coiue research i uclear physics ad complee earlier works i orgaic chemisry. I
subseque years, he worked i applied research such as exracio of helium i ho sprigs of Bakreshwar.[17]
Apar from physics, he did some research i bioechology ad lieraure (Begali ad Eglish). He made deep
sudies i chemisry, geology, zoology, ahropology, egieerig ad oher scieces. Beig Begali, he devoed a lo
of ime o promoig Begali as a eachig laguage, raslaig scieific papers io i, ad promoig he
developme of he regio.[14][18][4]