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on
Shipboard Wireless LAN Systems
November 2009
Introduction
Introduction
Demands for reductions in crew members and greater sophistication of equipment
fitted onboard ship started from the eighties, at which time shipboard LAN systems
began to be proposed for safe operation of ships. At that time, voyage data and
machinery data were collected and integrated, and these data were made usable from
control spaces and accommodation spaces. In recent years, the requirement for
shipboard LAN systems has been growing with the use of network systems between
ship and shore as a result increased use of satellite communications equipment
(IMMARSAT) and temperature monitoring of reefer containers, in addition to the
functions mentioned above. The diffusion of shipboard LAN systems has been
progressing, especially as more sophisticated systemization of operations has become
required in research ships and special purpose/survey ships.
The basis of the shipboard LAN systems mentioned above is the wired LAN.
Diffusion of wireless LAN systems onboard ships lags in comparison with wireless
LAN systems used on shore.
The reasons are as follows:
1. Radio wave propagation characteristics are difficult to predict onboard ship
because of the enclosure of all spaces by steel plates.
2. Interaction, interference and other hindrances to wave characteristics observed
on shore may also occur onboard ship.
3. Risks associated with eavesdropping and other security concerns exist.
4. Restrictions on the use of radio waves in various countries are not always clear
nor consistent.
However, many commercial products such as wireless IP phones, wireless cameras
and wireless personal computers are already available on the market. If
standardization of wireless LAN construction and infrastructure are established,
wiring between equipment will not be necessary, and systems using wireless LAN
terminals can be easily installed and gain widespread use very quickly.
Considering applications to ships, the adoption of wireless LAN systems is likely
to result in reduced man-hours originally required for laying electric wiring for
shipbuilders. For shipowners too, advantages are many in respect of replacement of
equipment, future expandability (scalability), and greater compatibility with varied
applications. As is the case on shore, the intention to make use of the convenience
afforded by wireless LAN systems on ships is gradually gaining ground.
Introduction
In the light of this background, systems with high expandability using wireless
LAN have been proposed in recent years.
On the other hand, rules for wireless LAN systems do not exist in IACS nor in the
existing Rules for the Survey and Construction of Steel Ships (hereafter referred to as
the Rules) of ClassNK. To respond to the wishes of shipowners and shipbuilders
considering the installation of wireless LAN systems onboard ships, and to establish
basic design and system requirements for classification so that the relevant systems
can be provided more consistently and effectively onboard ships, ClassNK has
prepared these Guidelines on the Installation of Shipboard Wireless LAN Systems
as a general guidance for installing wireless LAN systems onboard ships.
The authors would consider themselves honored if these guidelines prove to be a valuable
reference for the provision of wireless LAN systems onboard ships and contribute to concerned
personnel.
Preface
Preface
These guidelines have been prepared as a reference for wireless LAN systems to be fitted
onboard ships. A summary of the guidelines is given below.
In section 1, the advantages and disadvantages of wireless LAN is explained in comparison to
wired LAN systems from a technical viewpoint.
In section 2, wireless LAN systems to which the guidelines apply are defined.
As ClassNK does not have experience in dealing with ships fitted with shipboard wireless LAN
systems, these guidelines are to apply to communications and installations to which class
requirements do not apply. When reliability of wireless LAN equipment and systems becomes fully
verified in the future, the guidelines will apply to communications and equipment which are
designated as important use in the Rules at the next step. The guidelines will be a base for
regularization of Classification Rules in that case.
In section 3, a brief explanation is given about the main terms appearing in the guidelines.
Explanation on other terms of wireless LAN systems are given in the glossary of terms at the end of
the guidelines.
In section 4, rules and standards are introduced to assist equipment manufacturers and designers
at shipyards. It is expected that requirements of a ships flag state and those of the country to which
the ship calls will not necessarily be the same. Frequency bands, communication systems, antenna
power, etc. deemed acceptable for use today are listed in table form. Frequencies and outputs
assigned in foreign countries are also given for future use of foreign made products.
It is recommended that ships that are likely to call in Japanese ports should comply with
Japanese specifications, in principle. This will likely ensure compatibility in foreign ports also.
In section 5, requirements for wireless LAN equipment are described. The main points of these
requirements are those for EMC and vibration. Attention must be paid to those points when
equipment made for shore use is installed onboard ships. In this section, it is also explained that
requirements for equipment described in this section comply with the minimum requirements of the
Classification Rules even if the requirements are those for equipment of un-important use.
In section 6, system configuration and connection issues are explained to help readers gain a
better understanding of basic concepts based on the matters mentioned above.
In section 7, operation tests to be carried out by shipbuilders during and after the installation of
LAN systems and equipment, as well as performance tests required by ClassNK, are described.
In section 8, maintenance is described with examples of network management for a system using
a control server.
In section 9, the Crew Safety Management Support System is introduced as an application
example of shipboard wireless LAN systems which was demonstrated at Sea Japan Tokyo 2008 and
the Imabari Maritime Fair in 2009.
Preface
A recent news article reported that a certain ocean-going passenger ship company had expanded
their shipboard services by commencing Internet connection service with the shipboard wireless
LAN system and mobile telephones onboard ship. In Japan, a system has been developed and
marketed, in which a shipboard surveillance robot with an infrared temperature sensor and a CCD
camera on a wireless LAN system transmits fire detection data to a wired LAN.
A crew member can call his or her family from any location onboard the ship by connecting a
wireless IP phone to his or her home via satellite. The Master can also easily find the location of
any crew member onboard the ship via this system. These features effectively improve the
seamens working environment.
In utilizing radio communications on wireless LAN systems, reliability of the communications
needs to be fully evaluated by applying it firstly to the communications between devices of
un-important use. On the basis of this evaluation, step-by-step introduction needs to be considered
regarding expanding applications of the communications to devices of important use in the future.
In utilizing wireless LAN systems for the communications between devices of important use, as
well as redundancies, such as the back-up arrangement of power supplies, should be taken into
account depending on the importance of the role of the wireless LAN system.
Application range is so wide that further use may be expected when systems for devices of
important use are developed.
A working group which studies shipboard wireless LAN systems has been set up in IACS. This
working group is tasked with the development of unified requirements for a system based on
IEEE802.11 with a schedule to make requirements for radio inter-communications between devices
after 2010.
The authors acknowledge with thanks the guidance received from various personnel concerning
wireless technical standards, technical terms, and wireless LAN model tests.
Preface
Table of Contents
1. What is LAN? ................................................................................................................... 1
2. Application ....................................................................................................................... 2
3. Explanation of terms......................................................................................................... 3
4. Standards and rules related to wireless LAN systems......................................................... 4
4.1 Wireless LAN standards .............................................................................................. 4
4.2 Japanese rules (technical standards) ............................................................................ 4
4.3 Certification system for technical regulations for compliance of radio equipment in
Japan................................................................................................................................ 7
4.4 Using wireless LAN equipment onboard Japanese flag ships ........................................ 7
4.5 Frequencies and outputs allowed in each country......................................................... 7
4.6 Restrictions on the use of radio waves in port............................................................... 8
4.7 Using wireless LAN equipment onboard ships of foreign flags...................................... 8
5. Requirements applicable to wireless LAN.......................................................................... 9
5.1 Requirements for specifications ................................................................................... 9
5.1.1 Frequency ............................................................................................................. 9
5.1.2 Wireless LAN access points and maximum output of wireless terminals................. 9
5.1.3 Security................................................................................................................. 9
5.2 Requirements of equipment ......................................................................................... 9
5.2.1 Electromagnetic compatibility of equipment (display of CE mark) ........................ 9
5.2.2 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of equipment on the bridge ......................... 9
5.2.3 Operating voltage.................................................................................................. 9
5.2.4 Vibration resistance............................................................................................... 9
5.2.5 Ambient temperature conditions............................................................................ 9
5.3 Requirements for installation....................................................................................... 9
5.3.1 Locations for installing equipment......................................................................... 9
5.3.2 Precautions during installation ............................................................................ 10
5.3.3 Measures against vibration.................................................................................. 10
5.3.4 Power source ....................................................................................................... 10
5.3.5 LAN cable outfitting procedures.......................................................................... 10
6. Basic system design of wireless LAN................................................................................ 11
6.1 Basic configuration.................................................................................................... 11
6.2 Design of wireless LAN systems ................................................................................. 13
6.3 Examples of connection of wireless LAN shipboard equipment .................................. 14
7. Procedures for onboard testing ....................................................................................... 15
8. Maintenance ................................................................................................................... 16
9. Advantages and application examples of wireless LAN systems ....................................... 17
9.1 Application examples of wireless LAN systems........................................................... 17
9.2 Examples of using wireless LAN systems.................................................................... 18
Appendix
App. - 1. Glossary of terms ............................................................................................... 23
1. What is LAN?
1. What is LAN?
Generally, LAN (Local Area Network) may be of two types: wired LAN constructed from twisted
pair cables, coaxial cables, optical fibers, etc., and wireless LAN constructed from wireless
connections using radio waves. LAN has developed onshore as a data communication network for
sharing and processing data by integrating personal computers and printers in specific areas such as
offices, research institutes, factories or universities.
Wireless LAN made its appearance in the early half of the nineties, and communication standards
for such systems were standardized globally in the latter half of the nineties. Since cables and wiring
are not required up to the terminal equipment in wireless LAN, it was initially used in offices and the
like where office layout needed to be changed frequently. After standardization of communication
standards, wireless LAN equipment has been installed in public areas such as train stations, airports
and hotels, as shown in Fig. 1, and the public Internet environment has developed rapidly, as well.
In this way, wireless LAN has spread rapidly on land in various fields; along with this spread, the
prices of peripheral equipment and terminals have dropped dramatically. This has also led to the
spread of such systems in ordinary households, too. Naturally, this kind of diffusion on land is likely
to happen in the shipping field, too.
Table 1 shows a comparison of the general advantages and disadvantages of wired and wireless
LAN systems.
Table 1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Wired and Wireless LAN Systems
Wired LAN
Wireless LAN
Advantages
Disadvantages
* No cables required.
* Multiple terminals can be connected and easily
increased.
* Since wiring is absent, terminals can be moved
easily.
* Place need not be selected; information can be
transmitted while on the move.
* Sometimes communications are not stable,
depending on the environment.
* Communication speed is low compared to wired
LAN.
* Greater considerations need to be given to security
aspects of wireless LAN.
* Settings specific to wireless connections need to be
made.
Fig. 1 Example of installation of public wireless LAN (in the premises of a Tokyo subway station).
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2. Application
2. Application
These guidelines give a general description of standards related to the specifications, design, and
installation of wireless LAN systems installed onboard ships.
These guidelines are applicable to communications other than those for important services
prescribed in the Classification Rules and those between navigational equipment.
For this reason, unless specifically indicated otherwise, classification requirements do not apply
to requirements described in these guidelines.
These guidelines do not impose any restrictions on the selection of hardware, materials, or
processes for specific items.
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3. Explanation of terms
3. Explanation of terms
The meanings of the terms used in these guidelines are explained in this section. Details of these
terms and other related technical terms are given in the glossary of terms in the Appendix of this
document.
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IEEE 802.11
1997
2 Mbps
IEEE 802.11b
October 1999
11 Mbps
Standard
Established in
Frequency band
Rated speed
October 1999
54 Mbps
5.47 to 5.725 GHz
IEEE 802.11g
IEEE 802.11n
June 2003
September 2009
54 Mbps
300 Mbps
* For the ordinance, please refer to the following URL on the Internet:
http://www.tele.soumu.go.jp/resource/e/equ/tech/orre.pdf
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Table 4.2 List of Main Technical Regulations of Low Power Data Communications Systems (as of October 2009)
Item
Technical standard
Frequency
Band
Channel
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,
8,9,10,11,12,13
One channel is regulated 14
Center frequency 2484
from 2412 MHz at
MHz
5-MHz interval for
center frequencies
One-way
communication, simplex
Communication
operation, half-duplex
method
operation or duplex
operation
(1) Orthogonal frequency
Modulation
division multiplex (OFDM)
method
*1
W52
W53
W56
100, 104, 108, 112, 116, 120, 124, 128, 132, 136,
140 (20 MHz system)
5500, 5520, 5540, 5560, 5580, 5600,
5620, 5640, 5660, 5680, 5700 MHz
102, 110, 118, 126, 134 (40MHz system)
55105550559056305670 MHz
One-way communication,
simplex operation system, One-way communication, simplex
half-duplex operation or operation system, half-duplex
duplex operation using
operation or duplex operation
spectrum spread system
Frequency
Tolerance
5010-
Permissible
Values for
Occupied
Bandwidth
83.5 MHz
*4
26 MHz or less
26 MHz or less
38 MHz(OFDM 40 MHz
system)
5010
-6
2010-
2010-
Same as W52
2010-
*3
20 MHz system:
DS method and OFDM method are 10 mW/MHz
or less, other methods are 10mW or less
40 MHz system:
OFDM method is 5mW/MHz or less
Tolerance for
2080
antenna power
2080
5050
2080
2080
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Gain of
transmitting
antenna
Equivalent
isotropic
No regulation
radiated power
(EIRP)
Diffusion
bandwidth
Diffusion rate,
Frequency
retention time
500 kHz
5
400 ms
Radar wave
detection (DFS)
Location where
Indoors and outdoors
used
No regulation
No regulation
No regulation
No regulation
500 kHz
10
400 ms
No regulation
No regulation
No regulation
No
Yes
Yes
Indoors only
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*2Direct spread (DS) method, frequency hopping (FH) method or DS+FH method or OFDM+FH method.
4.3 Certification system for technical regulations for compliance of radio equipment
in Japan *
The certification system for technical regulations based on the Radio Law of Japan is established
from the four methods (1) to (4) below.
(1) Technical Regulations Conformity Certification (Article 38.6 of the Radio Law)
(2) Construction Design Attestation (Article 38.24 of the Radio Law)
(3) Self-check of compliance to technical regulations (Article 38.33 of the Radio Law)
(4) Certification related to compliance assessment for registration in a foreign country (MRA
Law (*) Article 29) (*) Refer to glossary of terms
Equipment that has been certified to conform to technical regulations based on any of the
methods (1) to (4) above is affixed with the identification (technical regulation conformity mark)
shown in Fig. 4.1.
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10mW/MHz
US
Canada
Europe
China
IEEE802.
11b
5250 to
5350
5350 to 5470 to
5470
5725
10mW/MHz
10mW/MHz
(EIRP)
---
10mW/MHz
(EIRP)
---
-------
50mW/MHz
(EIRP)
---
----1W
-------
-------
-------
--200Mw
(EIRP)
--1W
(EIRP)
-----
-----
(Txout) -------
-----
-----
------2W
(EIRP)
500mW
(Txout)
---------
---------
---
---
4W
(EIRP)
----1W
(Txout)
-----
--------1W
(Txout)
--1W
(Txout)
1W
-----
(Txout)
100mW
(EIRP)
500/100 mW
---------
200mW
(EIRP)
---
200mW
(EIRP)
---
---------
--1W
(EIRP)
---
---------
---
---
---
---
---
---
-------------
-----
-----
50mW
(Txout)
250mW
(Txout)
--------1W
(Txout)
--------1W
(Txout)
--------1W
(Txout)
(EIRP
depending on
antenna gain)
Australia 100mW
(EIRP)
India
100mW
(Txout)
Russia
100mW
(Txout)
-----
* Notes
--- Not assigned
Empty column: To be assigned but not clear in terms of specific details.
-8-
5.1.2 Wireless LAN access points and maximum output of wireless terminals
The maximum output is to be 10mW/MHz. However, the maximum output is to be 50 mW/MHz
EIRP for IEEE802.11a of 5470~5725 MHz adopting DFS (Dynamic Frequency Selection) and TPC
(Transmitter Power Control) technologies.
5.1.3 Security
To avoid unauthorized connection by a third party or eavesdropping of wireless communications, the
use of security equivalent to WPA-PSK is recommended. WEP is not recommended since it has been
pointed out that it can be decoded within a short period of time.
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Control server
Access Point
LAN Cable
Network switch
IEEE802.11a/b/g
Wireless Terminals
Fig. 6.1 Example of the configuration of a typical wireless LAN system onboard ship.
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Fig. 6.2 shows an example of access points provided in a typical onboard LAN system.
-12-
If the access point has a repeater function for relaying data between wireless terminals, the system
can be configure as shown in Fig. 6.3.
Control server
Access point
Relay by repeater function
Network switch
LAN cable
IEEE802.11a/b/g
Wireless terminal
LAN cable
-13-
Navigation
equipment
Monitoring
system
-14-
(2) Example of data communication test of wireless personal computer and wireless camera.
Fig. 7.1 Examples of onboard testing of wireless LAN equipment.
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8. Maintenance
8. Maintenance
The maintenance of a shipboard wireless LAN system is to be carried out in accordance with the
instruction manual of the manufacturer for each component of the system.
Introduction of a network management system to the control server will make it possible to
always monitor the operation of equipment and contribute to maintaining and effectively managing
the operational quality of a shipboard wireless LAN system and to realize stable operation of the
system.
Fig. 8.1 shows an example of the network management system screen which displays the
operational status of a connected access point, event log, etc.
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Monitor
Surveillance camera
Coaxial cable
Control
panel
Monitor
AC power
LAN cable
Network switch
Access point
IEEE802.11a/b/g
Fig. 9.1.(2) Example of configuration of a wireless LAN engine room monitoring system.
-17-
Surveillance cameras may also be used as a security measure against suspicious persons in
addition to their use of monitoring the engine room. In installing a surveillance camera to guard
against suspicious persons, the cameras are to be installed at the locations specified in the ships
security standards. Such locations are generally in the vicinity of the boarding gangway and the
mooring deck.
Adoption of a wireless LAN based surveillance system as a measure against suspicious persons
makes it easy for ships in service to install a surveillance system. Furthermore, it is efficient in terms
of additional installation or relocation of surveillance cameras related to the future review of security
standards.
When wireless communications between the ship and the port office at the port of call becomes
available, the video images on the surveillance camera onboard the ship can be monitored by the
port office. This feature can also contribute to the implementation of a highly sophisticated port
security system.
Wireless IP phone
Crew
LAN cable
Access point
Position detecting screen
Network switch
Mgmt server
Satellite
Ships earth
station.
Shore office
Wireless Tag
Crew
Wireless IP phone
Interface
Ship safety surveillance. info
Surv. camera
GPS/DGPS
Other surveillance
BNWAS is required to issue an alarm outside the bridge at locations such as the Masters, back-up
officers and other crew members locations. A control unit is provided in the bridge and buzzers as
well as buzzers with switches are provided at alarm locations. For this reason, signal lines must be
wired from the control panel in the bridge to the buzzers at each of the alarm locations, as shown in Fig.
9.4(1).
BNWAS is mandatory on existing ships. In addition to the cost of equipment, considerable cost will
be necessary for wiring work. On the other hand, if wireless LAN BNWAS becomes available, wiring
work from the bridge to each of the alarm locations becomes unnecessary by installing access points
and alarm units at each of the alarm locations shown as Fig. 9.4(2).
Furthermore, in ships where a shipboard wireless LAN system is already provided, only wiring
between the control panel and already-installed network switches is required to configure BNWAS.
Up to here, the advantages of adopting a wireless LAN system and its application examples have
been explained. With a wireless LAN system fitted onboard a ship, the ship can flexibly correspond
to expansion in installations such as convenient wireless IP telephones, surveillance cameras for use
in security measures, and mandatory installations such as BNWAS required by SOLAS regulations.
Owing to the easy expandability of the wireless LAN systems mentioned above, a number of
functions and information can be used in a wireless LAN system infrastructure, and various
applications and possibilities are expected after the introduction of such systems onboard ship in the
future.
-20-
Control unit
(bridge)
Marine cable
Buzzer
Buzzer
Buzzer with
switch
Buzzer with
switch
Control unit
(bridge)
LAN cable
Network switch
Alarm unit
AC power
AC power
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References
References
(1) International Telecommunication Union Radio Regulations and its Appendix, Denki Tsushin
Shinkokai, March 1999.
(2) Radio Law Statutes, Denki Tsushin Shinkokai, December 2008.
(3) "802.11 High speed wireless LAN textbook, Editors: Hideaki Matsue, Masahiro Morikura;
Published by: Showa Mitsuhashi, Publisher: IDG Japan; IDG Information Communication
Series, 29 March 2003.
(4) Crew Safety Management System by introducing shipboard wireless LAN", MITSUBISHI
HEAVY INDUSTRIES, LTD., FURUNO ELECTRIC CO., LTD., FURUNO SYSTEMS, SEA
JAPAN data, April 2008.
(5) The Japan Maritime Daily, POA that enables mobile phone use, 5 November 2008.
(6) Kaiji Press Co., Ltd.., Development of the worlds first autonomous surveillance robot for fire
detection, 3 April 2008.
(7) Ship Safety Management Support System, MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIES, LTD.
FURUNO ELECTRIC CO., LTD., FURUNO SYSTEMS, Imabari Maritime Fair data, May
2009.
(8) Rules for the Survey and Construction of Steel Ships and NK Guidance, Part H Electrical
Installations, NIPPON KAIJI KYOKAI, 2009 edition.
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Appendix
Appendix
App. - 1. Glossary of terms
Bluetooth
A wireless communication technology used to communicate over a distance of a few meters; uses
radio waves in the 2.4 GHz band. The maximum transmission speed is 3 Mbps. Small-scale wireless
networks can be easily formed; therefore, this technology is used in wireless hands-free mobile
phones for connecting wireless headset, wireless headphones for music players, wireless mice for PC
and so on.
IEEE 802.11
IEEE stand for the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, the worlds largest association
of electrical and electronic engineers in the USA. This association has a committee named 802. The
working group (WG) 11 under the umbrella of this committee, develop standardization of wireless
LAN. IEEE 802.11 is the first wireless LAN standard established by the IEEE. The medium access
control (MAC) layer protocol that controls communications and the physical layer protocol that
handles data transmission and wireless frequency bands, were mainly established.
IEEE802.11a
A wireless communication technology used to communicate over a distance of tens of meters;
uses radio waves in the 5 GHz band. The maximum transmission speed is 54 Mbps. It is mainly used
in notebook computers that can use wireless LAN, and it contributes to improving user-friendliness
such as facilitating mobility through wireless network connections. Limitation of usable bands and
prohibition in use outdoors are set in some countries to prevent interference with existing radio
systems. In Japan, the usable bands are 5.15 - 5.25 GHz (W52), 5.25 - 5.35 GHz (W53) and 5.47 5.725 GHz (W56), and only W56 can be used outdoors. In W53 and W56, radio transmission stops
and the transmission channel is changed to prevent interference when radio waves from
meteorological radar exist. 5 GHz radio waves, due to their higher frequency than 2.4 GHz, have a
narrower service area and are in comparison susceptible to interference from obstacles.
IEEE802.11b
A wireless communication technology used to communicate over a distance of tens of meters; uses
radio waves in the 2.4 GHz band. The maximum transmission speed is 11 Mbps. It has a wider
coverage area and is less susceptible to obstacles compared with 5 GHz. However, it is susceptible to
interference and noise from microwave ovens and medical equipment nearby.
IEEE802.11g
A wireless communication technology used to communicate over a distance of tens of meters;
uses radio waves in the 2.4 GHz band. The maximum transmission speed is 54 Mbps. Mainly
installed in notebook computers that use wireless LAN. It is also used in wireless IP phones and
wireless surveillance cameras. Since it uses the 2.4 GHz band, it has the same disadvantages as
802.11b.
IEEE802.11n
Next-generation wireless LAN specifications that increase the transmission speed to above
100 Mbps through a technology that uses multiple radio frequencies simultaneously called Multiple
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Appendix
WPA2-PSK
A method to encrypt wireless transmission data so as to prevent eavesdropping. Security is further
enhanced by use of a stronger encryption system than that used in WPA-PSK.
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Appendix
Switching hub
In a normal hub, data selection and pickup is by each terminal but in a switching hub, the
data sent from the terminal is analyzed, destination is detected and data is sent only to that
destination. For this reason, network load is reduced and security is enhanced.
Direct spread (DS) system
A system of the spectrum spread modulation systems. The modulated signals are directly
multiplied by spread code to spread the transmitted frequency bandwidth.
Network switch
Also called a switching hub. Refer to switching hub.
Hot spot
Public locations outside homes and offices, such as railway stations and airports, where Internet
connection services are available. They contribute to improve convenience in accessibility to E-mail
and Web-sites in the field.
Wireless IP phone
IP phone or VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) phone is a telephone system which uses a
transmission technology to transmit voice signals on an IP network after converting the signals into
packets with compression and digital coding method. When combined with wireless LAN
technology, they are called as Wireless VoIP phones or WVoIP phones.
Access point
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Appendix
A relaying device which connects wireless LAN equipment such as wireless LAN enabled
notebook PCs and wireless IP phones to wired LAN, and exchanges data between wireless LAN
equipment and wired LAN. Some access points support router functions. A wireless LAN service
area is established with an access point as a center. An access point is often abbreviated as AP.
With a PoE compatible access point, electrical power can be supplied through a LAN cable, then
power source wiring work to the access point becomes unnecessary.
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