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ABRASION INDEX

The grinding circuit is the largest capital investment of your processing plant.
Depending on the grindability of your orebody, abrasion will cause a certain
amount of deterioration to the steel media and liners in your circuit. The
Abrasion test will allow you to quantify this and design accordingly.
The Bond Abrasion Test determines the Abrasion Index, which is used to
determine steel media and liner wear in crushers, rod mills, and ball mills.
Bond developed the following correlations based on the wear rate in pounds
of metal wear/kWh of energy used in the comminution process.
Rods

lb/kWh

= 0.35(Ai 0.020)0.2

Liners

lb/kWh

= 0.035(Ai 0.015)0.3

Balls

lb/kWh

= 0.35(Ai 0.015)0.33

Liners

lb/kWh

= 0.026(Ai 0.015)0.3

Balls

lb/kWh

= 0.05Ai0.5

Liners

lb/kWh

= 0.005Ai0.5

Crushers
(gyratory, jaw, cone)

Liners

lb/kWh

= (Ai + 0.22)/11

Roll crushers

Roll shell

lb/kWh

= (0.1Ai)0.667

Wet rod mill


Wet ball mill
Dry ball mill

The abrasion test was developed by Allis-Chalmers* using a method and


apparatus used by the Pennsylvania Crusher Division of Bath Iron Works
Corp. The equipment consists of a rotating drum into which dry ore samples
are placed, with an impact paddle mounted on a centre shaft rotating at a
higher speed than the drum. The paddle is made from standard alloy steel
hardened to 500 Brinell. The Abrasion Index is determined from the weight
loss of the paddle under standard operating conditions.
SGS's results are ranked against our AR MacPherson database so they can
be compared against other ores.
Feed Sample Requirements:1.6 kg of minus 34 plus 12 ore. This can
normally be obtained by taking 5 kg of ore crushed to minus 34 and
screening at 12.
SGS's team of experienced engineers will conduct the Abrasion Test in
combination with other bench-scale tests and circuit simulation. The use of
many methodologies provides you with a bankable solution that is unmatched
in its rigor.

FREE SWELLING INDEX


To determine the free swell index of soil as per IS: 2720 (Part XL)
1977. Free swell or differential free swell, also termed as free swell
index, is the increase in volume of soil without any external
constraint when subjected to submergence in water. The apparatus
used :
i) IS Sieve of size 425m
ii) Oven
iii) Balance, with an accuracy of 0.01g
iv) Graduated glass cylinder- 2 nos., each of 100ml capacity
strong>Procedure to determine Free Swell Index Of Soili) Take two
specimens of 10g each of pulverised soil passing through 425m IS
Sieve and oven-dry.
ii) Pour each soil specimen into a graduated glass cylinder of 100ml
capacity.
iii) Pour distilled water in one and kerosene oil in the other cylinder
upto 100ml mark.
iv) Remove entrapped air by gently shaking or stirring with a glass
rod.
v) Allow the suspension to attain the state of equilibrium (for not
less than 24hours).
vi) Final volume of soil in each of the cylinder should be read out.
REPORTING OF RESULTSFree swell index = [V d Vk] / Vk x 100%
where,Vd = volume of soil specimen read from the graduated
cylinder containing distilled water.V k = volume of soil specimen read
from the graduated cylinder containing kerosene.

Free
Swell

Degree of

LL

PL

SL

Index

expansiven
ess

<20

Low

0.50

035%

>17
%

20-35

Moderate

4060%

2550%

818%

35-50

High

5075%

3565%

612%

>50

Very high

>60% >45% <10


%

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