-1Design Steps

1- Design floor slabs. Number slabs as S101, S102 etc. For joist floors use J101, J102 etc. Balcony will be designed as cantilever slab.
2- Calculate dead and live loads of all beams in the first floor. Number the beams as B101, B102 etc. At this step select the heights of the
beams. Loads:
a) Loads transfered from the slabs(dead and live loads)
b) Self-weights of the beams (dead load)
c) Wall loads if a wall is existing on the beam (dead load).
Expres the loads as uniformly distributed loads.
3- Determine the dead and live loads acting on the columns by using tributory area method. First determine the loads of the top floor column.
For the column just below, loads are determined by the same method but upper column loads are added to them. Before starting this step
select the dimensions of the columns.Self-weights of the columns should be addded to the dead load. The areas of column sections ( Ac )
can not be less than 750 cm2 . However other limit according eartquake is as follows: Ac (1.4 Nd +1.6 NL) / 0.5 fck
4- Determine the earthquake loads (Equivalent static loads). For this purpose make cuts at the midheights of the floors.( See the 2 story heigh
building sample below)

Second floor

W2 = Wd2 + n*WL2

a/2

First floor

Level 2

a/2 + b/2

W1 = Wd1 + n*WL1

Level 1

Calculate total dead and total live loads in each floor. For example Wd2 is the total dead load of second floor. Wd2 includes weights of floor,
beams, walls and columns over the LEVEL 2. WL2 is the total live load on second floor. Wd1 and WL1 are total dead and live loads of first
floor (floor, beams, walls and columns) which are between Level 1 and Level 2. Turkish earthquake regulations allows a reduction in live
loads. n is this reduction factor. For example n = 0.3 for residences. Thus weight of second floor is calculeted as W 2 = Wd2 + 0.3* WL2 and
similarly weight of first floor is W1 = Wd1 + 0.3* WL1.
Total weight of the building which will be used in earthquake calculations is found as W = W1 + W2
In this project, equivalent statical forces will be used for earthquake analysis.Equivalent statical forces are assumed acting at the levels of
floors ( F2 and F1 ) . First, reaction force which developes at the base of the building is determined. This force ( Vt ) is known as Base Shear
Force .

F2
F1

H2
H1

Vt = W*A(T1) / Ra(T1)
Vt = F1 + F2

Vt

In the equation above A(T1) is spectral acceleration coefficient. T1 is the period of the building in the first mode of vibration. Ra(T1) is
reduction factor of earthquake force corresponding to T1 . A(T1) is calculated as follows:
A(T1) = A0*I*S(T1)
A0 : The ratio of earthquake acceleration to ground aceleration(g). In Turkey there are 4 seismic zones. The following A0 values are suggested
for these zones:
Seismic zone
A0
1
0.4
2
0.3
3
0.2
4
0.1
I : Importance coefficient for the building. In this project I = 1 will be used.
S(T1) : Spektrum coefficient. It is effected by soil conditions and T1. In this project use S(T1) = 2.5
Vt should be equal or greater than 0.10*A0*I*W Ra(T1) is selected according to the kind of material and ductility. For this project assume
the material cast-in-place concrete and level of ductility is normal. Therefore use R a(T1) = 4.
Now determine F2 and F1 which are assumed the total earthquake forces acting on the whole building as follows :

-2-

F2
F2 = (W2*H2)*Vt / (W1*H1 + W2*H2 )

H2

F1

H1
Vt

F1 = (W1*H1)*Vt / (W1*H1 + W2*H2 )

That is Fi = Wi*Hi*Vt/(Wi*Hi )

H1 and H2 (in general Hi ) are measured from the footing level.

5 Structural analysis of B-B frame for vertical loads. Use Cross (moment distribution) method. An aproximate way of analysis can be done
as follows: Frame is parted into story frames as shown in the figure below and each story frame is analysed seperately.

Second floor

First floor

In this project analyse only first floor frame.In such a frame for determining the maximum moments and shear forces the following load
cases are necessary and sufficient:
a- There are only dead loads in both of the spans.
b- There is live load in only first span. There is no load in the second span.
c- There is live load in only second span. There is no load in the first span.
d- There are only live loads in both of the spans.
These loads are unfactored loads. For Case d results of b and c are added. Any seperate anlysis is not necessary.
6- Analysis of frame for earthquake forces. This analysis can be done on whole frame. In step 4 determination of F 2 and F1 was explained.
These forces are shared by the frames which are in earthquake direction. There are several methods for analysing frames subjected to
horizontal loads. In this project Portal method may be used. It is obvious that horizontal loads are balanced by the shear forces developed in
the columns. Portal method is based on the folloing assumptions:
a- Shear forces of internal columns are equal to two times of the shear forces in the external columns.Number of internal and external
columns depends on the direction of the erthquake motion.
b-Both in columns and beams inflexion points are at the middle of the element.
This second assumption makes calculation of bending moments extrimly easy.
In the project there 12 columns in each floor. In erthquake direction(u direction) 4 of them are internal, 8 of them are external columns. If T 2
is the shear force of the external columns in the second floor, the sum of the total shear forces in second floor is 8T 2 + 4*(2*T2) = 16T2 .
8That is 16T2 is balancing F2 . F2 = 16T2 thus T2 = F2 /16
In B-B frame there are 1 internal and 2 external columns. Therefore total shear forces in the second floor columns is 4T 2. This must be equal
to the earthquake force F2,B-B shared by B-B frame at the second floor level.
F2,B-B = 4T2 = 4(F2 / 16) = (4/16)F2= F2/4.
If T1 is the shear force of the external columns in the first floor 16T 1 = F2 + F1 and T1 = (F2 + F1)/16
If F1,B-B is the earthquake force shared by B-B frame at the first floor level, F1,B-B + F2,B-B = 4T1 = (4/16) F2 + (4/16) F1 = F2, B-B + (4/16) F1
Result is F1,B-B = (4/16) F1= F1/4
Due to symmetry same results can be obtained directly.
Since inflexion points of columns and beams are at the middle of the members, bending moments at the ends can easily be calculated.
7- Determine design moments and design shear forces. These are determined at the critical sections as maximums of (+) and (-) values.
Critical sections for bending moments in the beams are the support and middle sections. In columns top and bottom sections are critical

-3-

sections. In the beams critical sections for shear forces are support sections. (See the figure below)

34

11

10

12
Table for beams

Section
1
2
3
4
5
6

Dead load

MOMENTS
Live load

Earthquake

Dead load

SHEAR FORCES
Live load

Earthquake

---------------

--------------

---------------

--------------

---------------

-------------

Not: 1- If dead load moment ( or shear force ) in a section is (+) , the maximum of live load moments (or shear forces ) in that section
shall be written in live load columns. In the case of (-) values , numerically maximum live load values will be written.
Design Moments
Section
1
2
3
4
5
6

1.4D+1.6L

D+L+E

D+L-E

0.9D+E

0.9D-E

Maximum Moment
+
-

0.9D-E

Maximum Shear Force

+
-

Design Shear Forces

Section
1
3
4
6

1.4D+1.6L

D+L+E

D+L-E

0.9D+E

8- Section design of beams:

a) Reinforcement for bending moments will be determined at critical sections taking maximum values of 5 loading combinations. At the
supports corrected support moments will be considered. If there are both (+) and (-) maximums in the section reinforcement will be
calculated for both of them seperately.
b) In shear design maximum shears will be calculated similarly. Use greater shear force obtained in the span. Design shear force is the one
calculated at the section d(effective height) away from the column face.
9- Design of columns
Use the table given below. In this Project B1, B2 and B3 columns which are bottom columns of B-B frame will be designed. B1 is the
column lying in 1-1 axis, B2 is the one lying in 2-2 axis and B3 is the one lying in 3-3 axis.
Table for Columns
Column
MB

Dead load
MT

ND

MB

Live load
MT

NL

MB

Earthquake
MT

NE

B1
B2
B3
In this table MB is the bottom moment, MT is the top moment in the column obtained in structural analysis. As live load moments , the ones
which increase the dead moments should be taken from the results of live loading cases and written in the table above. N D and NL are the
axial loads calculated by tributory area method. NE is axial force obtained in erthquake analysis.

-4DESIGN CASES
CASES
MB

COLUMN B1
MT

MB

COLUMN B2
MT

N
1.4D+1.6L
D+L+E
D+L-E
0.9D+E
0.9D-E
Normally all cases should considered but consider only vertical load and one of the erthquake cases (student can select any one of them) in
this project .Calculate steel ratio in each case. Greater of them will be used for the column.
10- Design of foundations
a) Student who will design single footings: Design single footings for only B1 and B2 columns. Bearing area of the footing shall be
established considering only unfactored vertical load combination : That is M=(MD+ML) and N= (ND+NL) This area will be checked by
using unfactored earthquake combinations. It will be increased if necessary. During these checks allawoble soil pressure may be increased
%50 . In design use M=1.4MD+1.6ML and N=1.4ND + 1.6NL combination.
b) Students who will design continuous footing: Flexible footing behaviour will be assumed. Moments at the ends of the columns will be
ignored. Bearing area will be established by unfactored vertical loads. Design will be done by strength method.
c) Students who will design deep foundation : Information will be given when necessary.
Notes:
Earthquake analysis in buildings is done in two principal axis. Therefore columns and footing are subjected to biaxial bending.
Twisting of building around vertical axis is also considered.
Wind load combinations should also be considered.
All these are neglected in this project. Besides, in general stairwells do not effect floor and overall calculations staircase design is not
included in this project.