CELL DIVISION

Chromatin
Cells collection of DNA and
associated proteins (histones)
Appearance changes as cell divides

DNA
DNA and proteins
arranged as cylindrical fiber

one nucleosome
histone

Chromosome
- supercoil or highly folded chromatin

duplicated
chromosome

chromatin

Sex chromosomes
- function in sex determination
XY, XX, ZZ, ZW
Autosome
- chromosome that is not a sex chromosome and that
appears as a homologous pair in a somatic cell.
- 22 pairs of autosomes (transmit all genetic traits
and conditions other than those that are sex-linked)
- Euchromosome
- chromosomes that are alike
- not involved in determining sex

Ploidy
- term referring to the number or sets of
chromosomes
a. Diploid
- 2 sets of chromosomes
- 2N
b. Haploid
- one set of chromosomes
-N

Polyploidy
- condition when animals have more than two sets of
chromosomes
- abnormal cell division
Cellular Reproduction:
- growth in multicellular organisms is chiefly by
multiplication of cells
- Cell division
a. Embryonic development
b. Growth
c. repair of tissue

Mitosis
functions
sister chromatids
cell cycle
Stages
cytokinesis

Figure 12.2 The functions of cell

division
100 m

(a) Reproduction. An amoeba,

a single-celled eukaryote, is
dividing into two cells. Each
new cell will be an individual
organism (LM).

200 m

20 m

(b) Growth and development.

(c) Tissue renewal. These dividing
This micrograph shows a
bone marrow cells (arrow) will
sand dollar embryo shortly after
give rise to new blood cells (LM).
the fertilized egg divided, forming
two cells (LM).

Cell division
an orderly sequence of events that extends from
the time a cell divides to form two daughter cells
to the time those daughter cells divide again

Cell division
Mitosis
somatic cells

Meiosis
gametes

1 cell cycle

2 cell cycles

2 daughter cells

4 daughter cell

Diploid

haploid

Cell cycle
- period from the cell is produced until it completes
a. mitosis (body cells)
b. meiosis (egg and sperm)
- consists of 2 major phases:
1. Interphase/Growth Phase resting phase
3 subphases:
a. G1
b. S
c. G2
2. M phase

The Cell Cycle

Growth Phase/
Interphase (Resting
Phase)
- longest
- 90% of cell cycle
M Phase
- 2 processes
1. division of nucleus
2. division of
cytoplasm

INTERPHASE

G1

S
(DNA synthesis)

G2

G1
- cells grow in size
S phase
- Growth continues
- DNA synthesis
chromatids
- copy of the chromosome produced by
replication
G2
- Cells continue to grow
- Protein synthesis
- assemble structures organelles, microtubules

Figure 12.4 Chromosome duplication and distribution

during cell division
Mitosis
functions
sister chromatids
cell cycle
Stages
cytokinesis

A eukaryotic cell has multiple

chromosomes, one of which is
represented here. Before
duplication, each chromosome
has a single DNA molecule.
Once duplicated, a chromosome
consists of two sister chromatids
connected at the centromere. Each
chromatid contains a copy of the
DNA molecule.

Mechanical processes separate

the sister chromatids into two
chromosomes and distribute
them to two daughter cells.

0.5 m

Chromosome
duplication
(including DNA
synthesis)
Centromere

Separation
of sister
chromatids

Centrometers

Sister
chromatids

Sister chromatids

Chromatid
- copy of the chromosome
produced by replication
Parts of a chromatid:
Centromere
- point of attachment between (2)
sister chromatids
Kinetochore
- plate-like trilaminar structure or
disc-like protein complex that
develops on each side of the
centromere

The duration of the cell cycle

phases varies considerably in
different kinds of cells. For a
typical rapidly proliferating
human cell with a total cycle
time of 24 hours, the G1
phase might last about 11
hours, S phase about 8 hours,
G2 about 4 hours, and M
about 1 hour.

2. M- Phase (Mitosis)
- process by which a eukaryotic cell divides
into two cells
2 steps:
1. karyokinesis nuclear division
2. cytokinesis cytoplasmic division
Phases:
a. Prophase - period of preparation
b. Metaphase period of separation
c. Anaphase period of migration
d. Telophase period of reconstruction

Interphase
Animal Cell

Plant Cell

Photographs from: h4p://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

Early Prophase
chromosomes become
visible
duplicated
chromosomes begin to
condense
centrioles radiate an
array of microtubules
called aster

Late Prophase
New microtubules are
assembled
One centriole pair is
moved toward
opposite pole of
spindle
Nuclear envelope
breaks up

 Spindle microtubules
become attached to the
two sister chromatids of
each chromosome

Metaphase
Sister chromatids are
lined up at the spindle
equator
Chromosomes are
maximally condensed
During Late metaphase
sister chromatids begin
to separate (period of
separation)

Anaphase
microtubules in the
mitotic spindle shorten
Sister chromatids of each
chromosome are pulled
apart
Once separated, each
chromatid is a full
pledged chromosome
(daughter chromosome)
each pole has an
identical complete set of
chromosomes

Early Telophase
begins once the daughter
chromosomes arrive at
the opposite poles
mitotic spindle
disassembles
nuclear envelope forms
around each set of
chromosomes

Late Telophase
cell begins to pinch
at the middle

Cytoplasmic Division
usually occurs late telophase
Cytoplasmic division occurs after nuclear division
Two mechanisms
Cleavage furrow (animals)
Cell plate formation (plants)

Results of Mitosis
Two daughter
nuclei
Each with same
chromosome
number as parent
cell

Mitosis
functions
sister chromatids
cell cycle
stages
cytokinesis

Figure 12.9 Cytokinesis in animal and plant cells

Vesicle = small membrane-lined
bag

Cleavage furrow

Contractile ring of
microfilaments

100 m

Vesicles
forming
cell plate

1 m
Wall of
patent cell Cell plate
New cell wall

Daughter cells

(a) Cleavage of an animal cell (SEM)

Daughter cells
(b) Cell plate formation in a plant cell (SEM)

Animal Cell Division

Cell Plate Formation

REMEMBER!

I nterphase
rophase
P
Metaphase
Anaphase

IPMATC

Telophase
Cytokinesis

I Pray More At The Church

Animal Mitosis -- Review

Interphase

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

Interphase