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Constitution of India

the draft Constitution, the Assembly moved, discussed


and disposed of as many as 2,473 amendments out of
a total of 7,635 tabled.[5] However Dr. Bhimrao Ramji
Ambedkar is regarded as the chief architect of the Indian
Constitution but it was also Constituent Assembly whose
under Dr Ambedkar and his team worked and drafted nal copy of Indian Constitution.

Jawaharlal Nehru signing the Constitution

The constitution of India imparts constitutional


supremacy and not parliamentary supremacy as it
is not created by the Parliament but created by a
constituent assembly and adopted by its people by
the declaration in the preamble to the constitution.[6]
Whereas the constitutional institutions such as Parliament, President, Judiciary, Executive, etc are created by
the constitution and not existing before the adoption of
constitution by the people of India. Parliament created
by the constitution has no right or privilege to override
the constitution in any form. The Constitution follows
parliamentary system of government and the executive is
directly accountable to the legislature. It states that there
shall be a President of India who is head of executive
under Articles 52 and 53. The Presidents duty is to
preserve, protect and defend the constitution and the
law under Article 60 of the Indian constitution. Article
74 also provides that there shall be a Prime Minister of
India as the head of union cabinet which would aid and
advice the President in performing his constitutional
duty.

The original text of the Preamble and artwork of Beohar Rammanohar Sinha, before the 42nd Amendment of the Constitution

The Constitution of India is the supreme law of India.


It is a living document, an instrument which makes the
government system work.[1] It lays down the framework
dening fundamental political principles, establishes the
structure, procedures, powers and duties of government
institutions and sets out fundamental rights, directive
principles and the duties of citizens. It is the longest[2]
written constitution of any sovereign country in the
world, containing 448[3][Note 1] articles in 25[Note 2] parts,
12[Note 3] schedules, 5 appendices and 98[Note 4] amendments (out of 120[4] Constitution Amendment Bills). Besides the English version, there is an ocial Hindi translation. The 389 member Constituent Assembly took almost three years (two years, eleven months and seventeen days to be precise) to complete its historic task of
drafting the Constitution for Independent India. During
this period, it held eleven sessions covering a total of 165
days. Of these, 114 days were spent on the consideration of the Draft Constitution. On 29 August 1947, the
Constituent Assembly set up a Drafting Committee under the Chairmanship of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar to prepare
a Draft Constitution for India. While deliberating upon

The Constitution of India is federal in nature but unitary


in spirit. The common features of a federation such
as written Constitution, supremacy of Constitution, rigidity of Constitution, two government, division of powers,
bicameralism and independent judiciary as well as unitary features like single Constitution, single citizenship, in1

PREVIOUS LEGISLATION USED AS SOURCES

tegrated judiciary, exible Constitution, a strong Centre,


appointment of state governor by the Centre, All-India
Services, Emergency Provisions etc can be seen in Indian
Constitution. This unique combination makes it QuasiFederal in form.[7] Each state and each Union territory
of India has its own government. Analogous to President and Prime Minister, each has a Governor (in case of
states) or Lieutenant Governor (in the case of Union territories) and a Chief Minister. The 73rd and 74th Amendment Act also introduced the system of Panchayati Raj in
rural areas and Municipality in urban areas. Also, Article
370 of the Constitution gives special status to the State of
Jammu and Kashmir.
The Constitution was adopted by the India Constituent
Assembly on 26 November 1949, and came into effect on 26 January 1950.[8] Articles 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 60,
324, 366, 367, 379, 380, 388, 391, 392, 393 and 394
came into force on 26 Nov 1949 and remaining articles on 26 Jan 1950.[9] The date of 26 January was chosen to commemorate the Purna Swaraj declaration of
independence of 1930. With its adoption, the Union
of India ocially became the modern and contemporary Republic of India and it replaced the Government
of India Act 1935 as the countrys fundamental governing document. To ensure constitutional autochthony,
the framers of constitution inserted Article 395 in the
constitution and by this Article, the Government of India Act 1935 and the Indian Independence Act, 1947
were repealed.[10] The Constitution declares India to be
a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic, assuring its citizens of justice, equality, and liberty, and
endeavors to promote fraternity among them.[11] The
words socialist and secular were added to the denition in 1976 by the 42nd constitutional amendment (mini
constitution).[12] India celebrates the adoption of the constitution on 26 January each year as Republic Day.[13]

Background

Main article: Indian independence movement


The major portion of the Indian subcontinent was under
British rule from 1857 to 1947. The impact of economic,
political and social development during this period helped
the gradual rise of the Indian independence movement to
gain independence from foreign rule. After the Indian
Rebellion of 1857, the direct rule of the British crown
was established. When the Constitution of India came
into force on 26 January 1950, it repealed the Indian Independence Act. India ceased to be a dominion of the
British Crown and became a sovereign democratic republic. 26 November 1949 is also known as National Law
Day. The Indian constitution is the worlds longest constitution. At the time of commencement, the constitution
had 395 articles in 22 parts and 8 schedules. It consists
of almost 80,000 words and took 2 years 11 months and
18 days to build.

Dr. Ambedkar is hailed as the prime architect of the Indian Constitution

In the United Kingdom the oce of the Secretary of State


for India was the authority through whom Parliament exercised its rule (along with the Council of India), and established the oce of Viceroy of India (along with an Executive Council in India, consisting of high ocials of the
British Government). The Indian Councils Act 1861 provided for a Legislative Council consisting of the members
of the Executive council and non-ocial members. The
Indian Councils Act 1892 established provincial legislatures and increased the powers of the Legislative Council.
Although these Acts increased the representation of Indians in the government, their power still remained limited.
The Indian Councils Act 1909 and the Government of India Act 1919 further expanded participation of Indians in
the government.[14]

2 Previous
sources

legislation

used

as

The Constitution of India is drawn from many sources.


Keeping in mind the needs and conditions of India
the framers of the Constitution of India borrowed
dierent features freely from previous legislation viz.
Government of India Act 1858, Indian Councils Act
1861, Indian Councils Act 1892, Indian Councils Act
1909, Government of India Act 1919, Government of India Act 1935 and the Indian Independence Act 1947. The
last legislation which led to the creation of the two independent nations of India and Pakistan provided for the

3
division of the erstwhile Constituent Assembly into two,
with each new assembly having sovereign powers transferred to it, to enable each to draft and enact a new constitution, for the separate states.

Benegal Narsing Rau (who became First Indian Judge


in International Court of Justice, 195054). Later B L
Mitter resigned and was replaced by Madhav Rao (Legal Advisor of Maharaja of Vadodara). Owing to death
of D P Khaitan, T T Krishnamachari was chosen to be
included in the drafting committee. A Draft Constitution was prepared by the committee and submitted to the
3 Constituent Assembly
Assembly on 4 November 1947. Draft constitution was
debated and over 2000 amendments were moved over a
Main article: Constituent Assembly of India
period of two years. Finally on 26 November 1949, the
process was completed and Constituent assembly adopted
The Constitution was drafted by the Constituent As- the constitution. 284 members signed the document and
[16]
sembly, which was elected by the elected members of the process of constitution making was complete.
[15]
the provincial assemblies. Dr B.R. Ambedkar, Sanjay The Assembly met in sessions open to the public, for 166
Phakey, Jawaharlal Nehru, C. Rajagopalachari, Rajendra days, spread over a period of 2 years, 11 months and 18
Prasad, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Kanaiyalal Munshi, days before adopting the Constitution, the 308 members
Purushottam Mavalankar, Sandipkumar Patel, Maulana of the Assembly signed two copies of the document (one
Abul Kalam Azad, Shyama Prasad Mukherjee, Nalini each in Hindi and English) on 24 January 1950. The origRanjan Ghosh, and Balwantrai Mehta were some impor- inal Constitution of India is hand-written with beautiful
tant gures in the Assembly. There were more than 30 calligraphy, each page beautied and decorated by artists
members of the scheduled classes. Frank Anthony repre- from Shantiniketan including Beohar Rammanohar Sinha
sented the Anglo-Indian community, and the Parsis were and Nandalal Bose. Two days later, on 26 January 1950,
represented by H. P. Modi. The Chairman of the Mi- the Constitution of India became the law of all the States
norities Committee was Harendra Coomar Mookerjee, and territories of India.[17] Rs.1,00,00,000 was ocial
a distinguished Christian who represented all Christians estimate of expenditure on constituent assembly. The
other than Anglo-Indians. Ari Bahadur Gururng repre- Constitution has undergone many amendments since its
sented the Gorkha Community. Prominent jurists like enactment.[18]
Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer, Benegal Narsing Rau and K.
M. Munshi, Ganesh Mavlankar were also members of
the Assembly. Sarojini Naidu, Hansa Mehta, Durgabai
Deshmukh, Rajkumari Amrit Kaur and Vijayalakshmi 4 Structure
Pandit were important women members.
form (September 2012),
The rst temporary 2-day president of the Constituent The Constitution, in its current
[Note 2]
consists
of
a
preamble,
25
parts containing 448
Assembly was Dr Sachchidananda Sinha.
Later, [Note 1]
[Note 3]
articles,
12
schedules,
5 appendices[19] and
Rajendra Prasad was elected president of the Constituent
the latest of which came into force on
Assembly.[15] The members of the Constituent Assembly 99 amendments,
[20]
13
April
2015.
[15]
met for the rst time on 9 December 1946.

3.1

Drafting

On the 14 August 1947 meeting of the Assembly, a proposal for forming various committees was presented.[15]
Such committees included a Committee on Fundamental Rights, the Union Powers Committee and Union Constitution Committee. On 29 August 1947, the Drafting Committee was appointed, with Dr B. R. Ambedkar
as the Chairman along with six other members assisted
by a constitutional advisor. These members were Pandit Govind Ballabh Pant, Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi
(K M Munshi, Ex- Home Minister, Bombay), Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer (Ex- Advocate General, Madras State),
N Gopalaswami Ayengar (Ex-Prime Minister, J&K and
later member of Nehru Cabinet), B L Mitter (ExAdvocate General, India), Md. Saadullah (Ex- Chief
Minister of Assam, Muslim League member) and D
P Khaitan (Scion of Khaitan Business family and a
renowned lawyer). The constitutional advisor was Sir

4.1 Parts
The individual Articles of the Constitution are grouped
together into the following Parts:

4.2 Schedules
Schedules are lists in the Constitution that categorize and
tabulate bureaucratic activity and policy of the Government.
First Schedule (Articles 1 and 4) - This lists the
states and territories of India, lists any changes to
their borders and the laws used to make that change.
Second Schedule (Articles 59(3), 65(3), 75(6), 97,
125, 148(3), 158(3), 164(5), 186 and 221)- This
lists the salaries of ocials holding public oce,

5
judges, and Comptroller and Auditor General of India.

AMENDMENT

5 Amendment

Main article: Amendment of the Constitution of India


Third Schedule (Articles 75(4), 99, 124(6),
See also: List of amendments of the Constitution of India
148(2), 164(3), 188 and 219)Forms of Oaths
This lists the oaths of oces for elected ocials and
The process of rewriting any part of the constitution is
judges.
called amendment. Amendments to the Constitution are
Fourth Schedule (Articles 4(1) and 80(2)) This made by the Parliament, the procedure for which is laid
details the allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha (the out in Article 368. An amendment bill must be passed by
upper house of Parliament) per State or Union Ter- both the Houses of the Parliament by a two-thirds majorritory.
ity and voting. In addition to this, certain amendments
which pertain to the federal nature of the Constitution
Fifth Schedule (Article 244(1)) This provides
must be ratied by a majority of state legislatures. Unlike
for the administration and control of Scheduled
the ordinary bills (with exception to money bills), there is
Areas[Note 5] and Scheduled Tribes[Note 6] (areas and
no provision for joint sitting of the two houses of the partribes needing special protection due to disadvantaliament to pass a constitutional amendment bill.
geous conditions).
As of September 2013 there have been 120 amendment
Sixth Schedule (Articles 244(2) and 275(1)) bills presented in the Parliament, out of which 98 have
Provisions made for the administration of tribal ar- been passed to become Amendment Acts.[32] Most of
eas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram.
these amendments address issues dealt with by statute in
other democracies. However, the Constitution is so spe Seventh Schedule (Article 246) The union (cen- cic in spelling out government powers that many of these
tral government), state, and concurrent lists of re- issues must be addressed by constitutional amendment.
sponsibilities.
As a result, the document is amended roughly twice a
Eighth Schedule (Articles 344(1) and 351)The year.
ocial languages.

In 2000 the National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution (NCRWC) was set up to look into
Ninth Schedule (Article 31-B) Validation of cer- updating the constitution.[33]
tain Acts and Regulations.[31]
Tenth Schedule (Articles 102(2) and 191(2))
5.1 Limitations
"Anti-defection provisions for Members of Parliament and Members of the State Legislatures.
Main article: Basic structure doctrine
Eleventh Schedule (Article 243-D) Panchayat
Raj (rural local government),
The Supreme Court has ruled in Kesavananda Bharati v.
State of Kerala case that not every constitutional amend Twelfth Schedule (Article 243-W) Municipalment is permissible, the amendment must respect the
ities (urban local government).
"basic structure" of the constitution, which is immutable.
This Doctrine of Basic Features of the Constitution lays
down that certain basic features of the Constitution can4.3 Appendices
not be abridged or deleted or repealed; what are the basic
Appendix IThe Constitution (Application to features has not been dened exhaustively anywhere and
whether a particular provision of the Constitution of InJammu and Kashmir) Order, 1954.
dia is a basic feature will be decided as and when an
[34]
Appendix II Re-statement, with reference to the issue is raised before the court in an individual case.
present text of the Constitution, of the exceptions In the Golak Nath v. State of Punjab case of 1967, the
and modications subject to which the Constitution Supreme Court ruled that the State of Punjab could not
applies to the State of Jammu and Kashmir.
restrict any of the Fundamental rights found in the basic
structure doctrine.[35] The Golak Nath family members
Appendix IIIExtracts from the Constitution
were landowners of approximately 500 acres of farmland,
(Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978.
but the State of Punjab insisted upon restricting the broth Appendix IVThe Constitution (Eighty-sixth ers to only 30 acres apiece under the Security and Land
Tenures Act.[35] Golak Nath then challenged this restricAmendment) Act, 2002.
tion stating that it denied their constitutional rights under
Appendix V The Constitution (Eighty-eighth Article 32. Land ownership and practice of profession,
Amendment) Act, 2003.
in this case, were argued to be fundamental rights pro-

5
tected by the basic structure doctrine enacted in 1953.[36]
The ruling of the Golak Nath v. State of Punjab case
was eventually overturned with the ratication of the 24th
Amendment in 1971.[36]

5.2

Inuence of Other Constitutions

5.3

Judicial review

Judicial review is adopted in the Constitution of India


from judicial review in the United States (see[40] ). In the
Indian constitution, Judicial review is dealt with under
Article 43. Judicial Review refers that the Constitution
is the supreme power of the nation and all laws are under
its supremacy. Article 43 states that:
1. All pre-constitutional laws, if in part or completely
in conict with the Constitution, shall have all
conicting provisions deemed ineective until an
amendment to the Constitution ends the conict. In
such situation the provision of that law will again
come into force, if it is compatible with the constitution as amended. This is called the Doctrine of
Eclipse.[41]
2. In a similar manner, laws made after adoption of the
Constitution by the Constituent Assembly must be
compatible with the constitution, otherwise the laws
and amendments will be deemed to be void ab initio.
3. In such situations, the Supreme Court or High Court
interprets the laws to decide if they are in conformity
with the Constitution. If such an interpretation is not
possible because of inconsistency, and where a separation is possible, the provision that is inconsistent
with constitution is considered to be void. In addition to article 13, articles 32, 226 and 227 provide a
constitutional basis to judicial review in India.[42]
Due to the adoption of the thirty-eighth amendment, the
Indian Supreme Court was not allowed to preside over any
laws adopted during a state of emergency that infringes
upon fundamental rights under article 32 i.e. Right to
Constitutional Remedies.[43] Later with the Forty-second
Amendment of the Constitution of India, article 31 C was
widened and article 368(4) and 368(5) were added, which
stated that any law passed by the parliament can't be challenged in the court on any ground. The Supreme court in
the Minerva Mills v. Union of India case said that Judicial Review is one of the basic character of the constitution and therefore can't be taken away quashing Article
368(4)&(5) as well as 31 C.

See also
Constitutional economics

Constitutionalism
History of democracy
List of national constitutions
Magna Carta
Rule according to higher law
Uniform civil code of India

7 Notes
[1] Although the last article of the Constitution is Article 395,
the total number, as of March 2013 is 465. New articles
added through amendments have been inserted in the relevant location in the original constitution. In order not
to disturb the original numbering, the new articles are inserted with alpha numeric enumerations. For example,
Article 21A pertaining to Right to Education was inserted
by the 86th Amendment Act.
[2] The Constitution was in 22 Parts originally. Part VII &
IX (older) was repealed in 1956, whereas newly added
Part IVA, IXA, IXB & XIVA by Amendments to the Constitution in dierent times (lastly added IXB by the 97th
Amendment).
[3] By 73rd & 74th Amendment, the lists of administrative
subjects of Panchayat raj & Municipality included in the
Constitution as Schedule 11 & 12 respectively in the year
1993.
[4] On 2 January 2013, by 98th Amendment, the Article 371J
has been inserted to the Constitution regarding to empower the Governor of Karnataka to take steps to develop
the Hyderabad-Karnataka Region.
[5] Scheduled Areas are autonomous areas within a state, administered federally, usually populated by a predominant
Scheduled Tribe.
[6] Scheduled Tribes are groups of indigenous people, identied in the Constitution, struggling socioeconomically

8 References
[1] Preface,
The constitution of India (PDF).
http://india.gov.in/my-government/constitution-india/
constitution-india-full-text.
Government of India.
Retrieved 5 February 2015.
[2] Pylee, M.V. (1997). Indias Constitution. S. Chand & Co.
p. 3. ISBN 81-219-0403-X.
[3] 10 Facts You Should Know about the Indian constitution. Yahoo! Lifestyle.
[4] Elders Clear bill to set up Judicial Appointment Commission. The Hindu. 5 October 2013. Retrieved 12 October
2013.
[5] http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/facts.htm

[6] Constitutional supremacy vs parliamentary supremacy.


Retrieved 12 October 2015.
[7] M Laxmikanth. 3. Indian Polity (4th ed.). McGraw
Hill Education. p. 3.2. ISBN 978-1-25-906412-8.
[8] Introduction to Constitution of India. Ministry of Law
and Justice of India. 29 July 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-14.
[9] Commencement.
[10] Swaminathan, Shivprasad (26 January 2013). Indias benign constitutional revolution. The Hindu: opinion. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
[11] Preamble of the Constitution of India (PDF). Ministry
of Law & Justice. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
[12] Forty-Second Amendment to the Constitution. Ministry
of Law and Justice of India. 28 August 1976. Retrieved
2008-10-14.
[13] Das, Hari (2002). Political System of India. Anmol Publications. p. 120. ISBN 81-7488-690-7.
[14] M Laxmikanth. 1. Indian Polity (4th ed.). McGraw
Hill Education. pp. 1.31.9. ISBN 978-1-25-906412-8.
[15] The Constituent Assembly Debates (Proceedings):(9th
December,1946 to 24 January 1950)". The Parliament
of India Archive. Retrieved 2008-02-22.
[16] Some Facts of Constituent Assembly. Parliament of
India. National Informatics Centre. Archived from the
original on 21 May 2013. Retrieved 2011-04-14. On 29
August 1947, the Constituent Assembly set up a Drafting
Committee under the Chairmanship of B. R. Ambedkar
to prepare a Draft Constitution for India
[17] Original unamended constitution of India, January,
1950. Retrieved 2014-04-17.
[18] THE CONSTITUTION (AMENDMENT) ACTS. India Code Information System. Ministry of Law, Government of India. Retrieved 9 December 2013.
[19] Constitution of india. Ministry of Law and Justice,
Govt. of India.
[20] Constitution (Ninety-ninth Amendment) Act, 2014
(PDF). 1, Law Street. Retrieved 23 June 2015.

9 BIBLIOGRAPHY

[31] Originally Articles mentioned here were immune from judicial review on the ground that they violated fundamental
rights. but in a landmark judgement in 2007, the Supreme
Court of India held in I.R. Coelho v. State of Tamil Nadu
and others that laws included in the 9th schedule can be
subject to judicial review if they violated the fundamental
rights guaranteed under Article 14, 15, 19, 21 or the basic
structure of the Constitution {(ambiguous)} - I.R. Coelho
(dead) by L.Rs. v. State of Tamil Nadu and others(2007)
2 S.C.C. 1
[32] name="amendments
[33] Kuris blog: National Commission to review the working
of the Constitution(NCRWC). Kurishravan.blogspot.in
(2011-02-23). Retrieved on 2013-07-28.
[34] Dhamija, Dr. Ashok (2007). Need to Amend a Constitution and Doctrine of Basic Features. Wadhwa and Company. p. 568. ISBN 9788180382536. Retrieved 17 June
2014.
[35] Jacobsohn, Gary J. (2010). Constitutional Identity. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 52.
ISBN 9780674047662.
[36] Dalal, Milan (2008). Indias New Constitutionalism:
Two Cases That Have Reshaped Indian Law. Boston College International Comparative Law Review 31 (2): 258
260. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
[37] Sridhar, Madabhushi. Evolution and Philosophy behind
the Indian Constitution (PDF). Dr.Marri Channa Reddy
Human Resource Development Institute (Institute of Administration), Hyderabad. Retrieved 22 October 2015.
[38] Borrowed features of Constitution. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
[39] Miglani, Dr. Deepak. Constitution of India: A Bag of
Borrowings". Retrieved 15 February 2014.
[40] V. Venkatesan - A fresh look at the relevance of three early
doctrines that have dened the Indian Constitution over the
years. Front-line (Vol. 29 - Issue 05 :: 10-23 Mar. 2012)
[41] Jain, M.P. (2010). Indian Constitutional Law. LexisNexis
Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur. p. 921. ISBN 978-818038-621-3.

[21] Part I
[22] Part II
[23] Part IV
[24] Part V

[42] Lectures By Professor Parmanad Singh, Jindal Global


Law School.
[43] Jacobsohn, Gary (2010). Constitutional Identity. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 57.
ISBN 9780674047662.

[25] Part VI
[26] Part VII
[27] Part VIII
[28] Part IX
[29] Part IXA
[30] http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend97.pdf

9 Bibliography
Khanna, Justice H.R (2015). Making of Indias Constitution (2nd Edition 2008, (Reprinted 2015) ed.).
Eastern Book Company. ISBN 978-81-7012-1886.

7
Austin, Granville (1999). The Indian Constitution:
Cornerstone of a Nation (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-01-9564-959-8.

Sharma, Dinesh; Singh, Jaya; Maganathan, R.; et


al. (2002). Indian Constitution at Work. Political
Science, Class XI. NCERT.

Austin, Granville (2003). Working a Democratic


Constitution: A History of the Indian Experience (2nd
ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-01-9565610-7.

The Constituent Assembly Debates (Proceedings):(9th December,1946 to 24 January 1950)".


The Parliament of India Archive. Retrieved 200802-22.

Baruah, Aparajita (2007). Preamble of the Constitution of India : An Insight & Comparison. Eastern
Book Co. ISBN 978-81-7629-996-1.
Basu, Durga Das (1965). Commentary on the constitution of India : (being a comparative treatise on the
universal principles of justice and constitutional government with special reference to the organic instrument of India) 12. S. C. Sarkar & Sons (Private)
Ltd.
Basu, Durga Das (1984). Introduction to the Constitution of India (10th ed.). South Asia Books. ISBN
0-8364-1097-1.
Basu, Durga Das (1981). Shorter Constitution of India. Prentice-Hall of India. ISBN 978-0-87692200-2.
Das, Hari Hara (2002). Political System of India.
Anmol Publications. ISBN 81-7488-690-7.
Dash, Shreeram Chandra (1968). The Constitution of India; a Comparative Study. Chaitanya Pub.
House.
Dhamija, Dr. Ashok (2007). Need to Amend a Constitution and Doctrine of Basic Features. Wadhwa
and Company. ISBN 9788180382536.
Ghosh, Pratap Kumar (1966). The Constitution of
India: How it Has Been Framed. World Press.
Jayapalan, N. (1998). Constitutional History of India. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. ISBN 817156-761-4.
Khanna, Hans Raj (1981). Making of Indias Constitution. Eastern Book Co. ISBN 978-81-7012-1084.
Rahulrai, Durga Das (1984). Introduction to the
Constitution of India (10th ed.). South Asia Books.
ISBN 0-8364-1097-1.
Pylee, M.V. (1997). Indias Constitution. S. Chand
& Co. ISBN 81-219-0403-X.
Pylee, M.V. (2004). Constitutional Government in
India. S. Chand & Co. ISBN 81-219-2203-8.
Sen, Sarbani (2007). The Constitution of India: Popular Sovereignty and Democratic Transformations.
Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-5686494.

10 External links
Original Unamended version of the Constitution of
India
Ministry of Law and Justice of India The Constitution of India Page
Constitution of India as of 29 July 2008
Constitutional predilections
Commonwealth Legal Information Institute Online
Copy

11

11
11.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses


Text

Constitution of India Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India?oldid=687014244 Contributors: Twilsonb, Michael


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Thunderboltz, Delldot, Nukecity83, Mauls, Srnec, Commander Keane bot, Gilliam, Ohnoitsjamie, Anwar saadat, Tarun2k, Jprg1966, EquusAustralus, Dustingc, Bancki, Ramas Arrow, Sgt Pinback, Almaster, Cribananda, Easwarno1, Fuhghettaboutit, Kingdon, Legaleagle86,
TechPurism, Madan lmg, Veeru7, Hgilbert, Drooling Sheep, WoodElf, Shushruth, Nmpenguin, Madanus, Bejnar, AmitTripathi, Ohconfucius, ArglebargleIV, Zymurgy, Pizzadeliveryboy, John, Wtwilson3, Soumyasch, Sir Nicholas de Mimsy-Porpington, Aleator, Shadowlynk,
Shyamsunder, Geeteshgadkari, Green Giant, Ckatz, Yvesnimmo, AdultSwim, Ambuj.Saxena, Ayush Samantroy, Dl2000, Skapur, Lenoxus,
Bharatveer, Mailmurali18, FairuseBot, Vince4uall, CmdrObot, Van helsing, Dan TV, ShelfSkewed, Leujohn, Anubhavklal, Mailmurali511,
The Photographer, Yaris678, TheBigA, Cydebot, Chhajjusandeep, Dream of Goats, Gogo Dodo, Bellerophon5685, Viscious81, Christian75, Vkvora2001, Thijs!bot, Epbr123, Barticus88, Bot-maru, Qwyrxian, Mojo Hand, Young Pioneer, Marek69, Missvain, John254,
Corporate.legal, VikasGorur, Manosij.m, Dalliance, Trengarasu, AntiVandalBot, Luna Santin, Seivad, Shirt58, Shravanshukla, Vanjagenije,
Xavierite1964, Adeheriya, MikeLynch, Hut 8.5, Maheshkumaryadav, Phunting, Dhruv96, BilCat, Allstarecho, Vssun, Dharmadhyaksha, Longissor, Shaktipravesh, STBot, NAHID, Rigmahroll, Manjunathsinge, CommonsDelinker, AgarwalSumeet, DrKay, Maurice Carbonaro, Johnl1479, When Muns Attack, Ncmvocalist, Sameera hhs, Prhartcom, Mike V, Balajijagadesh, Signalhead, VolkovBot, Je G.,
Fundamental metric tensor, Philip Trueman, TXiKiBoT, Oshwah, Vipinhari, Manchurian candidate, Vgranucci, Shyam.balasubramanian,
Wikiisawesome, Wenli, Gurdeep89, RM21F99, Seresin, AlleborgoBot, Roland zh, Rajuonline, Googolme, Arjun024, Arun11, Tresiden,
Gprince007, Caltas, Mujep4, Yintan, Yedhulaprakash, MilFlyboy, Bentogoa, Flyer22, Stumbler7, Hzh, Armaan143, Sapovadia, Lightmouse, Aravind V R, Deepakteke, Jacob.jose, Alokprasad84, Sandeepsharma786, Altzinn, Denisarona, JL-Bot, Sitush, ClueBot, Gandharv aiims, UrsusArctosL71, The Thing That Should Not Be, , Sushantsinghal, Zlerman, LeoFrank, Jusdafax, Apoorv.sharma,
Jayantanth, NuclearWarfare, Jotterbot, Iohannes Animosus, Noosentaal, Carriearchdale, Aman Zaidi, Pwarrior, Sarindam7, Dan1972,
Scalhotrod, Roadahead, Qwfp, Belasd, Jovianeye, Rreagan007, Rockybiggs, Alexius08, WikiDao, Addbot, Xp54321, Pearlls sun, Aagsadsadasd, Jessepfrancis, Jncraton, Kodmohan, Fluernutter, Douglas the Comeback Kid, Cst17, LaaknorBot, Lihaas, Pvramesh, Jonoikobangali, LinkFA-Bot, Fireaxe888, Maniishmehta, Tide rolls, Zorrobot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Fraggle81, Bhagwad, THEN WHO WAS PHONE?,
Bbb23, AnomieBOT, Floquenbeam, Jim1138, Dinesh smita, Materialscientist, Citation bot, Simmhan, Dewan357, ArthurBot, LilHelpa,
Xqbot, Night w, MohitSingh, TracyMcClark, Nasnema, Gilo1969, Cyphoidbomb, Umar Zulkar Khan, SassoBot, 78.26, Shadowjams,
RajGad, FrescoBot, Levalley, Vineethkuruvath, HJ Mitchell, Cannolis, Amplitude101, Redrose64, Pinethicket, Jivee Blau, Jonesey95,
MJ94, Arpit982, Moonraker, IJBall, Robvanvee, Srivaas22, Ojikoji, Vinay84, LogAntiLog, Callanecc, Cosmo$angeet, Vrenator, Iamanoopmk, Innotata, Minimac, Pysrinivaspeddi619, Mean as custard, Krsamar, Erit47, Bluszczokrzew, Fromsubu, Wintonian, Vinnyzz,
EmausBot, John of Reading, S.azharkamal, Akashshg, Tommy2010, Nitin.i.azam, Thecheesykid, Kkm010, ZroBot, Shitansh, Bollyje,
Iaki Salazar, Abrsinha, Lateg, Anir1uph, Bp6133, Eragon7985, Weztsidazzz2, Bmit.bot1, Donner60, Astrocry, Pochsad, ChuispastonBot, Mittgaurav, TYelliot, Chaitanya1310, Sujay27, Shyawhdo, 28bot, ClueBot NG, Eversmilinggoutham, N.azgar.ali, MelbourneStar,
A520, Vineetgupta22, ArsenalFan700, Honi02, O.Koslowski, Rezabot, Suresh 5, Widr, Anupmehra, Lawsonstu, Simply.clean, Mishrarpan,
Arvind.sinha123, Helpful Pixie Bot, Tinkuxlnc, Thisthat2011, Andrew Gwilliam, Karampoddar, Titodutta, DBigXray, Sanghapali, Kirthirao, BG19bot, Vishal9835, MKar, Cyberpower678, Frze, Manu3780, Megamindpp, Ud18rocker, Mark Arsten, Rachit013, Geetanjalikatare, Compfreak7, Ninney, Blade great, Screenchipper, Wer900, Fylbecatulous, BattyBot, Shravanj, HueSatLum, Pratyya Ghosh, Cyberbot II, DoctorKubla, Rsmary, Mediran, Smokethepot, SD5bot, Gaurangpotdar, Richu Rox, Monaliovhal, Dexbot, BigJolly9,
, Dcherian, Tabish02, Premknutsford, Mogism, Chakarimanju, Pramodcusat, Sambodkhe, Tarbuch, Mitrabarun, Yaara dildaara,
Frosty, Jemappelleungarcon, Advjuvairianv, Indian hermit, Athomeinkobe, Ishandon, Shyam.kalyan, Kichukutti, Royroydeb, Faizan, Epicgenius, Jakec, EvergreenFir, ElHef, I.narinder, Babitaarora, Comp.arch, Krztna, Wikiuser13, Ray Lightyear, ThinkingYouth, Blueyarn,
Mooseandbruce1, Kalidoss mca, FDMS4, Deepikasiddartha, Whizz40, Untold Unfold, Sadasoham, JAaron95, Vinaycool80, HYH.124,
JaconaFrere, Lakun.patra, Vaibhav Indian, 7Sidz, Ethically Yours, Parixx, Amalshaji27, JohnGormleyJG, Drsahab, Monkbot, Fyddlestix,
BethNaught, Eman235, Akhil rao1, AdvantageIndia, , TerryAlex, Deepnetin, Zorori47, Khuya Vibhaag, Bodhisattwa,
Sachin sachan, Saisirajahmed, Someoneisanonymous, Jacob24barthalomeo, SourceOhWatch (SrotahaUvacha), Totomeo, Human3015,
Anand2202, Barkhaaggarwal77, Arianaafrico, LawPol15, Khiladi at the rate Ankit, Thirdeyefell, Capankajsmilyo, Sabani Das, PrasanNavin, Anentai, Karthik Kolar, Priyadarshivishal23, Sriramya lv 201, Chanakya1991, Praweenkprabhakar, Lenovkia and Anonymous:
830

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File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg License: Cc-bysa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?


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Public domain Contributors: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/world/images/wt0070_1s.jpg Originally from en.wikipedia; description page
is/was here. Beohar Rammanohar Sinha illuminated, beautied and decorated the original manuscript calligraphed by Prem Behari Narain
Raizada. Beohar Rammanohar Sinhas legible short-signature in Devanagari-script as Ram on the Preamble-page (lower-right corner within
the outermost border-design), and as Rammanohar on other pages of the Constitution bear unambiguous testimony to this fact. He was the
favorite disciple of Nandalal Bose. After nishing the Constitution, some leftover art-material was carefully preserved by the artist which

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he bequeathed to his son Beohar Dr Anupam Sinha. Original artist: Illumination/ornamentation by Beohar Rammanohar Sinha, calligraphy
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