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1 INTRODUCTION
The design and construction of the desiccant air conditioner was created to be an
alternative product that home owners could use to cool down their homes while using
environmentally friendly sources of energy. The project began by researching different ways to
create an air conditioner that would minimize chloro fluro carbons. We designed an adsorption
cooling system that extracts the heat from the air by means of dehumidification and heat
exchange. The output of cold air is to serve a conditioned room. The design includes theoretical
calculations on expected outcomes, calculations to find the correct size pump, desiccant and
recovery wheel, and layout of the cooling system and the entire system. The cooling system
design is made up of a desiccant wheel, a regeneration wheel, two fans, and a heat exchanger.
Identification of target applications and markets where desiccant technology has distinct,
inherent advantages and is cost competitive with conventional systems;
It is non-deliquescent and will not change its size or shape. Even when the silica gel is water
saturated, it remains dry and free-flowing. Silica gel is a granular, porous form of silica made
synthetically from sodium silicate, Na2SiO3.
Silica gel is an amorphous form of silicon dioxide, which is synthetically produced in the
form of hard irregular granules (having the appearance of crystals) or hard regular beads. A
micro porous structure of interlocking cavities gives a very high surface area (800 square meters
per gram). It is this structure that makes silica gel a high capacity desiccant. Water molecules
adhere to the Silica Gels surface because it exhibits a lower vapour pressure than the surrounding
air. When equilibrium of equal pressure is reached, no more adsorption occurs. Thus the higher
the humidity of the surrounding air, the greater the amount of water that is adsorbed before
equilibrium is reached. It is in these higher humidity conditions (above 50% Relative Humidity)
that stored or in-transit items are susceptible to damage. The beauty of silica gel is the physical
adsorption of water vapour into its internal pores. There is no chemical reaction, no by products
or side effects. Even when saturated with water vapour, silica gel still has the appearance of a dry
product, its shape unchanged. Silica Gel is one of the oldest and most popular desiccant and
adsorbent used for a wide number of industrial and consumer applications.
Silica Gel is a highly activated adsorbent, furnished in a wide range of mesh sizes to suit
various industrial applications. It is non-corrosive, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, and chemically
inert. It is a highly porous form of silica, with an extremely large internal surface area. The silica
gel does not undergo any chemical reaction during adsorption and does not form any by
products. It is non-deliquescent and will not change its size or shape. Even when the silica gel is
water saturated, it remains dry and free-flowing.
Silica gel has a very high porosity, around 800 m/g, allows it to adsorb water readily,
making it useful as a desiccant (drying agent). It can reduce the relative humidity in a closed
space to around 40%. Once saturated with water, the gel can be regenerated (dried) by heating it
to 150C (300F) for 1.5 hours per liter (about 1 dry quart measure or about 30oz weight) in a
thick-walled Pyrex dish. Silica gel is non-toxic, non-flammable and chemically unreactive.
Regeneration of Silica Gel is done by heating the crystals in an oven at a temperature of not more
than 300 F (149 C) for approximately three hours or until the crystals turn blue or transparent
white. Dehydrating the desiccant may also be accomplished by heating in a microwave oven.
Using a 900 watt oven heat the crystals for three minute intervals until the color change occurs.
The exact amount of time necessary will depend upon the oven wattage. Spreading the desiccant
in a broad pan in a shallow layer will speed the process. Heating to 325 F (149 C) or more,
or using a microwave oven over 900 watts can damage the gel and render it unable to adsorb
moisture.
Silica Gel has a very strong affinity for water and will adsorb it in preference to most
other substances. It is also a good adsorbent for HC1, gasoline-range hydrocarbons, CO2, C12,
sulphur and nitrogen compounds, aromatics, and many others. Silica Gel is in wide use in many
industries for a myriad number of applications where a high capacity desiccant or selective
adsorbent is required.
Thermal wheels and desiccant wheels are often used in series configuration to provide the
required dehumidification as well as recovering the heat from the regeneration cycle.
moisture for the comfort of building occupants. Unlike closed-cycle refrigeration, evaporative
cooling requires a water source, and must continually consume water to operate.
Air washers and wet cooling towers use the same principles as evaporative coolers but
are designed for purposes other than directly cooling the air inside a building. For example, an
evaporative cooler may be designed to cool the coils of a large air conditioning or refrigeration
system to increase its efficiency.
CHAPTER 2
2. DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS
The
combined heat and mass transfer processes in the air are well understood and are similar to those
for the wet-bulb psychrometer. Wylie found for the wet bulb psychrometer that of the ten known
combined heat and mass transfer effects, six almost canceled one another within a fraction of a
percentage point. The remaining important four are diffusion, conduction, convection, and
accommodation coefficient at the surface. These effects have been measured within a few
percentage points (Hilsenrath et al. 1968; Mason and Monchick 1965). Combined heat and mass
transfer in air can be represented by heat-transfer and mass transfer coefficients free of
interaction effects, and for simple geometries they can be predicted accurately. In the desiccant
dehumidifier, combined heat-and-mass transfer can be more difficult to predict, especially if the
dimensions of the desiccant particles in the transfer direction are comparable with those of the air
passage. For high performance and low cost, the desiccant dimensions are usually made as small
as practical compared with the air passage. This makes the desiccant almost isothermal, and only
the mass transfer resistance in the desiccant must be considered. The diffusivity of liquid or
crystalline desiccants is reproducible, but for amorphous polymers, such as silica-gel, it can be
highly dependent on manufacturing conditions. Contaminants commonly found in buildings can
be adsorbed by the desiccant. Their likely chemical composition and effect on desiccant cooling
systems is not known at present.
0.43 x 10 m /kg
2200 kg/m3
Thermal Conductivity
0.144 W/m K
921 J/kg K
DIMENSIONS
1000.0 mm
1000.0 mm
200.0 mm
CHAPTER 3
CHAPTER 4
exchanger to cool process air. Afterwards, regeneration air is heated in the steam heat exchanger
and the required steam is produced by the steam vaporizer.
FIG 4.2
PROCESS 2-3
SENSIBLE COOLING
PROCESS 3-4
PROCESS 5-6
PROCESS 6-7
SENSIBLE HEATING
PROCESS 7-8
HEATING
PROCESS 8-9
FIG 4.3
FIG 4.4
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CHAPTER 5
5 CALCULATIONS
=35c
= 41%
PROCESS AT 2
D.B.T = 50C
RH
= 9%
= PV / PVS
0.09 =PV / 0.1235
PV =0.09*0.1235
PV = 0.0111 bar
1. w1=(0.662 * PV )/(Pt - PV )
=(0.662*0.0111)*1000/(1.013-0.0111)
w1 =7.33 gram /kg
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PROCESS 4
D.B.T =19C
R.H = 70%(DESIRED CONDITION)
= PV / PVS
0.7= PV /0.0220
PV= 0.0154 bar
w2=(0.662 * PV )/(Pt - PV )
=(0.662*0.0154)/(1.013-0.0154)
=1.02*10^-3 kg /kg of dry air
w2=10.21 gr / kg of dry air
RH =70%
we have to add
PROCESS 5
D.B.T =28C
R.H = 50%(return air from room)
= PV / PVS
0.5= PV / 0.378
PV =0.5*0.378
PV =0.0189bar
w3 =(0.662 * PV )/(Pt - PV )
=(0.662*0.0189)/(1.013-0.0189)
w3=12.58 gram / kg of dry air
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PROCESS 6
D.B.T =23C
R.H = 80%
= PV / PVS
0.8 = PV / 0.0281
PV = 0.02248 bar
w4 =(0.662 * PV )/(Pt - PV )
=(0.662* 0.2248)/(1.013 -0.0189)
= 14.91
w3 =14.91 gram / kg of dry air
Thus we have to add (w4 w3) gram / kg of air needed in evaporative cooler
w = 14.91-12.58=2.33 gram/ kg of dry air
S.no
COMPONENT
POWER REQUIRED
Motor(.25hp )
186.5 watts
Blower (2 )
1200 watts
Pump (.25hp)
186.5 watts
Steam vaporizer
950 watts
Total
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CHAPTER 6
6. CONCLUSION
In this project phase 1 we have calculated the design specifications, power required,
relative humidity and specific humidity of various processes. The components required for the
fabrication and its tentative budget is been listed in this report. The theoretical part of our project
is been successfully completed. In the next project phase we have decided to fabricate the project
and also to test the air conditioner at various conditions i.e. summer and winter air conditioning.
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REFRENCE WEBSITES
1. http://www.ecofriend.org/entry/rotartica-s-solar-powered-air-conditioning/
2. http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/friction-loss-copper-steel-plastic-pipes-d_807.html
3. http://www.novelaire.com/technologies/pdfs/dw-brochure.pdf
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